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ttp
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The ef
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udents
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Th
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ffe
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ts
o
f
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sig
n
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a
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lea
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(DBL)
o
n
stu
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n
ts
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sp
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ti
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i
n
k
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g
sk
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se
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s
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ffe
c
ti
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o
n
t
h
e
sp
a
ti
a
l
t
h
in
k
in
g
sk
il
ls
o
f
2
n
d
-
y
e
a
r
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
stu
d
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e
Ar
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
B
asic d
esig
n
Desig
n
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
Sp
atial
th
in
k
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Seh
r
an
Dilm
aç
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
asic E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Ar
t a
n
d
Desig
n
,
İ
zm
ir
Katip
Ç
eleb
i U
n
iv
er
s
ity
Ç
iğ
li
-
35610
-
İ
zm
ir
,
T
ü
r
k
iy
e
E
m
ail:
s
eh
r
an
.
d
ilm
ac
@
ik
cu
.
e
d
u
.
tr
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
cieties
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
n
ee
d
r
a
d
ical
ch
an
g
es
i
n
th
eir
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
aise
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
wh
o
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
th
e
q
u
alif
ied
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
k
ee
p
u
p
with
s
cien
ce
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
C
h
an
g
es
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ag
e
ar
e
in
ev
itab
le
in
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
ar
t
an
d
s
cien
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
is
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
ju
s
t
s
tar
ted
th
eir
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
s
p
atial
l
iter
ac
y
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
will
h
elp
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
d
esig
n
t
o
o
ls
th
at
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
in
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
f
ield
s
.
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
wh
ich
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
d
esig
n
;
g
ain
s
v
itality
an
d
r
ea
lity
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
u
m
an
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
liv
es
in
th
ese
s
p
ac
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
eo
p
le
’
s
d
r
ea
m
s
an
d
f
ictio
n
alize
d
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ca
les;
T
h
ese
s
p
ac
e
also
co
n
tain
ae
s
th
etic,
s
o
cial,
cu
ltu
r
al,
h
is
to
r
ical,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
p
o
liti
ca
l
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
n
tex
ts
a
n
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
,
v
alu
es
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
a
r
e
th
e
wh
o
le
[
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
is
th
at
s
p
atial
t
h
in
k
in
g
is
co
m
p
le
x
.
Sp
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
p
eo
p
le
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ass
o
ciate
an
y
d
ata
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
a
s
p
ac
e,
b
o
th
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
an
d
u
n
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
u
lf
ill
v
ar
io
u
s
way
s
o
f
d
aily
s
u
r
v
iv
al
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f d
esig
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
r
t a
ctivities o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
p
a
tia
l th
in
kin
g
s
kills
(
S
eh
r
a
n
Dilma
ç
)
261
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
.
E
x
p
er
ien
cin
g
s
p
ac
es
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
s
,
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
ac
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
in
g
p
lace
,
m
ak
i
n
g
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
i
n
g
,
tr
y
i
n
g
to
en
ter
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
an
g
l
es
ar
e
all
es
s
en
tial
to
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
[
3
]
.
Sk
ills
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
clu
d
e
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
with
lo
ca
tio
n
,
p
r
eser
v
in
g
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
th
at
in
d
icate
s
p
atial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
u
s
in
g
s
p
atial
u
n
its
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
f
r
am
e
-
of
-
r
e
f
er
en
ce
,
im
ag
in
in
g
v
er
b
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
n
th
e
m
ap
,
d
r
a
win
g
a
to
tal
m
ap
,
m
a
p
co
m
p
letio
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
im
p
o
s
in
g
an
d
m
eltin
g
o
n
th
e
m
a
p
[
4
]
.
Gän
s
h
ir
t
[
5
]
ar
g
u
es
th
at
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
d
e
v
elo
p
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
as
th
ese
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
cl
u
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
s
cie
n
ce
s
,
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
h
u
m
an
it
ies
,
an
d
ar
tis
tic
p
u
r
s
u
its
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
d
esig
n
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
i
n
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
Ko
walto
wsk
i
et
a
l.
[
6
]
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
t
h
at
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
u
s
u
ally
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
“
lea
r
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
”
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
g
ain
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
an
d
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
er
e
th
ey
ar
e
in
a
p
ass
iv
e
p
o
s
itio
n
r
ath
e
r
th
an
b
ein
g
tau
g
h
t
f
o
r
m
ally
.
Desig
n
s
tu
d
io
tr
ain
er
s
u
s
u
ally
u
s
e
g
u
i
d
elin
es
th
ey
h
av
e
ap
p
lied
an
d
h
av
e
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
with
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
g
en
er
ally
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
co
r
e
c
o
u
r
s
es
th
at
d
e
v
elo
p
d
esig
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e:
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
co
u
r
s
es
th
a
t
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
s
cien
tific
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
ar
tis
tic
b
ased
co
u
r
s
es
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
d
esig
n
co
u
r
s
es
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
e
all
th
r
ee
[
8
]
.
Aln
u
s
air
at
et
a
l.
[
9
]
em
p
h
asize
d
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
s
t
u
d
io
,
wh
er
e
d
esig
n
co
u
r
s
es
a
r
e
g
iv
e
n
,
is
a
u
n
iq
u
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
d
is
tin
ct
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical,
s
o
cio
lo
g
ical,
id
eo
lo
g
ical
an
d
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
ica
l
asp
ec
ts
,
an
d
th
u
s
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
ese
s
p
ac
es i
s
o
f
g
r
ea
t im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
ce
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
.
I
t is ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
DB
L
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
wh
ich
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
in
th
is
r
esp
ec
t.
First
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
b
y
C
o
llin
s
an
d
B
r
o
wn
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
9
0
s
an
d
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
“
d
esig
n
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
ts
”
.
Ak
k
er
later
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
it
b
e
ca
lled
“
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
r
esear
ch
”
as
a
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
[
1
0
]
,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
n
am
es
f
o
r
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ar
e:
d
esig
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
d
esig
n
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
r
esea
r
ch
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Desig
n
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
is
b
r
ief
l
y
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
a
lo
n
g
with
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
r
eu
s
ab
le
d
esig
n
p
r
in
ci
p
les
[
1
4
]
.
Mc
Ken
n
ey
an
d
R
ee
v
es
[
1
5
]
s
tated
th
at
r
esear
ch
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
es
th
eir
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
h
as
b
eg
u
n
to
b
e
ca
lled
‘
d
esig
n
r
esear
c
h
’
.
W
h
en
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
an
d
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
a
g
en
er
al
d
ef
in
itio
n
em
e
r
g
es
it
is
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
y
et
f
lex
ib
le
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
th
r
o
u
g
h
iter
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
ased
o
n
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
,
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
-
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
i
e
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
is
an
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
m
ix
ed
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
DB
L
is
e
s
p
ec
ially
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
elp
in
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
b
asic
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
ac
tiv
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
s
o
lv
in
g
d
aily
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
h
as
also
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
est
ed
th
at
DB
L
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
d
esig
n
,
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
g
n
itiv
e,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
k
ills
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
DB
L
in
cr
ea
s
es
co
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
it
en
co
u
r
ag
es
team
wo
r
k
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
DB
L
is
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
o
cial
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
2
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
DB
L
,
th
e
d
esire
d
d
esig
n
task
h
as
a
m
o
tiv
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
e
i
n
attitu
d
e,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ates
lear
n
in
g
[
2
3
]
.
Sp
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
in
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
s
tu
d
en
t
to
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
d
b
o
th
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
s
p
ac
es
ar
o
u
n
d
h
im
/h
e
r
an
d
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
h
e/sh
e
d
esig
n
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
es.
I
n
s
tu
d
ies
with
two
an
d
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
a
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
d
r
awin
g
s
,
m
o
d
els,
d
ig
ital
m
o
d
e
ls
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
iews
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
r
o
tatin
g
o
b
jects
with
in
a
f
i
x
ed
v
iewin
g
an
g
le.
Per
s
p
ec
tiv
e
d
r
awin
g
s
,
v
ir
tu
al
-
en
h
an
ce
d
-
m
ix
ed
r
ea
lity
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
r
th
r
ee
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
p
h
o
to
r
ea
lis
tic
v
is
u
als,
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
tak
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
er
an
d
/
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
u
s
er
s
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies.
Ar
ch
itect
ca
n
d
id
ates
ar
e
ex
p
e
cted
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
m
an
a
g
e
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
co
n
s
tan
tly
m
o
v
es
b
etwe
en
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
s
p
ac
e,
im
ag
in
ar
y
s
p
ac
e
an
d
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
al
s
p
ac
e
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
ar
tis
tic
s
en
s
iti
v
ity
an
d
tech
n
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
d
esig
n
s
tu
d
io
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
in
v
o
lv
es
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
p
atial
d
esig
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
co
g
n
itiv
e
task
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
v
is
u
al
-
s
p
atial
an
d
v
is
u
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
s
k
ills
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
im
ag
in
atio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
m
u
ltifu
n
ctio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
,
m
eth
o
d
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
ey
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
,
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
lear
n
e
d
wh
ile
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
esig
n
task
s
to
th
e
n
ex
t
task
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
b
o
th
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
an
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
awa
r
en
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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SS
N
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2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
260
-
268
262
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
all
s
en
s
es,
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
,
an
d
im
ag
in
atio
n
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
is
a
cu
r
io
u
s
elem
en
t.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
is
u
al
-
s
p
atial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
ain
s
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
in
lin
e
with
th
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
p
r
io
r
ity
was
g
iv
en
to
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
o
b
tain
in
g
o
n
-
s
ite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ac
es
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
,
m
a
k
in
g
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
,
an
d
tr
y
in
g
to
lo
o
k
at
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
ac
tices
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
b
ette
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
p
atial
r
elatio
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
we
tes
ted
wh
eth
er
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
c
o
u
l
d
d
ev
el
o
p
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
v
is
u
a
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
s
k
ills
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t th
in
k
in
g
,
im
ag
in
ati
o
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
m
u
lt
itas
k
in
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
with
th
e
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
lim
it
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
n
ly
to
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
s
p
atial
d
ata,
in
th
at
it
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
a
n
d
p
r
esen
t
p
r
o
jects
th
at
r
ev
ea
l
th
eir
s
p
atial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
clea
r
ly
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
lin
e
with
t
h
e
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
also
a
d
if
f
er
en
t a
p
p
licatio
n
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
we
s
a
w
a
lar
g
e
g
ap
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
ar
t
an
d
d
esig
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
d
esig
n
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
,
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
e
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
p
lan
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
n
ew
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
o
r
n
ew
th
eo
r
ies
in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
e
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
i
ch
aim
s
to
p
lan
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
n
ew
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
o
r
n
ew
th
eo
r
ies
in
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
in
th
e
ar
t
p
r
ac
tices
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
f
D
B
L
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asi
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
aim
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
ele
ctiv
e
co
lo
r
tex
tu
r
e
co
u
r
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ca
n
d
id
ates
in
th
e
2
n
d
y
ea
r
,
u
s
ed
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
with
p
r
e
test
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
t
wo
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
s
;
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
ta
tis
tica
l
p
o
wer
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
ter
m
d
u
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
s
u
b
jects,
an
d
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
ewe
r
s
u
b
jects,
th
u
s
s
av
in
g
tim
e
an
d
e
f
f
o
r
t.
Su
b
jects
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
wo
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
b
iased
s
elec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
o
l
o
f
(
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
2
n
d
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
as
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
p
r
etest
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
(
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
)
was
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
b
jects
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
r
ec
eiv
ed
teac
h
in
g
b
y
p
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
r
ec
eiv
e
d
th
e
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le,
D
B
L
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
t
was
d
ee
m
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
u
s
e
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
ca
n
d
id
ates
as
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
s
in
ce
it
is
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
at
th
eir
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
lev
els
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
s
p
atial
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
a
s
k
ill
in
ten
d
e
d
to
b
e
g
ain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
lin
e
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
o
b
jectiv
es.
2
.
1
.
Wo
r
k
ing
g
r
o
up
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
r
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
2
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
to
o
k
th
e
co
lo
r
a
n
d
tex
tu
r
e
co
u
r
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
in
th
e
2
n
d
y
ea
r
o
f
Ma
n
is
a
C
elal
B
ay
ar
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Fin
e
Ar
ts
,
De
s
ig
n
an
d
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
th
e
f
all
s
em
ester
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
3
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
y
ea
r
.
An
ea
s
y
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
p
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
G
e
n
d
e
r
n
%
F
e
mal
e
18
69
M
a
l
e
8
31
To
t
a
l
26
1
0
0
W
h
eth
er
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
will
d
i
f
f
er
o
r
n
o
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DB
L
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
with
th
e
t
-
test
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
class
if
icat
io
n
o
f
C
o
h
en
[
2
9
]
with
th
e
t
-
test
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
at
least
2
1
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
etec
t
a
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f d
esig
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
r
t a
ctivities o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
p
a
tia
l th
in
kin
g
s
kills
(
S
eh
r
a
n
Dilma
ç
)
263
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
was
u
s
ed
.
W
ith
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
ca
n
in
clu
d
e
th
e
p
eo
p
l
e
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
eir
clo
s
e
cir
cle,
ac
q
u
ain
tan
ce
s
o
r
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
o
ls
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n t
o
o
l
T
h
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
test
(
STAT
)
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
L
ee
an
d
B
ed
n
ar
z
[
4
]
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
co
lo
r
a
n
d
te
x
tu
r
e
co
u
r
s
e
g
iv
en
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
e
p
a
r
tm
en
t
with
a
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
th
eir
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
test
is
a
s
er
ies
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
k
ill
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
v
e
r
lay
in
g
a
n
d
s
o
lv
i
n
g
a
m
ap
,
r
ea
d
in
g
a
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
m
ap
,
ev
alu
atin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
s
p
atially
r
elate
d
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
cr
ea
tin
g
p
o
in
t
-
b
ased
is
o
lates
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
task
s
.
T
h
e
test
was
o
r
ig
in
ally
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
Geo
g
r
a
p
h
y
teac
h
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
in
t
h
e
USA
in
th
eir
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Sin
ce
it
h
as
b
ee
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
b
y
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
th
at
it
is
a
d
ata
s
et
th
at
allo
ws
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
aliza
tio
n
s
,
it h
as st
ar
ted
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
in
o
th
er
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
r
ev
is
ed
an
d
ex
p
an
d
e
d
s
p
atial
s
k
ill
test
was
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
test
co
n
ten
ts
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
wo
s
ets
o
f
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
co
n
c
ep
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
co
m
b
in
ed
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
STAT
.
T
h
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
et
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
wer
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Ger
s
m
eh
l
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
et
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
Go
lled
g
e
’
s
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
lis
t,
wh
ich
p
lay
ed
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
STAT
[
3
1
]
.
Go
lled
g
e
’
s
co
n
ce
p
ts
wer
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
d
etailed
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
test
item
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
l
ea
d
in
g
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
ed
v
alid
ity
o
f
test
co
n
te
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
o
th
lis
ts
s
h
ar
e
s
o
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es.
E
ac
h
test
item
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
n
e
o
r
two
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
s
p
atial
th
i
n
k
in
g
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
o
n
e
o
r
b
o
th
o
f
th
ese
two
s
tu
d
ies.
Asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
co
v
e
r
ed
b
y
S
T
A
T
in
clu
d
e:
g
r
asp
in
g
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
m
ap
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est
lo
ca
tio
n
b
ase
d
o
n
s
ev
er
al
s
p
atial
f
ac
to
r
s
,
im
ag
in
in
g
a
s
lo
p
e
p
r
o
f
ile
b
ased
o
n
a
t
o
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ap
,
r
elate
s
p
atially
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
m
en
tal
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
3
D
im
ag
es
b
ased
o
n
2
D
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
o
v
er
la
y
in
g
an
d
d
is
s
o
lv
in
g
m
ap
s
,
an
d
g
r
asp
in
g
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as p
o
in
ts
,
lin
es,
o
r
p
o
ly
g
o
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
pro
c
ess
I
n
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
d
esig
n
r
esear
ch
lear
n
in
g
d
ata,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
co
n
d
u
cted
th
e
r
esear
ch
with
th
e
p
eo
p
le
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esear
ch
.
He
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
as
im
p
lem
en
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
in
itial
d
esig
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
ac
tice,
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
d
r
e
-
ap
p
lied
it,
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
ed
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
cy
clica
lly
u
n
til
it
was
c
o
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ex
ec
u
tio
n
h
ad
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
ad
eq
u
ately
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
r
g
an
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
DB
L
.
DB
L
,
wh
ich
r
en
ews
its
elf
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
,
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
is
r
esp
ec
t
2
.
4
.
Str
uct
ura
l
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns
in pu
b
lic
s
pa
ce
I
n
th
is
ac
tiv
ity
,
it
is
aim
e
d
to
m
ak
e
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
esig
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
s
u
ch
as
b
alan
ce
,
r
h
y
th
m
,
co
n
tr
ast
(
wh
ich
ar
e
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
ar
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
,
an
d
co
lo
r
,
tex
tu
r
e,
m
o
v
em
en
t,
v
al
u
e,
s
p
ac
e,
r
atio
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
(
w
h
ich
ar
e
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
)
.
I
t
is
em
p
h
asized
th
at
th
e
u
n
iq
u
ely
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
elem
en
ts
an
d
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
th
at
it
is
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
u
s
e
all
elem
en
ts
an
d
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
d
esig
n
to
g
e
th
er
in
a
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
W
h
at
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
is
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
a
s
o
lid
in
teg
r
ity
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
ex
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
m
a
k
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
p
ap
er
,
ca
r
d
b
o
ar
d
,
p
last
ic/wo
o
d
en
s
tick
s
,
wh
ich
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
a
p
l
u
g
-
in
s
y
s
tem
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
city
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
city
o
f
Ma
n
is
a,
lo
c
ated
in
th
e
Aeg
ea
n
r
eg
io
n
in
t
h
e
west
o
f
T
ü
r
k
iy
e
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tated
in
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
ctiv
es
th
at
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
ic
h
will
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
b
y
in
ter
twin
in
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
cr
o
s
s
-
o
v
er
s
y
s
tem
with
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
an
d
v
er
tical
two
elem
en
ts
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
cr
ea
ted
in
a
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ac
e.
At
th
is
s
t
ag
e,
it
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ey
wer
e
ask
ed
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
esig
n
s
th
at
wo
u
ld
en
ab
le
th
e
s
p
ac
e
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
th
e
f
o
r
m
to
b
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
i
n
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ac
e,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ted
with
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
g
iv
e
n
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
am
p
les.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
ey
wer
e
d
ir
ec
ted
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
c
r
iter
ia
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
to
m
ak
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
to
co
n
s
tan
tly
test
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
to
f
in
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
b
y
m
ak
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
d
esig
n
s
wh
en
th
ey
en
c
o
u
n
ter
a
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es
o
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
s
th
ey
p
r
esen
te
d
at
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
p
ee
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
e
v
elo
p
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
to
en
ab
le
th
e
m
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
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SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
260
-
268
264
2
.
5
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
da
t
a
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
al
y
zin
g
th
e
d
ata,
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
test
s
wer
e
ch
ec
k
e
d
to
s
ee
if
th
ey
wer
e
m
et:
“
th
e
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
”
,
“
th
e
d
ata
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
m
p
ly
with
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
”
an
d
“
g
r
o
u
p
v
ar
ia
n
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al
”
.
T
h
e
Sh
ap
ir
o
-
W
ilk
n
o
r
m
ality
test
an
d
Ku
r
to
s
is
-
Sk
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
wer
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
t
o
o
ls
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
ad
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
.
Af
ter
it
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
th
e
b
asic
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
wer
e
m
et,
a
t
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
s
ee
i
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
d
i
f
f
er
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
DB
L
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
STAT
.
T
h
e
ar
ith
m
etic
av
er
ag
es
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
co
r
r
ec
ted
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
tak
e
n
,
an
d
co
v
ar
ian
ce
an
al
y
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
s
ee
if
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
was sig
n
if
ican
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
DB
L
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e:
v
is
u
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
s
k
ills
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
im
ag
in
atio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
m
u
lti
-
task
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
wh
o
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
ese
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t v
ar
iab
les is
ex
am
in
ed
is
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
3
.
1
.
E
x
a
m
ina
t
io
n o
f
t
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DB
L
o
n st
ud
ent
s
’
s
pa
t
ia
l t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
DB
L
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANCOVA)
was
a
p
p
lied
to
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
was p
u
t in
to
p
r
ac
tice,
it wa
s
an
aly
ze
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
o
f
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
o
f
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
l
o
p
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
w
a
s
m
e
t
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
lo
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
ca
le
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
D
d
f
MS
F
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d
mo
d
e
l
1
4
7
8
8
.
3
2
2
3
3
1
1
.
3
2
9
5
.
3
2
0
.
0
1
3
S
t
i
l
l
6
4
7
6
.
4
5
5
1
6
4
7
6
.
4
5
5
6
7
.
7
1
1
.
0
0
0
G
r
o
u
p
6
1
4
.
3
6
6
1
6
1
4
.
3
6
6
7
.
7
7
0
.
0
3
3
Pre
-
t
e
st
3
7
.
6
4
0
1
3
7
.
6
4
0
.
4
1
5
.
8
3
2
G
r
o
u
p
*
P
r
e
-
t
e
s
t
3
1
1
.
4
8
9
1
3
1
1
.
4
8
9
4
.
3
1
1
.
0
8
3
M
i
s
t
a
k
e
1
1
4
5
.
4
3
2
24
9
3
.
1
2
2
To
t
a
l
2
7
3
7
3
0
.
0
0
0
26
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
t
o
t
al
5
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
25
N
o
t
e
:
S
D
=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
f
=
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m,
M
S
=
mea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
,
F
=
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
W
h
en
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
T
ab
le
3
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
a
t
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
eq
u
ality
o
f
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
lo
p
es,
wh
ich
is
a
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
co
v
ar
ian
ce
an
aly
s
is
,
is
f
u
lf
illed
.
Fo
r
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
lo
p
es
to
b
e
co
n
g
r
u
en
t,
th
e
p
v
alu
es
in
t
h
e
Gr
o
u
p
*
Pre
-
t
est
r
o
w
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
>.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
lo
p
es
o
f
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
ca
le
wer
e
m
atch
ed
an
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
co
v
ar
ian
ce
an
aly
s
is
was
m
e
t
(
F=4
.
3
1
1
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Hav
in
g
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
at
th
e
b
asic a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
wer
e
m
et,
it wa
s
th
en
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
t
es
t
s
c
o
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
w
o
u
l
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
w
i
t
h
r
es
p
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
D
B
L
o
n
t
h
e
s
p
a
ti
a
l
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
ls
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es,
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
ca
le
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
was
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
was
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
r
esu
lts
(
t(
2
4
)
=
-
.
3
2
2
,
p
>0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
co
r
r
ec
ted
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
with
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
4
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
-
test
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
Gr
o
u
p
n
̅
S
D
d
f
T
-
t
e
st
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
e
-
t
e
st
13
1
0
2
.
1
2
1
4
.
2
5
24
-
.
3
2
2
.
8
4
8
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
e
-
t
e
st
13
1
1
0
.
5
2
1
6
.
0
1
N
o
t
e
:
n
=
sam
p
l
e
,
̅
=
me
a
n
,
S
D
=
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
f
=
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
ts
o
f d
esig
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
r
t a
ctivities o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
p
a
tia
l th
in
kin
g
s
kills
(
S
eh
r
a
n
Dilma
ç
)
265
T
ab
le
4
.
Po
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
ad
ju
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
G
r
o
u
p
n
̅
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
a
v
g
.
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
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g
s
k
i
l
l
s
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
13
1
3
5
.
3
3
1
3
2
.
3
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
13
1
1
0
.
6
2
1
0
0
.
3
5
W
h
en
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
STAT
in
v
en
to
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y
is
X=
1
0
0
.
3
5
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
a
v
er
ag
es
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
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p
,
a
n
d
X=
1
3
2
.
3
2
f
o
r
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
'
s
av
er
ag
e
p
o
in
ts
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
b
tai
n
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
ted
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
STAT
s
ca
le
in
g
en
e
r
al,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
is
ev
en
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
v
ar
ian
ce
an
aly
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
in
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
r
n
o
t a
r
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
in
wh
ich
th
e
p
r
e
-
t
est ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
ca
le
was
k
ep
t u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
D
d
f
MS
F
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
η
2
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d
M
o
d
e
l
9
6
5
.
1
2
5
3
5
4
7
.
1
2
7
5
.
0
2
9
.
0
1
9
.
4
2
2
S
t
i
l
l
7
1
0
6
.
1
4
3
1
7
1
0
6
.
1
4
3
7
3
.
1
3
8
.
0
0
0
.
8
2
5
Pre
-
t
e
st
.
4
1
5
1
.
4
1
5
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0
2
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9
8
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.
0
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r
o
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p
9
8
9
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1
1
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8
9
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1
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0
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6
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i
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t
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k
e
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2
9
8
.
3
3
1
24
1
1
0
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3
4
1
To
t
a
l
2
7
3
7
3
0
.
0
0
0
26
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
T
o
t
a
l
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0
0
0
.
0
0
0
25
N
o
t
e
:
S
D
=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
f
=
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m,
M
S
=
mea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
,
F
=
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
η
2
=
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
o
b
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
W
h
en
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
v
ar
ian
ce
an
al
y
s
is
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
if
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
c
o
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t,
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
te
s
t
s
co
r
es
co
r
r
ec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
F(1
.
1
9
)
=9
.
4
0
9
,
p
=.
0
8
6
,
η
2
=.
6
5
2
)
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
th
er
e
i
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
X
ex
p
er
im
en
t=1
3
2
.
3
2
,
X
co
n
tr
o
l=1
0
0
.
3
5
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
attitu
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
to
wa
r
d
s
DB
S
ar
e
h
ig
h
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
eir
h
ig
h
s
co
r
es
on
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
s
ca
le
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
o
f
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le
was
ca
lcu
lated
as
η
2
=.
6
5
2
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
o
h
en
[
2
9
]
,
th
is
ef
f
ec
t size
v
alu
e
f
alls
is
in
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
η
2
=.
2
5
7
“
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
”
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
th
e
co
l
o
r
a
n
d
tex
t
u
r
e
co
u
r
s
e
g
iv
en
i
n
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
h
an
d
led
an
d
th
e
STAT
s
co
r
es o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
W
ith
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
,
“
wh
at
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
es
co
n
d
u
cted
with
D
B
L
in
th
e
co
lo
r
an
d
tex
tu
r
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
?”
T
h
e
an
s
w
er
to
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
was
s
o
u
g
h
t.
T
o
th
is
en
d
,
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
2
n
d
g
r
a
d
e
co
lo
r
an
d
tex
tu
r
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
o
n
D
B
L
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
STAT
s
ca
le
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
co
v
ar
ian
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
e
twee
n
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
an
d
it
was
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
at
th
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
was
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
X
ex
p
er
im
en
t=1
3
2
.
3
2
,
X
co
n
tr
o
l=1
0
0
.
3
5
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
s
ee
n
t
h
at
D
B
L
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
n
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
an
th
e
co
lo
r
an
d
tex
tu
r
e
co
u
r
s
e
tau
g
h
t w
ith
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
an
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
D
B
L
f
ac
ili
tates
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
DB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
as
it
is
a
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
ac
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
en
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
esear
ch
,
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
d
ev
elo
p
id
ea
s
,
m
ak
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
esig
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
DB
L
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
iv
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
DB
L
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
cu
r
io
s
ity
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
D
B
L
ex
am
in
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e,
it
is
also
s
ee
n
th
at
DB
L
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
es
m
ak
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
i
eld
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
r
ev
e
al
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
DB
L
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
260
-
268
266
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
with
g
en
d
er
,
class
lev
el,
cu
ltu
r
e,
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
a
r
iab
les
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
p
atial
g
r
o
wth
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
Stu
d
ies
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
p
atial
th
in
k
i
n
g
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
h
av
e
also
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
is
h
as
a
s
im
ilar
ly
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
an
a
ly
tical,
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
as
well
as
th
ei
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
also
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
p
atial
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
p
o
ten
tially
lead
to
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
g
ain
s
to
o
th
e
r
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ath
em
atics
[
4
7
]
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
en
tal
s
k
ill
th
at
h
elp
s
a
p
er
s
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
ar
o
u
n
d
th
em
an
d
u
s
e
th
at
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
b
ased
s
o
lely
o
n
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
ca
le,
it
is
n
o
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
g
en
er
alize
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
class
es
o
r
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
m
a
n
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
,
esp
ec
ially
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
o
le
th
at
DB
L
ca
n
p
lay
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
also
in
v
o
lv
e
a
lar
g
er
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
;
th
is
m
ay
allo
w
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
lear
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
cien
tific
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
d
esig
n
-
o
r
ien
te
d
m
in
d
s
et
in
ce
r
tain
asp
ec
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
,
q
u
alit
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
v
iews
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
g
ain
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
e
p
th
v
iews
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
th
e
DB
L
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ar
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
an
d
with
in
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
eir
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e,
in
t
h
is
s
en
s
e,
in
v
alu
ab
le.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t
s
ee
m
s
th
at
DB
L
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
o
d
if
ie
d
,
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
n
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
an
t
h
e
less
o
n
s
tau
g
h
t
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
te
ac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
it
i
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
as
th
is
will
en
ab
le
th
em
to
o
r
g
an
ize
t
h
eir
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
p
ati
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
th
in
k
i
n
g
o
f
ten
in
v
o
l
v
es
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
r
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
s
p
atial
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
d
is
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
f
o
b
jects.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
wh
en
p
lan
n
in
g
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
d
esig
n
s
,
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
ass
is
ts
i
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
te
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
ta
k
in
g
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
r
o
u
tes.
Sp
atial
th
i
n
k
in
g
is
al
s
o
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ath
em
atics,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
,
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
as
it
allo
ws
th
o
s
e
wo
r
k
in
g
in
th
ese
f
ield
s
to
an
a
ly
ze
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ee
d
e
d
to
d
esig
n
an
d
b
u
ild
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
I
n
T
ü
r
k
iy
e,
th
e
s
p
atial
co
g
n
itio
n
an
d
v
is
u
al
s
p
atial
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
ain
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
s
o
f
ar
c
h
itectu
r
al
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
ev
alu
ate
d
b
y
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
th
e
g
iv
en
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
lev
els
o
f
th
eir
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wh
en
i
t
co
m
es
to
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
in
g
,
v
is
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
-
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
.
I
t
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
co
r
r
ec
t
to
co
n
clu
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
m
o
r
e
v
is
u
ally
s
p
atially
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ca
n
d
id
ates
p
r
ef
er
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K
.
P
i
e
t
r
z
y
k
,
“
W
i
c
k
e
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
i
n
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
:
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
b
y
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
”
A
REN
A
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Arc
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
6
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
3
3
4
/
a
j
a
r
.
2
9
6
.
[
2
]
S
.
R
.
H
e
s
p
a
n
h
a
,
F
.
G
o
o
d
c
h
i
l
d
,
a
n
d
D
.
G
.
Ja
n
e
l
l
e
,
“
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
sci
e
n
c
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
G
e
o
g
ra
p
h
y
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
s
u
p
1
,
p
p
.
S
1
7
–
S
2
7
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
3
0
9
8
2
6
0
9
0
3
0
3
3
9
9
8
.
[
3
]
D
.
H
.
U
t
t
a
l
,
K
.
M
c
K
e
e
,
N
.
S
i
mm
s,
M
.
H
e
g
a
r
t
y
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
.
N
e
w
c
o
m
b
e
,
“
H
o
w
c
a
n
w
e
b
e
st
a
ss
e
ss
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s?
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
8
.
[
4
]
J.
L
e
e
a
n
d
R
.
B
e
d
n
a
r
z
,
“
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
sp
a
t
i
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
:
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
a
sp
a
t
i
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
e
st
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
–
2
6
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
2
2
1
3
4
1
.
2
0
1
1
.
5
8
3
2
6
2
.
[
5
]
C
.
G
ä
n
s
h
i
r
t
,
T
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
i
d
e
a
s:
i
n
t
ro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
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.
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