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29,922 Article Results

Optimize the position of the distributed generator and capacitor bank in the distributed grid to minimize the generation cost

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp970-979
Ngoc An Luu , Dinh Chung Phan
In this paper, we focus on determining the optimal position and size of multi-distributed generators and capacitor banks to minimize the generation cost of a distributed grid. The optimal position and size of distributed generators and capacitor banks are determined using a hybrid of conventional loss sensitivity factor and an improved one. The proposed algorithm has two stages. For each distributed generator, we prioritize its position and size. After that, we find the optimal position and size of the capacitor banks corresponding to this distributed generator installation to minimize the power loss. After considering all distributed generators, the optimal number, position, and size of the distributed generators and capacitor banks are determined based on the minimum generation cost value. This idea is developed in MATLAB and verified via sample distributed grids, including the IEEE-69 bus and IEEE-85 bus. The verifying results are evaluated and analyzed. By comparing those results to those of other methods, the performance of the newly introduced method is proven.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 970-979
Publish at: 2025-12-01

PD characteristics of polymer insulation for inverted-fed drives under sine and square waveforms

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp893-902
S. Narasimha Rao , Elanseralathan Kasinathan , Ramanujam Sarathi
In recent years, adjustable speed drives power by power electronic converters have caused insulation failure in the electrical motors with stator windings. The repeating impulse voltages produced by IGBTs created insulation reliability problems in the stator winding. Overvoltage can cause partial discharge (PD), which can rapidly result in insulation system failure. To address this issue, IEC standards and technical specifications (TS) necessitate that a PD test on the motor insulation system is done at sinusoidal and square voltages. The PD characteristics obtained are used to evaluate insulation performance, enhancing insulation design. This work focuses on the PD characterization of twisted pair samples using high frequency sine and square waveforms at room temperature. The PD characteristics were investigated at 50 Hz, 1 kHz, 2.4 kHz, and 5 kHz. The result shows that there are fewer PD events with lower PD magnitudes and shorter delay times at higher frequencies. Further, at different temperatures of 30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C, the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of twisted pair insulation was investigated using high-frequency sine and square waveforms. The results show that the corona inception voltage (CIV) (kV) decreases as ambient temperature increases. Furthermore, the conditions for PD occurrence in the insulation system were analyzed at higher switching frequencies. The electric field distribution of twisted pairs with a 0 mm air gap was modeled from 50 Hz to 5 kHz switching frequency using COMSOL software.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 893-902
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Factors influencing the practice of breast self-examination among teenage girls in Salatiga City, Indonesia

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.26834
Kristiani Desimina Tauho , Dary Dary , Abebe Alemu Anshebo , Magried Paulina Ondowapo
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Indonesia. Early detection improves survival, yet many adolescent girls do not practice breast self-examination (BSE). Evidence on personal barriers among young women remains limited. To analyze knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and barriers to BSE practice among late adolescents in Salatiga, Central Java. A cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2023 among 67 female students aged 18-21 years living in a university dormitory. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model and analyzed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Most respondents (70.1%) had received BSE information, mainly from social media (35.8%) and school (32.8%). Barriers included perceiving BSE as unimportant (37.3%), lack of knowledge (35.8%), belief that it was unnecessary without illness (38.8%), and feeling too young (20.9%). Logistic regression identified four predictors of non-practice: lack of knowledge (OR = 0.003, 95% CI: 0.000-0.243, p = 0.010), belief BSE is only needed with symptoms (OR = 0.022, 95% CI: 0.002-0.312, p = 0.005), lack of privacy (OR = 0.026, 95% CI: 0.001-0.946, p = 0.046), and time constraints (OR = 0.064, 95% CI: 0.006-0.701, p = 0.024). Misconceptions, limited knowledge, and social constraints were the main barriers to BSE practice among adolescent girls. Addressing these requires school-based programs, integration of BSE into reproductive health curricula, and community campaigns, while nursing practice should focus on enhancing self-efficacy and normalizing BSE.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1779-1787
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Performance enhancement using sensor and sensorless control techniques for a modified bridgeless Ćuk converter-based BLDC motor in EV applications

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp769-782
W. Margaret Amutha , S. Premalatha , M. Karthikeyan
This work proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV)-powered, modified bridgeless Ćuk converter tailored for electric vehicle applications. It overcomes limitations such as high ripple, reduced power density, significant switching losses, and complex circuit structures in traditional designs. The system integrates a boost converter with a bridgeless Ćuk topology to ensure a reliable and efficient direct current (DC) power output. Performance evaluation includes sensor-based and sensorless speed control techniques-pulse width modulation (PWM), proportional integral derivative (PID), back electromotive force (EMF), and spider controllers-under both no-load and full-load scenarios. Key parameters such as rise time, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error are analyzed. MATLAB/Simulink simulations indicate that the spider controller delivers superior dynamic behavior and stability. A 48 W, 1500 rpm hardware prototype confirms the simulation outcomes, demonstrating the practical viability and effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 769-782
Publish at: 2025-12-01

A hybrid one step voltage-adjustable transformerless inverter for a one-phase grid incorporation of wind and solar power

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp951-959
Bonigala Ramesh , Madhubabu Thiruveedula , Rahul Inumula , C. Poojitha Reddy , Mohammad Abdul Khadar , K. Sri Sai Hareesh
This paper presents a hybrid one-step voltage-adjustable transformerless inverter designed to efficiently integrate both solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy sources into a single-phase grid. The primary objective is to enhance power conversion efficiency while minimizing system complexity and cost. The proposed architecture combines a buck-boost DC-DC converter with a full-bridge inverter in a compact and modular design, enabling voltage regulation across a wide input range typical of hybrid renewable systems. By grounding the PV negative terminal, the system effectively eliminates leakage currents and ensures compliance with IEEE harmonic standards. The inverter operates with reduced switching losses and supports multiple operational modes tailored for variable solar and wind conditions. Simulation of a 300 W prototype demonstrates reliable performance, achieving a total harmonic distortion (THD) below 1%, validating its compatibility with grid requirements. Key contributions include the development of a unified topology for hybrid energy sources, in-depth analysis of energy storage components, and implementation of efficient modulation strategies. This work addresses significant challenges in renewable energy integration and provides a scalable solution for next-generation grid-connected hybrid power systems.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 951-959
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Social determinants in health and mental well-being among out-patients

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.26588
Rainier C. Moreno-Lacalle , Pilar Bianca Mae G. Ducusin , Rayvine B. Suma-il , Lana Stephanie A. Tiu , Kyla Dee Manantan , Karyle Myara E. Borromeo , Amanda Nicole N. Cruz , Romeo Benedict Landagora , Chad Allen M. Nerona , Christan James R. Edualino
Social determinants are crucial in shaping mental well-being, yet their specific impact within diverse cultural contexts like the Philippines remains underexplored. This study investigated the influence of social determinants on mental well-being among out-patients with mental health conditions. A retrospective cross-sectional design was used, analyzing existing health records (n = 21,813) from 2019 to 2024 and survey questionnaires (n = 89) from three psychiatric institutions. Social determinants were classified as proximal or distal, and mental well-being was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Results showed that participants generally reported a high level of mental well-being. Regression analysis revealed that while proximal social factors collectively explained the largest variance in well-being (28.6%), they were not statistically significant predictors as a group. Conversely, specific distal factors-notably birth order (p<0.010), parental marital status (p<0.017), and a history of family sexual abuse (p<0.033)-were significant individual predictors. This research provides novel evidence on the application of the proximal-distal framework in a Filipino context, uniquely demonstrating that while broad social categories are influential, specific familial and life-course events are more direct predictors of mental well-being. The findings underscore the need for culturally-sensitive, targeted interventions that address both broad environmental factors and specific individual circumstances to promote health equity.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1886-1896
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Power smoothing in electrical distribution system using covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy of aquila optimization

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp842-858
Smrutirekha Mahanta , Manoj Kumar Maharana
This study introduces a novel hybrid optimization approach covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy of aquila optimization (CMAESAO) to enhance power smoothing and minimize power losses in electrical distribution systems through the optimal allocation of D-STATCOMs. The method is tested on standard 33-bus and 69-bus systems. The CMAESAO algorithm efficiently identifies optimal locations and sizes of D-STATCOMs to achieve system performance improvements under constant power (CP), constant current (CC), and constant impedance (CI) load models. The results show that, for the 69-bus system, installing two D-STATCOMs yields optimal performance, reducing real power loss from the base value to 149.6368 kW, while three D-STATCOMs yield a slightly better voltage profile and VSI but only marginal additional power loss reduction (147.8951 kW), making two units more cost-effective. For the 33-bus system, three D-STATCOMs provide the best improvement in power quality and loss minimization. Voltage and current profiles confirmed improvement in voltage stability and reduced branch currents with optimized placements. Compared to other optimization techniques, CMAESAO demonstrates faster convergence and superior accuracy in minimizing losses, establishing its effectiveness for such multi-objective optimization problems. The study's novelty lies in integrating CMA-ES with aquila optimization to combine strong global search with adaptive exploration, resulting in robust and efficient power system enhancement. The proposed methodology contributes to smarter, more reliable distribution systems, supporting grid resilience and energy efficiency.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 842-858
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Analysis of risk factors associated with subjective fatigue symptoms among coal mining vehicle operators

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.26601
Robiana Modjo , Desy Sulistiyorini , Eko Rizkianto , Indri Hapsari Susilowati , Didik Triwibowo
Coal mining vehicle operators have negative consequences with health effects such as fatigue. The aim of the study was to analyze the risk factors related to subjective fatigue among coal mining operators. Specifically, it seeks to examine the relationship between work shift, working period, sleep quantity, sleep quality, and personal characteristics, such as age, neck circumference, and body mass index. Data were collected from a coal mining site in South Kalimantan, Indonesia in 2022 with primary questionnaires. A total of 440 workers who worked in the mining and hauling area for at least one year were recruited in this study. This was a cross-sectional study. Quantitative data were obtained to describe the level of subjective fatigue and to analyze the risk factors associated with the work fatigue in coal mining vehicle operators. The fatigue was associated with obesity (OR:1.777, 95% CI:1.0067-2.960), overweight (OR:1.783, 95% CI:1.046-3.040), neck circumference (OR:1.513, 95% CI:1.0983-2.329), sleep quality (OR:4.597, 95% CI:2.762-7.650), and working period (OR:0.545, 95% CI:10.360-0.825) (p<0.05 for all). However, fatigue did not significantly affect from sleep quantity and work shift. Ensuring individual health is essential for preserving the opportunity to sleep and allowing the body to recover from fatigue.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1797-1805
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Self-management program impact on type 2 diabetes blood sugar control

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.26501
Chontira Kawthaisong , Parichat Wongsricha , Charinporn Machara
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a major global public health concern. This quasi-experimental study assessed the effectiveness of a self-management program in aiding diabetic patients in controlling their blood sugar levels. The program implemented the self-management framework proposed by Kanfer and Gaelick-Buys, supplemented by social support from healthcare volunteers via home visits. Patients were selected through simple random sampling and subsequently divided into two groups, each comprising 30 patients. The experimental group received a self-management program, with progress monitored over a 12-week period. The control group was administered standard care. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were employed to assess the data. The results indicated that the self-management behavior and blood sugar levels of both the experimental and control groups were similar before the experiment commenced. Significant differences were observed in self-management behavior and blood sugar levels between the experimental groups before and after the intervention, as indicated by a significance level of 0.05. However, this program has some limitations, including the fact that the evaluation did not include HbA1c levels, and the data was based on participants' self-reports, which may be subject to bias. The finding suggests that this self-management program can be implemented by healthcare professionals in the community to effectively manage blood sugar levels among type 2 diabetes patients to reduce the incidence of complications, with rigorous and continuous monitoring of behaviors required.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1738-1746
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Frequency control of hybrid power system with fractional order secondary controller using improved biogeography-based krill herd algorithm

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp816-825
Kukkamalla Kiran Kumar , Gobinathan Balaji , Kanta Rao Pedakota , Majahar Hussain Mahammad , Syed Suraya
To meet the demand of electrical power, structural changes of the power system from the generation side are necessary by integrating the renewable sources into the existing system. In the presence of renewables, the active power imbalances caused by both generation and demand are reduced with the classical units (like thermal) since the wind speed and irradiance (inputs of wind and solar plants) are volatile and nonlinear in nature. The frequency deviations triggered by such active power imbalances of the hybrid power system integrated with both conventional and renewable energy plants are minimized with better secondary control schemes. Therefore, this article suggests fractional order secondary controller (FOSC) for conventional units of the interconnected power system to strengthen the frequency stability of the system during the demand perturbations. The optimal gains of the FOSC are identified with an improved biogeography-based krill herd optimizer with the help of the performance indicator integral square error. To elevate the improvements of FOSC, comparisons are provided with classical controllers during the simple, random load perturbations with and without generation changes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis on system parameters is performed to show the robustness of the FOSC over classical control strategies.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 816-825
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Improving the adaptability of an active power filter using linearization feedback input-output sliding mode

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp879-892
Leminh Thien Huynh , Van-Cuu Ho , Thanh-Vu Tran
As more and more non-linear loads are used in industrial applications, power quality problems become more serious. To address this challenge, a robust nonlinear control strategy is introduced using an active power filter (APF) to enhance the power quality of the three-phase neutral voltage. The system employs a control algorithm tailored for a three-phase split-capacitor inverter, which eliminates high-order harmonics through a voltage source inverter (VSI) equipped with an LCL filter. The grid-side components of the LCL filter are incorporated into a sliding mode control framework to minimize oscillations while maintaining performance. Additionally, the d-q-0 transformation within the synchronous reference frame is applied to effectively manage the second harmonic component. In addition, the linear feedback input-output sliding mode facilitates the control system. This system can help decrease total harmonic distortion (THD) to meet IEEE-519 standards. This method demonstrates its effectiveness through simulation results, reducing THD to less than 5% and defeating previous methods despite still using simple algorithms.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 879-892
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Prevalence, patterns, and associated factors for substance use among university students in Maseru, Lesotho

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.26783
Phoofolo Kamohelo , Fernandes Lucy , Mokwena Kebogile
Psychoactive substance use among students has implications for early substance dependence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, patterns, and reasons for substance use among university students in Maseru, Lesotho. There were 302 students who participated in this descriptive, cross-sectional survey. Descriptive statistics summarized the findings obtained from a self-administered online questionnaire. The prevalence rate for alcohol (44.4%), dagga (6%), and cigarette smoking (6%) was statistically significantly higher among males than females (p<0.05). Alcohol was consumed to feel good by 26.1% of the participants, 38.9% smoked cigarettes to handle stress, and 22.2% used dagga because it is easily available (22.2%). This study identified a unique pattern of substance use among university students, which is limited to alcohol, cigarettes, and dagga, with the exclusion of hard drugs. Effective and comprehensive health promotion programs should be implemented in Lesotho to prevent the introduction of hard-core psychoactive substances.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1647-1657
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Design of a half-bridge inverter with digital SPWM control for pure sine wave output

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp803-815
Jalil Akaaboune , Bouazza El Mourabit , Mohamed Oulaaross , Mohamed Benchagra
To foster the widespread adoption of solar power, especially that produced by photovoltaic (PV) systems, we must move beyond the mere utilization of renewable energy sources. Prioritizing cost-effective approaches through innovative grid integration is essential. This strategic transformation significantly contributes to the global expansion of electrical energy production. One pioneering approach involves the implementation of inverters operating at high frequencies to efficiently filter and eliminate undesirable current harmonics, thus enhancing system performance. This innovative technique relies on the generation of rapid complementary digital pulse width modulation (PWM) signals, complete with built-in dead time, to manage a half-bridge inverter with a single phase. The paper recommends employing the IR2110 driver, an often-used component for MOSFET switch management, to execute this strategy. The entire system is controlled by high-frequency PWM signals, meticulously programmed for precision, generated by a microcontroller driver board. With its adaptability to various renewable energy conversion devices, this methodology extends its utility beyond solar energy. Practical tests have confirmed the efficacy of this strategy. Future research in this field should scrutinize the effect of PWM on system stability and harmonic distortion, explore advanced modulation methods, align PWM approaches with upcoming power electronics technologies, and work towards improving system efficiency.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 803-815
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Determinant factors of anemia prevention behavior among female adolescents in border area: a path analysis on the health belief model

10.11591/ijphs.v14i4.25937
Maria Paula Marla Nahak , Pius Almindu Leki Berek
Combating anemia in female adolescents may prevent long term effects of low birth weight, malnutrition, and growth failure (stunting) in their progeny. This study aimed to path-analyze the determinants of anemia prevention behavior in female adolescents with health belief model approach. This was an observational analytical study, conducted at SMAN 3 Atambua, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from May 7, 2024 to August 2, 2024. A total of 103 participants were selected by total sampling. The data collected by a set of questionnaires. This study revealed a direct and positive correlation between perceived threat (b = 2.43; 95% CI = 0.67 to 4.18; p = 0.007), perceived benefits (b = 1.99; 95% CI = 0.20 to 3.78; p = 0.029), perceived barrier (b = 2.74; 95% CI = 0.34 to 5.14; p = 0.025), self-efficacy (b = 1.76; 95% CI = 0.06 to 3.46; p = 0.042), cues to action (b = 1.96; 95% CI = 0.27 to 3.65; p = 0.022) and anemia prevention behavior. Knowledge is indirectly correlated to anemia prevention behavior through self-efficacy (b =2.25; 95% CI = 0.95 to 3.54; p = 0.001); perceived susceptibility is indirectly correlated to anemia prevention behavior through perceived threat (b = 2.01; 95% CI = 0.78 to 3.24; p = 0.001); perceived severity is indirectly correlated to anemia prevention behavior through perceived threat (b = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.01 to 1.81; p = 0.045). The implications of this study suggest that multifaceted interventions should be put in place that combine education, empowerment, overcoming barriers, and increasing the perceived threat and severity of anemia, all of which can improve anemia prevention behavior among female adolescents.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1720-1729
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Techno-economic optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems for household energy management

10.11591/ijape.v14.i4.pp1035-1043
Faisal Irsan Pasaribu , Suwarno Suwarno , Surya Hardi , Ahmad Taufik , Albert Panjaitan , Aimil Musfi Andri , Muhammad Reza Aulia
Housing is a private palace that is safe, comfortable, and private. Techno-economic optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems and energy management for realizing green energy is a fundamental concept for ensuring security, comfort, and privacy in green housing for its residents, enabling them to carry out activities in their environment. The application of techno-economic optimization and renewable energy management to manage electrical energy so that it can be saved so that electricity costs can be reduced as one of the energy efficiency models. The problem of waste emissions and environmental pollution cannot be avoided. Therefore, a techno-economic optimization model for integrated power generation is needed, which is environmentally friendly and related to the housing problem discussed in this study. This study supports the concept that hybrid housing development is the best way to address environmental pollution, emissions, and waste in future housing and can be used as a benchmark for future housing development. In addition, the techno-economics of renewable energy used in households was also discussed.
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Page: 1035-1043
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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