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Design and analysis of brushless permanent magnet motor for light electrically powered two-wheeler vehicle

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2296-2306
How Xuan Yu , Mohd Luqman Mohd Jamil , Nurul Ain Mohd Said
This study provides a comprehensive process of designing an electric motor that will be used for a small two-wheeled electric vehicle. Due to high performance capability in term of power and torque, brushless permanent magnet topology is chosen so that a compromise between size constraint and performance can be met. For an accurate motor design sizing, the design process is initially carried out by determination of power rating that derived from vehicle dynamic calculation. Based on winding factor calculation, fractional-slot 12-slot/10-pole and 9-slot/10-pole motors equipped with non-overlapping winding are chosen and analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) software. For an optimum electromagnetic performance, parametric optimization is included, mainly on the stator dimension. Despite the performance of both designs improved, only 9-slot motor results a convincing performance as the rated torque is 18% higher than the 12-slot design. For verification purpose, 1-D analytical solution is also included and compared with results deduced by the FEA. According to the analysis, the proposed motor designs are adequately reliable for a light electrically powered electric vehicle application.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2296-2306
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Fuzzy logic-based adaptive PLL switching strategy for voltage control in DVR assisted grid tied PV systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2353-2368
R. Srilakshmi , V. Chayapathy
This study aims to enhance power quality in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems by introducing an intelligent fuzzy logic-based adaptive control strategy for dynamic PLL switching in a DVR-supported configuration. A 100-kW grid-tied PV system is modeled with a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), a conventional synchronous reference frame PLL (CTPLL), and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). A Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system (FIS) performs real-time PLL selection based on phase-wise real-time fault monitoring. The system was tested under symmetrical and asymmetrical 20% sag and swell conditions, evaluating voltage stability at both PCC and load, total harmonic distortion (THD), recovery time, and synchronization accuracy. Results show that the proposed method reduces unnecessary DVR voltage injection from ~50 V to ~5-6 V under healthy conditions, maintains a near-unity power factor (< 0.95), and achieves up to 15% THD reduction in inverter current and PCC currents compared to DPLL-only operation. Recovery times improved by up to 25%, with stable synchronization maintained in all fault cases. The integration of adaptive PLL switching and targeted DVR activation offers a novel, hardware-efficient approach to harmonic suppression, voltage stabilization, and fault resilience in medium-scale PV systems.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2353-2368
Publish at: 2025-12-01

The role of thermal insulation layers and the integration of solar energy in temporary heating systems

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2677-2687
Rexhep Selimaj , Sabrije Osmanaj
This paper examines thermal insulation strategies for building walls and the integration of solar heating systems to improve the performance of temporary heating systems in residential buildings in Kosovo. A two-story house was used as the case study, simulating four different scenarios of thermal insulation layer placement in the walls with different capacities of the heating system. The proposed thermal balance method of the building takes into account the arrangement of thermal insulation layers and their impact on the building’s energy savings. The results indicate that external insulation offers the best balance between heat retention and energy efficiency, while internal insulation enables faster heating and a shorter time to reach the desired temperature. Under low-temperature conditions, solar energy was analyzed and integrated as an additional source to enhance the heating system capacity and reduce electricity consumption. Simulation results demonstrate further improvement in system performance, enabling optimized operating schedules and a significant reduction in energy consumption.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2677-2687
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Comparative analysis of various rotor types BLDC motor for residential elevator application

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2224-2233
Nor Aishah Md. Zuki , Raja Nor Firdaus Kashfi Raja Othman , Fairul Azhar Abdul Shukor , Kunihisa Tashiro
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in applications where high efficiency is crucial. With advancements in permanent magnet technology, BLDC motors are increasingly suitable for high-torque applications such as residential elevators. Known for their high efficiency, low maintenance, and excellent controllability, BLDC motors are ideal candidates for this research. However, the challenge lies in identifying the most efficient rotor structure that can deliver the required torque for residential elevator applications while maintaining cost-effectiveness and compact design. This paper addresses this problem by simulating various rotor types of BLDC motors using the finite element method (FEM), Ansys Maxwell. four different rotor structures have been analyzed to evaluate their back electromotive force (EMF) and torque. The model generating the highest torque will be selected for manufacturing as a motor for residential elevators. Among the models studied, BLDC-ERA rotor structures produced the highest torque of 28 Nm, while BLDC-HR type generates the lowest torque. To ensure practicality and cost-effectiveness of installing elevators in double-story houses or smaller residences, the selected motor must be compact and affordable, enabling senior citizen to maintain their independence. This research not only aids other researchers in designing suitable motors for elevator applications but also contributes to societal well-being by promoting accessibility and independence for the elderly.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2224-2233
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Experimental validation of virtual flux concept in direct power control with dynamic performance

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2509-2520
Muhammad Hafeez Mohamed Hariri , Nor Azizah Mohd Yusoff , Muhammad Zaid Aihsan , Tole Sutikno
The virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique is a sensorless control approach aimed at improving the performance of grid-connected power converters. The approach involves simulating the grid voltage and AC-side inductors similar to an AC motor drive system, a principle deriving from direct torque control (DTC). The basic idea of VFDPC is to indirectly estimate the voltage at the converter's input through the concept of virtual flux, enabling the real-time calculation of instantaneous active and reactive power without necessitating direct voltage measurements. An essential element of the VFDPC approach is the implementation of a lookup table, used as a decision-making tool that identifies the most suitable voltage vector (a particular output state of the converter) in accordance with real-time power conditions. This provides instantaneous and smooth control of power flow, leading to enhanced operational stability. This approach allows for continual optimization of the converter's output, enabling VFDPC to significantly decrease total harmonic distortion (THD) while preserving reliable steady-state and dynamic performance. Experimental validation demonstrates that incorporating real-time feedback into virtual flux estimates improves the precision of voltage prediction and the responsiveness of the power control system. Consequently, VFDPC exhibits enhanced adaptability for various grid and load situations, presenting an appropriate choice for current power systems that demand efficient, reliable, and sensorless operation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2509-2520
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Bidirectional power converter for electrical vehicle with battery charging and smart battery management system

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2592-2604
Bodapati Venkata Rajanna , Kondragunta Rama Krishnaiah , Ganta Raghotham Reddy , Shaik Hasane Ahammad , Mohammad Najumunnisa , Syed Inthiyaz , Gouthami Eragamreddy , Ambarapu Sudhakar , Nitalaksheswara Rao Kolukula
In electric vehicles (EVs), efficient energy management is critical for reliable power transfer between the battery and motor. This paper presents the design and implementation of a bidirectional DC-DC converter equipped with a smart battery management system (BMS). The system supports bidirectional power flow, operating in boost mode during acceleration and buck mode during regenerative braking, thereby enhancing overall energy efficiency and vehicle performance. A PIC microcontroller governs the system, performing real-time monitoring of key battery parameters such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), voltage, and temperature. Safety features include automatic cooling fan activation when the temperature exceeds 45 °C and generator startup when battery voltage falls below 23 V. Real-time data is displayed via an LCD interface to improve user interaction and system transparency. The proposed system achieved a conversion efficiency of 90-93% during experimental testing, with stable switching, reliable automation, and effective thermal protection. The embedded energy management system optimizes charging and discharging cycles while preventing overcharging, deep discharge, and thermal stress. This intelligent, automated power converter enhances battery life, improves EV reliability, and contributes to sustainable transportation by enabling features like vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy transfer. The proposed architecture is well-suited for integration into modern EV infrastructure. Although the system architecture supports future V2G integration, V2G functionality was not implemented or tested in the present experimental setup.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2592-2604
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Enhanced speed regulation using separate P and I gain controllers in a fuzzy-PI framework

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2280-2295
Minh Duc Pham , Duong Nguyen Trong Qui , Truong Phuoc Hoa
This paper explores an enhanced method for regulating the speed of brushless DC (BLDC) motors using field-oriented control. Conventionally, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is employed to adjust output speed and current FOC method. While the PI controller is effective in many scenarios, it exhibits limitations including poor performance when the speed reference changes rapidly. To address these limitations, a fuzzy-PI control scheme is proposed in this study with the aim of improving the speed control performance of BLDC motors, especially under rapidly changing speed reference. The proposed two separate fuzzy logic controllers adaptively adjust the proportional and integral gains so that it combines the robustness of fuzzy logic with the steady-state error of PI control. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the fuzzy-PI control significantly outperforms the conventional PI controller in terms of BLDC stability, response time, and accuracy. The proposed approach ensures more reliable and efficient speed regulation for BLDC motors, making it a reliable solution for applications where speed reference fluctuate frequently.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2280-2295
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Interleaved buck converter using a floating dual series-capacitor topology

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2538-2548
Chan Viet Nguyen , Dang Tai Nguyen , Thanh Phuong Ho
Interleaved buck converters (IBC) are widely utilized in step-down voltage applications due to their excellent performance and straightforward design. However, conventional IBCs require individual current sensors and feedback control circuits to maintain phase current balance, resulting in increased cost and design complexity. In this paper, a novel floating dual series capacitor (FDSC) converter based on an interleaved floating structure is proposed. The most distinctive aspect of this proposed converter is its ability to naturally balance the four inductor currents without the need for any current sensors or feedback control. Furthermore, the proposed converter also exhibits lower voltage stress on switching devices and inductors, contributing to improved efficiency and a reduction in overall magnetic volume. To validate the performance characteristics of the proposed converter, a 1.3 kW prototype of the FDSC topology was developed and tested to indicate the analytical results and demonstrate stable current balance even under different operating conditions. The experimental validation highlights the topology’s suitability for high step-down, compact, and efficient applications such as EV auxiliary power supply and voltage regulator modules.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2538-2548
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Nonlinear excitation control of multimachine systems via the invariant-set design

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2332-2341
Hisham M. Soliman , Ehab H. E. Bayoumi , Farag Ali El-Sheikhi , Fawzan Salem
Power grids are inherently vulnerable to many uncertainties. All power networks are prone to instability because of the uncertainties inherent in the operation of power systems. Rotor-angle instability is a challenging issue, and if not properly managed, could give rise to cascading failures and even blackouts. This paper addresses the generator excitation system’s state feedback sliding mode control (SMC). The global system is divided into multiple subsystems to achieve decentralized control. A disturbance is defined as the influence of the system as a whole on a specific subsystem. The state-feedback controller is to be designed taking into account the disturbance attenuation level, ensuring the closed-loop system's asymptotic stability. The SMC designing algorithm is described; it is based on precisely determining the sliding surface utilizing the invariant-set (ellipsoid) technique. The control structure ensures that mismatched disturbances in power systems have little impact on the system trajectory in the sliding mode. Moreover, the proposed controllers are represented in this paper using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and the Lyapunov theory approach. Finally, a multi-machine model is implemented to demonstrate the success of the suggested approach, and a comparison between the proposed SMC and the conventional one demonstrates its superiority.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2332-2341
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Combination circuit of multilevel inverter, matrix converter, and H-bridge

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2476-2490
Akram Mohammed Al-Mahrouk , Nashiren Farzilah Mailah , Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi , Mohd Khair Hassan
In this study, a new integrated circuit design called H-bridge multilevel inverter matrix converter (HMIMC), which combines a multilevel inverter (MI), a matrix converter (MC), and an H-bridge circuit, is developed. It aims to generate a high number of output voltage levels that reduce the component count (CC). The MI step is used to control the positive voltage source, where the output of MI is connected to the input of MC. The MC is used to share the positive input voltage due to output phases, depending on the requirements. Afterward, the H-bridge circuit is used in each phase to select the positive or negative output voltage. The main contribution of this design is that the MI does not need to be repeated thrice to produce a three-phase output voltage. A seven-level (7L) and thirteen-level (13L) of proposed circuit is presented, followed by a new algorithm operation that is used for suitable switching control. Afterward, MATLAB simulation is used to check the operation process, output signals of voltage and current, and total harmonic distortion (THD) results. Then hardware circuit of the proposed system is implemented to verify the design. Lastly, a brief comparison in terms of CC is conducted.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2476-2490
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Lithium-ion battery charge-discharge cycle forecasting using LSTM neural networks

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2831-2840
Vimala Channapatana Srikantappa , Seshachalam Devarakonda
An important component for the dependable and safe utilization of lithium-ion batteries is the ability to accurately and efficiently predict their remaining useful life (RUL). In this research, a long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM RNN) model is trained to learn from sequential data on discharge capacities across different cycles and voltages. The model is also designed to function as a cycle life predictor for battery cells that have been cycled under varying conditions. By leveraging experimental data from the NASA battery dataset, the model achieves a promising level of prediction accuracy on test sets consisting of approximately 200 samples.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2831-2840
Publish at: 2025-12-01

ANN based speed control of switched reluctance motor using MATLAB-interfaced DSP controller

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2243-2256
Veena Wilson , Latha Padinjaredath Govindan
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is gaining significance as a competitive motor in industries due to its prominent features such as absence of rare-earth elements, strong fault tolerance, and competitive efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to a novel and simplified hardware implementation of SRM drive, accompanied by a stepwise procedure to develop the control process that includes system modelling with simulation analysis and experimental validation, useful for the novice researchers. A precise hardware control environment is introduced, by integrating MATLAB/Simulink platform with digital signal processor (DSP) microcontroller - TMS320F280049C, which minimizes the complexities of traditional controller coding. The paper provides an in-depth explanation of deployment of artificial neural network (ANN) speed control block, offering valuable insights into the practical aspects of ANN-based control in MATLAB. The paper also compares closed-loop speed control using proportional-integral (PI) and ANN control in SRM, and the results demonstrate accurate and adaptive performance of ANN control for variable speed- load conditions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2243-2256
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid integration using MPPT algorithm

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2655-2664
Lakshmi Dhandapani , Pushpa Sreenivasan , Malathy Batumalay
This paper proposes a high-efficiency maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on a variable step size control technique for standalone hybrid solar-wind energy systems. Unlike conventional approaches that utilize separate MPPT controllers for photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems, the proposed method integrates a single adaptive control strategy that simultaneously optimizes power extraction from both renewable sources. The algorithm dynamically adjusts the step size according to environmental variations, improving convergence speed and tracking accuracy. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, incorporating a 500 W solar PV system and a 560 W wind turbine, both interfaced through traditional boost converters. To validate the performance, simulations are conducted under varying solar irradiance levels (600 W/m², 800 W/m², and 1000 W/m²) and wind speeds (8 m/s, 10 m/s, and 12 m/s). Results indicate that the PV output power increases from 288.8 W to 513 W with rising irradiance, while the wind output improves from 301.4 W to 439.3 W with increasing wind speed. The combined hybrid system achieves total output powers of 557.35 W, 691.74 W, and 807.12 W across three operating intervals. These findings confirm that the proposed variable step size MPPT algorithm significantly enhances energy harvesting efficiency and system performance under dynamic environmental conditions.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2655-2664
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Numerical and experimental state of identification battery pack lithium-ion

10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2623-2633
Dewi Anggraeni , Budi Sudiarto , Eriko Nasemudin Nasser , Wahyudi Hasbi , Yus Natali , Purnomo Sidi Priambodo
Two key indicators of a battery management system (BMS) are the state of charge (SoC) and the state of health (SoH). Accurately estimating SoC is important to prevent potential issues. Additionally, space, computing time, and cost are important factors in hardware development. To address these considerations, the first-order extended Kalman filter (EKF) and adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) models were selected due to their simpler data pre-processing and better accuracy. The study recommends using the first-order equivalent circuit model (ECM) method in conjunction with the EKF and AEKF algorithms due to their straightforward setup and efficient computational process. Analysis of the charge-discharge cycles shows that the AEKF method consistently outperformed the EKF method regarding SoC accuracy. Moreover, when given different initial SoC values, the AEKF method displayed superior SoC estimation accuracy compared to the EKF method. Moreover, while the accuracy of the EKF is diminished, the error value remains below 2.5% for up to 500 cycles. Additionally, the shorter computing time of the EKF method is a consideration for practical real-world implementation. Furthermore, experiments conducted over 500 cycles revealed that SoH estimation declined from 99.97% to 76.1947%, suggesting that the battery has reached the end of life (EOL) stage.
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Page: 2623-2633
Publish at: 2025-12-01

Optimizing vehicle inspection efficiency and integrity in Tanzania through blockchain technology

10.12928/telkomnika.v23i6.26913
Cleverence; University of Botswana Kombe , Robert; National Institute of Transport (NIT) Sikumbili , Leticia; National Institute of Transport (NIT) Mihayo , Angela- Aida; National Institute of Transport (NIT) Runyoro
This study proposes a blockchain-based solution to improve the efficiency and integrity of vehicle inspections in Tanzania, with a focus on the National Institute of Transport. The system combines Hyperledger fabric, a permissioned blockchain that provides identity management and fine-grained access control, with the InterPlanetary file system (IPFS), a decentralized content-addressed store for large artifacts such as inspection images and portable document format (PDF) forms. Smart contracts encode inspection rules and approvals, which yield tamper-evident records, faster retrieval of histories, and uniform enforcement across centers. A mathematical model based on the M/M/1 queueing system, combined with a cost-benefit analysis, supports empirical findings: the total inspection cycle time decreases by approximately 30 percent, the average waiting time declines by about 20 to 30 percent, and annual operational savings reach approximately USD 800,000. These gains enhance auditability and transparency, which contribute to road safety outcomes by reducing opportunities for tampering and error. The design includes offline capture with later synchronization, which suits centers with intermittent connectivity. The approach is transferable to adjacent public services, for example, licensing, fine collection, and selected registries.
Volume: 23
Issue: 6
Page: 1506-1517
Publish at: 2025-12-01
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