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31,042 Article Results

Enhancing handover management in 5G networks with encoder-decoder LSTM for multistep forecasting

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i6.27107
Zineb; University of Science and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf Ziani , Mohammed; University of Science and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf Hicham Hachemi , Bouabdellah; University of Science and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf Rahmani , Mourad; University of Tlemcen Hadjila
The continuous evolution of wireless communication networks, fueled by advancements in 5G and the envisioned potential of 6G technologies, has introduced significant challenges in mobility management and handover (HO) optimization. The frequent HOs due to network densification, particularly at high frequencies like millimeter waves (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands, can lead to increased latency, and potential service disruptions. To address these issues, artificial intelligence (AI) driven approaches are emerging as promising alternatives. This paper explores the use of deep learning techniques for predictive HO management. An encoder-decoder long short-term memory (ED-LSTM) model is proposed to generate multistep predictions of future reference signal received power (RSRP) values. The model was trained and evaluated on two distinct real-world drive-test datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed ED-LSTM model achieves lower prediction error, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.07 for dataset 1 and 2.33 for dataset 2, and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.80% for dataset 1 and 2.96% for dataset 2. Overall, the ED-LSTM outperforms the bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) and standard LSTM (S-LSTM) model, achieving improvements of 33–38% on dataset 1 and 48-50% on dataset 2 in terms of MAE and MAPE, respectively.
Volume: 23
Issue: 6
Page: 1518-1527
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Watermarking on spread multi-frame data video using discrete wavelet transform hybrid and frame ratio message variance

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i6.27211
Ilham; Institut Teknologi Sumatera Firman Ashari , Sarwono; Institut Teknologi Sumatera Sutikno
The exponential growth of video sharing demands secure and imperceptible watermarking methods. This study presents a video watermarking framework using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with hybrid sub-band embedding and multi-frame allocation to balance imperceptibility, capacity, and robustness. Watermark bits are adaptively distributed across low-low (LL), low-high (LH), and high-low (HL) sub-bands of selected frames, with uncompressed audio video interleave (AVI) ensuring coefficient integrity. Experiments on 640×360 videos show LL-only embedding achieves high imperceptibility (peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) > 38.6 dB, structural similarity index measure (SSIM) ≥ 0.9945, and bit error rate (BER) = 0), while LL-dominant hybrids increase capacity with slight robustness trade-offs. Embedding in LH and high-high (HH) sub-bands raises distortion vulnerability. Under cropping, BER rises from 0.005 to 0.205 (0–50%), and normalized correlation (NC) drops from 0.998 to 0.802, remaining acceptable for ≤30% cropping. The scheme resists joint photographic experts’ group (JPEG) compression quality factor 20–80 (Q20–Q80), resizing (≥70%), and mild Gaussian blur (3×3), maintaining efficient decoding under higher payloads. Future work may apply error-correction coding and redundancy-aware embedding for improved resilience. Overall, the proposed method offers a secure, adaptive, and efficient solution for video authentication and covert communication.
Volume: 23
Issue: 6
Page: 1476-1494
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Metamaterial-enhanced four-port MIMO antenna for 5G communications at 28/38 GHz

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i6.27311
Remili; University of Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi-Bordj Bou Arréridj Fatima , Bouttout; University of Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi-Bordj Bou Arréridj Farid , Djellid; University of Mouhamed Boudiaf M'Sila Asma
This work presents a novel compact four-port multiple-in multiple-out (MIMO) antenna enhanced with metamaterial unit cells for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications at 28 and 38 GHz. Compact MIMO antennas at mmWave bands often suffer from high mutual coupling, which degrades isolation and diversity performance. To address this, the proposed design integrates metamaterial loading around each radiating element to effectively suppress coupling, enhance isolation, and improve overall efficiency. The antenna, measuring 27×27×0.8 mm³, is implemented on a flexible FR4_epoxy substrate (εr=4.4), enabling compatibility with portable and embedded devices. Full-wave simulations performed in both ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite confirm the effectiveness of the approach, achieving an exceptionally low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) (0.0001), a fivefold reduction in channel capacity loss (CCL), and a wide impedance bandwidth of 25.90–34.93 GHz with |S11| below −10 dB in both operating bands. The design also exhibits stable directional gain and low sidelobes. Compared with recent compact MIMO antennas reported in the literature, the proposed configuration offers significantly improved isolation, bandwidth, and mechanical flexibility. These features make it a strong candidate for integration into high-capacity 5G modules, portable terminals, and compact internet of things (IoT) communication systems.
Volume: 23
Issue: 6
Page: 1457-1465
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Advancements in brain tumor classification: a survey of transfer learning techniques

10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp1002-1014
Snehal Jadhav , Smita Bharne , Vaibhav Narawade
This survey article presents a critical review of the state-of-the-art transfer learning (TL) methodologies applied in the field of brain tumor classification, with a special emphasis on their various contributions and associated performance metrics. We will discuss various pre-processing approaches, the underlying fine-tuning strategies, whether used purely or in an end-to-end training manner, and multi-modal applications. The current study specifically highlights the application of VGG16 and residual network (ResNet) methods for feature extraction, demonstrating that leveraging highorder features in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images can enhance accuracy while reducing training. We further analyze fine-tuning methods in relation to their role in optimizing model layers for small, domain-specific datasets, finding them particularly effective in enhancing performance on the small brain tumor dataset. It will look into end-to-end training, which means fine-tuning models that have already been trained on large datasets to make them better. It will also present multimodal TL as a way to use both MRI and computed tomography (CT) scan data to get better classification results. Comparing different pre-trained models can provide a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses associated with the particular brain tumor classification task. This review aims to analyze the advancements in TL for medical image analysis and explore potential avenues for future research and development in this crucial field of medical diagnostics.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1002-1014
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design of miniaturized dual-band bandpass filter with enhanced selectivity for GPS and RFID applications

10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp993-1001
Thupalli Shaik Mahammed Basha , Arun Raaza , Vishakha Bhujbal , Meena Mathivanan
This article presents a miniaturized interdigital coupled dual-band bandpass filter with multiple transmission zeros/poles. Stepped impedance resonators, interdigital coupled lines, and series coupled lines make up the proposed filter design. A circuit simulator is used to analyze a proposed filter, and the magnitude and bandwidth shifts have been investigated. To confirm the proposed filter design, equations for transmission zero frequencies have been constructed and verified based on even-odd mode analysis and lossless transmission line theory. A working prototype for 2.2 GHz (RFID) and 1.38 GHz (GPS) applications is made and tested. With λg representing the guided wavelength at the first band (1.38GHz), the finished prototype is compact, measuring 0.32 λg×0.27 λg. According to the experimental findings, there is strong selectivity in the first and second passbands, with roll-off rates of 190 and 168 dB/GHz, respectively. Good isolation between the two passbands is indicated by an insertion loss of less than 20 dB.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 993-1001
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Experimental validation of virtual flux concept in direct power control with dynamic performance

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2509-2520
Muhammad Hafeez Mohamed Hariri , Nor Azizah Mohd Yusoff , Muhammad Zaid Aihsan , Tole Sutikno
The virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique is a sensorless control approach aimed at improving the performance of grid-connected power converters. The approach involves simulating the grid voltage and AC-side inductors similar to an AC motor drive system, a principle deriving from direct torque control (DTC). The basic idea of VFDPC is to indirectly estimate the voltage at the converter's input through the concept of virtual flux, enabling the real-time calculation of instantaneous active and reactive power without necessitating direct voltage measurements. An essential element of the VFDPC approach is the implementation of a lookup table, used as a decision-making tool that identifies the most suitable voltage vector (a particular output state of the converter) in accordance with real-time power conditions. This provides instantaneous and smooth control of power flow, leading to enhanced operational stability. This approach allows for continual optimization of the converter's output, enabling VFDPC to significantly decrease total harmonic distortion (THD) while preserving reliable steady-state and dynamic performance. Experimental validation demonstrates that incorporating real-time feedback into virtual flux estimates improves the precision of voltage prediction and the responsiveness of the power control system. Consequently, VFDPC exhibits enhanced adaptability for various grid and load situations, presenting an appropriate choice for current power systems that demand efficient, reliable, and sensorless operation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2509-2520
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and implementation of IoT-based soft starter for induction motor

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2170-2177
Laith Najem Abood Khudhur , Amer Abdulmahdi Jabbar Chlaihawi
The practical application of the induction motor is an essential part of electrical engineering. A direct connection of the motors to the mains voltage negatively affects both the motor itself and the mains system as a whole due to high starting current values, as a result, more accidents and shortening the drive system service life. This article discusses the development of designing and implementing of soft starter single-phase IM to reduce the inrush current using the firing angle reduction technique with remote monitoring and control using the ESP32 (node MCU) and Arduino Due microcontrollers. The integration of IoT-based tools software such as VS Code, enables the remote monitoring and control of motor features. Testing shows that the system effectively facilitates remote motor control, providing a flexible and accessible learning environment with minimum starting current, solving the inrush current problem facing IMs. The proposed soft starter gives three cases of firing angle reduction that show a percentage reduction in starting current for these cases (case I, case II, and case III) are 51%, 54% and 64%, respectively. Case III has a maximum starting current is 2.2 A compared to 6.2 A for direct connecting of IM to the power supply (DOL).
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2170-2177
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Chatbot for virtual medical assistance

10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp914-922
Aravalli Sainath Chaithanya , Sampangi Lahari Vishista , Adepu MadhuSri
A healthy population is vital for societal prosperity and happiness. Amidst busy lifestyles and the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals often neglect their health needs. To address this, we introduce a novel approach utilizing a chatbot for virtual medical assistance. Tailored for individuals confined indoors or hesitant to visit hospitals for minor ailments, our chatbot offers personalized medical support by diagnosing ailments based on user-reported symptoms and engaging in interactive conversations. Leveraging a robust dataset containing 132 symptoms, 41 diseases, and corresponding medications, our chatbot employs a systematic approach for symptom refinement, enhancing diagnostic precision. Upon identifying a disease, the chatbot promptly suggests basic medications tailored to the specific ailment. Furthermore, our system integrates user demographics to evaluate medication history and current state, allowing for personalized medication recommendations based on individual needs. Through extensive testing and validation, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our chatbot in accurately predicting ailments and providing timely treatment advice. Our study introduces a novel paradigm for medicine recommendation and disease prediction, with the potential to enhance healthcare accessibility and effectiveness.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 914-922
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and analysis of brushless permanent magnet motor for light electrically powered two-wheeler vehicle

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2296-2306
How Xuan Yu , Mohd Luqman Mohd Jamil , Nurul Ain Mohd Said
This study provides a comprehensive process of designing an electric motor that will be used for a small two-wheeled electric vehicle. Due to high performance capability in term of power and torque, brushless permanent magnet topology is chosen so that a compromise between size constraint and performance can be met. For an accurate motor design sizing, the design process is initially carried out by determination of power rating that derived from vehicle dynamic calculation. Based on winding factor calculation, fractional-slot 12-slot/10-pole and 9-slot/10-pole motors equipped with non-overlapping winding are chosen and analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) software. For an optimum electromagnetic performance, parametric optimization is included, mainly on the stator dimension. Despite the performance of both designs improved, only 9-slot motor results a convincing performance as the rated torque is 18% higher than the 12-slot design. For verification purpose, 1-D analytical solution is also included and compared with results deduced by the FEA. According to the analysis, the proposed motor designs are adequately reliable for a light electrically powered electric vehicle application.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2296-2306
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and development of AC motor speed controlling system using touch screen with over heat protection

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2429-2440
Prathipati Ratna Sudha Rani , Gouthami Eragamreddy , Syed Inthiyaz , Sivangi Ravikanth , Mohammad Najumunnisa , Bodapati Venkata Rajanna , Cheeli Ashok Kumar , Shaik Hasane Ahammad
Design and implementation of an AC motor speed control and monitoring system based on a touch screen interface with built-in overheat protection, utilizing Arduino, meets the increasing demand for efficient, user-friendly motor control in many industrial applications. This system offers an easy-to-use interface to manage the speed of an AC motor, with real-time feedback and adjustments through a touch screen display. The system employs an Arduino microcontroller, which accepts inputs from the touch screen and processes these to regulate the motor's speed through a pulse width modulation (PWM) method. The system also has an overheat protection system, which it is able to monitor the temperature of the motor via a temperature sensor. When the motor reaches a predetermined temperature, the system automatically shuts off power to avoid damage. The intuitive touch screen facilitates convenient monitoring of motor parameters like temperature, giving a smooth experience to operators. The modular design of the system provides scalability across applications, ranging from household appliances to large industrial systems, with reliability, energy efficiency, and safety in motor-driven processes.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2429-2440
Publish at: 2025-12-01

The role of thermal insulation layers and the integration of solar energy in temporary heating systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2677-2687
Rexhep Selimaj , Sabrije Osmanaj
This paper examines thermal insulation strategies for building walls and the integration of solar heating systems to improve the performance of temporary heating systems in residential buildings in Kosovo. A two-story house was used as the case study, simulating four different scenarios of thermal insulation layer placement in the walls with different capacities of the heating system. The proposed thermal balance method of the building takes into account the arrangement of thermal insulation layers and their impact on the building’s energy savings. The results indicate that external insulation offers the best balance between heat retention and energy efficiency, while internal insulation enables faster heating and a shorter time to reach the desired temperature. Under low-temperature conditions, solar energy was analyzed and integrated as an additional source to enhance the heating system capacity and reduce electricity consumption. Simulation results demonstrate further improvement in system performance, enabling optimized operating schedules and a significant reduction in energy consumption.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2677-2687
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Nonlinear excitation control of multimachine systems via the invariant-set design

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2332-2341
Hisham M. Soliman , Ehab H. E. Bayoumi , Farag Ali El-Sheikhi , Fawzan Salem
Power grids are inherently vulnerable to many uncertainties. All power networks are prone to instability because of the uncertainties inherent in the operation of power systems. Rotor-angle instability is a challenging issue, and if not properly managed, could give rise to cascading failures and even blackouts. This paper addresses the generator excitation system’s state feedback sliding mode control (SMC). The global system is divided into multiple subsystems to achieve decentralized control. A disturbance is defined as the influence of the system as a whole on a specific subsystem. The state-feedback controller is to be designed taking into account the disturbance attenuation level, ensuring the closed-loop system's asymptotic stability. The SMC designing algorithm is described; it is based on precisely determining the sliding surface utilizing the invariant-set (ellipsoid) technique. The control structure ensures that mismatched disturbances in power systems have little impact on the system trajectory in the sliding mode. Moreover, the proposed controllers are represented in this paper using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and the Lyapunov theory approach. Finally, a multi-machine model is implemented to demonstrate the success of the suggested approach, and a comparison between the proposed SMC and the conventional one demonstrates its superiority.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2332-2341
Publish at: 2025-12-01

ANN based speed control of switched reluctance motor using MATLAB-interfaced DSP controller

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2243-2256
Veena Wilson , Latha Padinjaredath Govindan
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is gaining significance as a competitive motor in industries due to its prominent features such as absence of rare-earth elements, strong fault tolerance, and competitive efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to a novel and simplified hardware implementation of SRM drive, accompanied by a stepwise procedure to develop the control process that includes system modelling with simulation analysis and experimental validation, useful for the novice researchers. A precise hardware control environment is introduced, by integrating MATLAB/Simulink platform with digital signal processor (DSP) microcontroller - TMS320F280049C, which minimizes the complexities of traditional controller coding. The paper provides an in-depth explanation of deployment of artificial neural network (ANN) speed control block, offering valuable insights into the practical aspects of ANN-based control in MATLAB. The paper also compares closed-loop speed control using proportional-integral (PI) and ANN control in SRM, and the results demonstrate accurate and adaptive performance of ANN control for variable speed- load conditions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2243-2256
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A comprehensive review of efficient wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging: advancements, challenges, and future directions

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2156-2169
Md. Ashraf Ali Khan , Kuber Kuber , Yusra Wahab , M. Saad Arif , Shahrin Md. Ayob , Norjulia Mohamad Nordin
Electric vehicles (EVs) have transformed the transportation sector, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. However, their widespread adoption faces challenges such as inadequate charging infrastructure, range anxiety, and concerns about user convenience. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides an efficient, reliable, and user-friendly charging solution that eliminates physical connections, enabling both static and dynamic charging applications. This review explores key components of WPT systems, including wireless charging schemes, compensation circuits, coupling pad structures, and misalignment tolerance, emphasizing their impact on system efficiency and reliability. Findings highlight that WPT can enhance charging convenience, reduce dependence on large battery capacities, and support seamless EV integration into daily life. Additionally, WPT systems improve safety, lower maintenance needs, and create opportunities for autonomous charging. Key advancements in compensation topologies, coupling pad geometries, and misalignment-tolerant capabilities are discussed alongside their role in enhancing power transfer efficiency. By offering insights into the current state-of-the-art and future directions, this paper aims to support the development and deployment of WPT systems, contributing to the global transition toward sustainable transportation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2156-2169
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Interleaved buck converter using a floating dual series-capacitor topology

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2538-2548
Chan Viet Nguyen , Dang Tai Nguyen , Thanh Phuong Ho
Interleaved buck converters (IBC) are widely utilized in step-down voltage applications due to their excellent performance and straightforward design. However, conventional IBCs require individual current sensors and feedback control circuits to maintain phase current balance, resulting in increased cost and design complexity. In this paper, a novel floating dual series capacitor (FDSC) converter based on an interleaved floating structure is proposed. The most distinctive aspect of this proposed converter is its ability to naturally balance the four inductor currents without the need for any current sensors or feedback control. Furthermore, the proposed converter also exhibits lower voltage stress on switching devices and inductors, contributing to improved efficiency and a reduction in overall magnetic volume. To validate the performance characteristics of the proposed converter, a 1.3 kW prototype of the FDSC topology was developed and tested to indicate the analytical results and demonstrate stable current balance even under different operating conditions. The experimental validation highlights the topology’s suitability for high step-down, compact, and efficient applications such as EV auxiliary power supply and voltage regulator modules.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2538-2548
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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