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Bidirectional power converter for electrical vehicle with battery charging and smart battery management system

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2592-2604
Bodapati Venkata Rajanna , Kondragunta Rama Krishnaiah , Ganta Raghotham Reddy , Shaik Hasane Ahammad , Mohammad Najumunnisa , Syed Inthiyaz , Gouthami Eragamreddy , Ambarapu Sudhakar , Nitalaksheswara Rao Kolukula
In electric vehicles (EVs), efficient energy management is critical for reliable power transfer between the battery and motor. This paper presents the design and implementation of a bidirectional DC-DC converter equipped with a smart battery management system (BMS). The system supports bidirectional power flow, operating in boost mode during acceleration and buck mode during regenerative braking, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency and vehicle performance. A PIC microcontroller governs the system, performing real-time monitoring of key battery parameters such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), voltage, and temperature. Safety features include automatic cooling fan activation when the temperature exceeds 45 °C and generator startup when battery voltage falls below 23 V. Real-time data is displayed via an LCD interface to improve user interaction and system transparency. The proposed system achieved a conversion efficiency of 90-93% during experimental testing, with stable switching, reliable automation, and effective thermal protection. The embedded energy management system optimizes charging and discharging cycles while preventing overcharging, deep discharge, and thermal stress. This intelligent, automated power converter enhances battery life, improves EV reliability, and contributes to sustainable transportation by enabling features like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy transfer. The proposed architecture is well-suited for integration into modern EV infrastructure. Although the system architecture supports future V2G integration, V2G functionality was not implemented or tested in the present experimental setup.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2592-2604
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Processor-in-the-loop performance validation of a three-phase NPC three-level inverter using a novel sinusoidal PWM technique for scalar control of an induction motor

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2257-2270
Badr N’hili , Souhail Barakat , Abdelouahed Mesbahi , Mohamed Khafallah , Ayoub Nouaiti
This paper presents the performance of a three-phase, three-level neutral point clamped inverter driving an induction motor for variable-speed applications, compared to a two-level inverter. The studied inverter operates using a novel sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique that improves the quality of voltage and current output signals while increasing efficiency. Motor speed control is achieved using the scalar control (V/Hz) method. Experimental validation of the simulation results is performed by executing the generated C code on the F28379D DSP LaunchPad within the MATLAB/Simulink and Code Composer Studio environment, applying the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) technique.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2257-2270
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Comparison of the discounted costs of controlled asynchronous electric drives with matrix and with DC link frequency converters

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2307-2320
Viktor Petrushyn , Juriy Plotkin , Vasily Horoshko , Rostyslav Yenoktaiev , Andrii Yakimets
A quality criterion based on discounted costs is proposed, which demonstrates a significant advantage of the variable frequency asynchronous motor drive with a matrix converter over the drive with a voltage source inverter, which contains a DC link. A MATLAB software simulation was conducted to ascertain the control characteristics. In light of the control range afforded by both drives, a criterion for discounted costs is proposed that is calculated as a mid-range within a specific rotational speed control range, or is determined based on a given tachogram. The aforementioned costs include the expense of the drive, the cost of losses, maintenance costs, amortization charges, and the cost of reactive power compensation due to phase shifts of the main harmonic current and voltage. In this study, we put forth a novel proposal for the incorporation of the cost of distortion power compensation resulting from the presence of harmonic components of the input current.  The latter costs characterize the electromagnetic compatibility of the drive with the network. For the first time, a quality criterion for a regulated electric drive is proposed, which has a cost component that takes into account the electromagnetic compatibility of the drive with the network. A significant reduction in this component in a drive with a matrix converter compared to a drive with a DC link predetermines a reduction in discounted costs. For a given payback period and annual inflation rate, it was determined that the mid-range discounted costs were reduced by more than 11 times and the tachogram based discounted costs were reduced by more than 10 times for a drive with a matrix converter in comparison to a drive with a DC link.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2307-2320
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and DSP-based validation of a cascaded DSOGI-PLL for mitigating grid disturbances

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2605-2614
Ilias En-Naoui , Abdelhadi Radouane , Azeddine Mouhsen , Hamid Yantour
Ensuring a smooth power injection into an electric grid in the presence of imperfections, such as phase disturbances, voltage imbalance, frequency variations, harmonics, and DC offsets, requires fast and robust phase-locked loop (PLL) techniques. Among these, the double second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI)-based PLL is widely used due to its strong performance in challenging grid conditions. However, conventional DSOGI-PLL has limitations in handling DC offsets and harmonic disturbances. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the design of a cascaded DSOGI-PLL that enhances attenuation of DC components and low-order harmonics while maintaining computational simplicity for DSP-based implementation. Experimental validation on a TMS320F28379D DSP platform demonstrates that the proposed scheme achieves synchronization settling within 48 ms even under severely polluted grid conditions, while reducing output unit-vector THD to 0.5% when the input voltage contains 22% THD. These results confirm the cascaded DSOGI-PLL as a significant improvement over conventional PLLs.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2605-2614
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Empowering low-resource languages: a machine learning approach to Tamil sentiment classification

10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp941-949
Saleem Raja Abdul Samad , Pradeepa Ganesan , Justin Rajasekaran , Madhubala Radhakrishnan , Peerbasha Shebbeer Basha , Varalakshmi Kuppusamy
Sentiment analysis is essential for deciphering public opinion, guiding decisions, and refining marketing strategies. It plays a crucial role in monitoring public sentiment, fostering customer engagement, and enhancing relationships with businesses' target audiences by analyzing emotional tones and attitudes in vast textual data. Sentiment analysis is extremely limited, particularly for languages like Tamil, due to limited application in diverse linguistic contexts with fewer resources. Given its global impact and linguistic diversity, addressing this gap is crucial for a more nuanced understanding of sentiments in India. In the context of Tamil, the need for sentiment analysis models is particularly crucial due to its status as one of the classical languages spoken by millions. The cultural, social, and historical nuances embedded in Tamil language usage require tailored sentiment analysis approaches that can capture the subtleties of sentiment expression. This paper introduces a novel method that assesses the performance of various text embedding methods in conjunction with a range of machine learning (ML) algorithms to enhance sentiment classification for Tamil text, with a specific focus on lyrics. Experiments notably emphasize FastText word embedding as the most effective method, showcasing superior results with a remarkable 78% accuracy when coupled with the support vector classification (SVC) model.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 941-949
Publish at: 2025-12-01

The role of thermal insulation layers and the integration of solar energy in temporary heating systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2677-2687
Rexhep Selimaj , Sabrije Osmanaj
This paper examines thermal insulation strategies for building walls and the integration of solar heating systems to improve the performance of temporary heating systems in residential buildings in Kosovo. A two-story house was used as the case study, simulating four different scenarios of thermal insulation layer placement in the walls with different capacities of the heating system. The proposed thermal balance method of the building takes into account the arrangement of thermal insulation layers and their impact on the building’s energy savings. The results indicate that external insulation offers the best balance between heat retention and energy efficiency, while internal insulation enables faster heating and a shorter time to reach the desired temperature. Under low-temperature conditions, solar energy was analyzed and integrated as an additional source to enhance the heating system capacity and reduce electricity consumption. Simulation results demonstrate further improvement in system performance, enabling optimized operating schedules and a significant reduction in energy consumption.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2677-2687
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Experimental validation of virtual flux concept in direct power control with dynamic performance

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2509-2520
Muhammad Hafeez Mohamed Hariri , Nor Azizah Mohd Yusoff , Muhammad Zaid Aihsan , Tole Sutikno
The virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique is a sensorless control approach aimed at improving the performance of grid-connected power converters. The approach involves simulating the grid voltage and AC-side inductors similar to an AC motor drive system, a principle deriving from direct torque control (DTC). The basic idea of VFDPC is to indirectly estimate the voltage at the converter's input through the concept of virtual flux, enabling the real-time calculation of instantaneous active and reactive power without necessitating direct voltage measurements. An essential element of the VFDPC approach is the implementation of a lookup table, used as a decision-making tool that identifies the most suitable voltage vector (a particular output state of the converter) in accordance with real-time power conditions. This provides instantaneous and smooth control of power flow, leading to enhanced operational stability. This approach allows for continual optimization of the converter's output, enabling VFDPC to significantly decrease total harmonic distortion (THD) while preserving reliable steady-state and dynamic performance. Experimental validation demonstrates that incorporating real-time feedback into virtual flux estimates improves the precision of voltage prediction and the responsiveness of the power control system. Consequently, VFDPC exhibits enhanced adaptability for various grid and load situations, presenting an appropriate choice for current power systems that demand efficient, reliable, and sensorless operation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2509-2520
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Fuzzy logic-based adaptive PLL switching strategy for voltage control in DVR assisted grid tied PV systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2353-2368
R. Srilakshmi , V. Chayapathy
This study aims to enhance power quality in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems by introducing an intelligent fuzzy logic-based adaptive control strategy for dynamic PLL switching in a DVR-supported configuration. A 100-kW grid-tied PV system is modeled with a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), a conventional synchronous reference frame PLL (CTPLL), and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). A Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system (FIS) performs real-time PLL selection based on phase-wise real-time fault monitoring. The system was tested under symmetrical and asymmetrical 20% sag and swell conditions, evaluating voltage stability at both PCC and load, total harmonic distortion (THD), recovery time, and synchronization accuracy. Results show that the proposed method reduces unnecessary DVR voltage injection from ~50 V to ~5-6 V under healthy conditions, maintains a near-unity power factor (< 0.95), and achieves up to 15% THD reduction in inverter current and PCC currents compared to DPLL-only operation. Recovery times improved by up to 25%, with stable synchronization maintained in all fault cases. The integration of adaptive PLL switching and targeted DVR activation offers a novel, hardware-efficient approach to harmonic suppression, voltage stabilization, and fault resilience in medium-scale PV systems.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2353-2368
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Indonesian automated short-answer grading using transformers-based semantic similarity

10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp1034-1043
Samuel Situmeang , Sarah Rosdiana Tambunan , Lidia Ginting , Wahyu Krisdangolyanti Simamora , Winda Sari ButarButar
Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) systems offer a promising solution for improving the efficiency of reading literacy assessments. While promising, current Indonesian artificial intelligence (AI) grading systems still have room for improvement, especially when dealing with different domains. This study explores the effectiveness of large language models, specifically bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) variants, in conjunction with traditional hand-engineered features, to improve ASAG accuracy. We conducted experiments using various BERT models, hand-engineered features, text pre-processing techniques, and dimensionality reduction. Our findings show that BERT models consistently outperform traditional methods like term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). IndoBERTLite-Base-P2 achieved the highest quadratic weighted kappa (QWK) score among the BERT variants. Integrating handengineered features with BERT resulted in a substantial enhancement of the QWK score. Utilizing comprehensive text pre-processing is a critical factor in achieving optimal performance. In addition, dimensionality reduction should be carefully used because it potentially removes semantic information.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1034-1043
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design and implementation of IoT-based soft starter for induction motor

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2170-2177
Laith Najem Abood Khudhur , Amer Abdulmahdi Jabbar Chlaihawi
The practical application of the induction motor is an essential part of electrical engineering. A direct connection of the motors to the mains voltage negatively affects both the motor itself and the mains system as a whole due to high starting current values, as a result, more accidents and shortening the drive system service life. This article discusses the development of designing and implementing of soft starter single-phase IM to reduce the inrush current using the firing angle reduction technique with remote monitoring and control using the ESP32 (node MCU) and Arduino Due microcontrollers. The integration of IoT-based tools software such as VS Code, enables the remote monitoring and control of motor features. Testing shows that the system effectively facilitates remote motor control, providing a flexible and accessible learning environment with minimum starting current, solving the inrush current problem facing IMs. The proposed soft starter gives three cases of firing angle reduction that show a percentage reduction in starting current for these cases (case I, case II, and case III) are 51%, 54% and 64%, respectively. Case III has a maximum starting current is 2.2 A compared to 6.2 A for direct connecting of IM to the power supply (DOL).
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2170-2177
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Comparative analysis of various rotor types BLDC motor for residential elevator application

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2224-2233
Nor Aishah Md. Zuki , Raja Nor Firdaus Kashfi Raja Othman , Fairul Azhar Abdul Shukor , Kunihisa Tashiro
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in applications where high efficiency is crucial. With advancements in permanent magnet technology, BLDC motors are increasingly suitable for high-torque applications such as residential elevators. Known for their high efficiency, low maintenance, and excellent controllability, BLDC motors are ideal candidates for this research. However, the challenge lies in identifying the most efficient rotor structure that can deliver the required torque for residential elevator applications while maintaining cost-effectiveness and compact design. This paper addresses this problem by simulating various rotor types of BLDC motors using the finite element method (FEM), Ansys Maxwell. four different rotor structures have been analyzed to evaluate their back electromotive force (EMF) and torque. The model generating the highest torque will be selected for manufacturing as a motor for residential elevators. Among the models studied, BLDC-ERA rotor structures produced the highest torque of 28 Nm, while BLDC-HR type generates the lowest torque. To ensure practicality and cost-effectiveness of installing elevators in double-story houses or smaller residences, the selected motor must be compact and affordable, enabling senior citizen to maintain their independence. This research not only aids other researchers in designing suitable motors for elevator applications but also contributes to societal well-being by promoting accessibility and independence for the elderly.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2224-2233
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Soil moisture prototype soil moisture sensor YL-69 for Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) tree planting media

10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp1163-1171
Rikie Kartadie , Muhammad Agung Nugroho , Adiyuda Prayitna , Adi Kusjani , Ardeana Galih Mardika
Soil moisture, defined as the amount of water present in the spaces between soil particles, plays a critical role in plant growth. Excessive soil moisture can lead to issues such as root rot, deviating from the ideal conditions required for root absorption. To address this, we developed a prototype tool using the YL-69 soil moisture sensor to monitor and control the soil moisture levels in Agarwood/Gaharu tree planting media. The prototype was designed to activate a water pump when soil moisture exceeded 80%, ensuring optimal humidity for plant growth. Once the moisture level dropped below 80%, the pump was deactivated to prevent overwatering. The YL-69 sensor demonstrated an accuracy of 88.76% under controlled conditions. This study highlights the potential of using low-cost sensors for automated soil moisture management in small-scale Gaharu cultivation.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Page: 1163-1171
Publish at: 2025-12-01

ANN based speed control of switched reluctance motor using MATLAB-interfaced DSP controller

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2243-2256
Veena Wilson , Latha Padinjaredath Govindan
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is gaining significance as a competitive motor in industries due to its prominent features such as absence of rare-earth elements, strong fault tolerance, and competitive efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to a novel and simplified hardware implementation of SRM drive, accompanied by a stepwise procedure to develop the control process that includes system modelling with simulation analysis and experimental validation, useful for the novice researchers. A precise hardware control environment is introduced, by integrating MATLAB/Simulink platform with digital signal processor (DSP) microcontroller - TMS320F280049C, which minimizes the complexities of traditional controller coding. The paper provides an in-depth explanation of deployment of artificial neural network (ANN) speed control block, offering valuable insights into the practical aspects of ANN-based control in MATLAB. The paper also compares closed-loop speed control using proportional-integral (PI) and ANN control in SRM, and the results demonstrate accurate and adaptive performance of ANN control for variable speed- load conditions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2243-2256
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Attenuated-chattering global second-order sliding mode load frequency controller for multi-region linked power systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2381-2388
Phan-Thanh Nguyen , Cong-Trang Nguyen
In this study, a new chattering-free global second-order sliding mode load frequency controller (CGSOSMLFC) is proposed for multi-region linked power systems (MRLPS). Key achievements of this paper include: i) a new CGSOSMLFC is investigated utilizing only output variables; ii) a global steadiness of the MRLPS is ensured by eliminating the hitting phase in traditional sliding mode control (TSMC), and the undesirable high-frequency vacillation marvel in the control signal is efficiently lessened by utilizing the second-order sliding mode control technique. Firstly, a novel estimator is constructed to conjecture the immeasurable state variables of the MRLPS. Then, an estimator-based CGSOSMLFC is synthesized to force the states of the controlled plant into the anticipated switching surface at an instance time and attenuate the chattering phenomenon in the control indication. Additionally, the total MRLPS’s stability analysis is executed by applying the Lyapunov function theory and linear matrix inequality (LMI), confirming the practicability and reliability of the method. Lastly, simulation outcomes on a three-zone linked power system are furnished to authenticate the usefulness and advantages of the proposed technique.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2381-2388
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A comprehensive review of efficient wireless power transfer for electric vehicle charging: advancements, challenges, and future directions

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2156-2169
Md. Ashraf Ali Khan , Kuber Kuber , Yusra Wahab , M. Saad Arif , Shahrin Md. Ayob , Norjulia Mohamad Nordin
Electric vehicles (EVs) have transformed the transportation sector, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. However, their widespread adoption faces challenges such as inadequate charging infrastructure, range anxiety, and concerns about user convenience. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides an efficient, reliable, and user-friendly charging solution that eliminates physical connections, enabling both static and dynamic charging applications. This review explores key components of WPT systems, including wireless charging schemes, compensation circuits, coupling pad structures, and misalignment tolerance, emphasizing their impact on system efficiency and reliability. Findings highlight that WPT can enhance charging convenience, reduce dependence on large battery capacities, and support seamless EV integration into daily life. Additionally, WPT systems improve safety, lower maintenance needs, and create opportunities for autonomous charging. Key advancements in compensation topologies, coupling pad geometries, and misalignment-tolerant capabilities are discussed alongside their role in enhancing power transfer efficiency. By offering insights into the current state-of-the-art and future directions, this paper aims to support the development and deployment of WPT systems, contributing to the global transition toward sustainable transportation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2156-2169
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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