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Per
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lem
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m
ain
q
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esti
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r
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r
ch
was:
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wh
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in
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,
m
eth
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s
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ap
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ased
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s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
Av
iatio
n
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
T
ec
h
n
ician
s
’
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
p
r
o
v
e
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Av
iatio
n
h
u
m
a
n
f
ac
to
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
s
id
er
h
u
m
an
f
ac
t
o
r
s
as
a
ca
u
s
ativ
e
ag
en
t
in
av
iatio
n
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
o
f
ten
r
ev
ea
l
an
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
u
ltima
tely
p
o
in
t
to
an
er
r
o
r
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tial
ac
cid
en
t
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Fed
er
al
Av
iatio
n
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
[
4
]
s
tate
d
th
at
av
iatio
n
s
af
ety
r
elies
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
an
d
8
0
p
er
c
en
t
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
er
r
o
r
s
in
v
o
lv
e
h
u
m
a
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
h
u
m
an
lim
itatio
n
s
,
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tate,
h
u
m
an
-
m
ac
h
in
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tate.
All
o
f
th
em
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
r
esu
lt o
f
AM
T
s
’
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
i
n
g
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
in
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
cid
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
Ai
r
cr
af
t
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
Ma
n
u
als.
I
t
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
th
at
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
E
n
g
lis
h
air
cr
af
t
te
ch
n
ician
s
m
ay
b
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
r
o
r
r
ate
th
at
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
t a
ir
w
o
r
th
in
ess
[
6
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Av
iatio
n
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
als
s
p
en
d
ab
o
u
t
2
0
%
o
f
th
eir
wo
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
co
n
s
u
ltin
g
wr
itten
m
ater
ials
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
ea
c
h
air
cr
af
t
is
f
it
to
f
ly
an
d
s
af
e.
R
ah
m
an
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
.
em
p
h
asize
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
tech
n
ical
m
an
u
als
an
d
g
iv
i
n
g
ex
p
licit
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
i
n
av
iatio
n
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
in
ce
av
iatio
n
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
eir
team
m
ates,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
s
h
if
t
r
o
tatio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Sin
ce
wr
itin
g
r
e
p
o
r
ts
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
air
cr
a
f
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ac
tiv
ity
,
tech
n
ical
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
is
a
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
elem
en
t
f
o
r
Air
c
r
af
t
Ma
in
te
n
an
ce
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
W
r
itin
g
s
k
ills
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
a
r
e
o
b
lig
ato
r
y
f
o
r
all
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
av
iatio
n
p
er
s
o
n
n
el.
Misu
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
m
an
u
als
an
d
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
s
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ain
ten
an
ce
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
ar
e
ca
lled
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
er
r
o
r
s
m
ad
e
b
y
8
0
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
wh
o
s
e
f
ir
s
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
n
o
t
E
n
g
lis
h
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
r
r
ec
tly
ap
p
lied
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
h
elp
s
r
e
d
u
ce
in
ci
d
en
ts
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
er
r
o
r
s
m
ad
e
d
u
r
in
g
air
cr
af
t
p
r
e
-
f
lig
h
t
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
A
er
o
s
p
ac
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
(
f
o
r
m
e
r
ly
AE
C
MA
,
n
o
w
ASD)
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
air
cr
af
t
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
AE
C
MA
/ASD1
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
s
im
p
lifie
d
tech
n
ical
E
n
g
lis
h
ca
n
n
o
t
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
clea
r
an
d
c
o
n
cise
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
v
ital in
an
a
v
iatio
n
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
No
is
e
lev
els
an
d
tim
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
u
n
a
v
o
id
a
b
le
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ak
e
AM
T
s
co
m
m
it
er
r
o
r
s
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
AM
T
s
m
u
s
t
r
ec
tify
all
th
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
lo
g
g
ed
in
th
e
Air
cr
af
t
J
o
u
r
n
ey
L
o
g
with
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
tim
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
R
etu
r
n
to
Ser
v
ice
is
s
ig
n
ed
o
f
f
.
T
u
r
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
tim
e
ca
n
also
b
e
s
h
o
r
t
er
b
ec
au
s
e
air
cr
af
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
tim
e
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ai
r
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
wea
t
h
er
.
Stre
s
s
is
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
f
ac
to
r
th
at
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
R
am
'
s
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
s
y
ch
o
s
o
cial
r
is
k
s
,
lik
e
n
eg
ativ
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
p
ee
r
s
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
c
r
ea
te
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
ac
er
b
ate
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
s
u
es.
San
to
s
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
an
aly
ze
s
tr
ess
,
p
r
es
s
u
r
e,
an
d
f
atig
u
e,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
ar
e
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
I
t
ca
n
lead
to
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
r
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
task
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
ai
r
cr
af
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
r
ec
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
s
in
a
v
iatio
n
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
is
s
u
es
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el,
th
e
av
iatio
n
s
af
ety
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
(
ASR
S
)
p
r
esen
ts
en
o
u
g
h
ev
i
d
en
ce
t
o
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ailu
r
e
co
n
tin
u
es
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
lig
h
t
ac
cid
e
n
ts
.
W
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
AM
T
s
’
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
ic
ien
cy
im
p
ac
ts
f
lig
h
t
s
af
ety
.
W
e
co
n
cu
r
with
th
e
a
cc
id
en
t
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
s
w
h
o
c
o
n
s
id
er
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
y
f
ac
to
r
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
th
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
wh
er
e
o
th
er
er
r
o
r
s
ca
n
em
er
g
e.
Po
o
r
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
ic
ien
cy
is
an
elem
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ch
ain
o
f
ev
e
n
ts
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
d
is
astro
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
Ma
th
ews
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
r
e
v
ea
led
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i)
l
o
w
lev
els
o
f
r
e
ad
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
air
cr
af
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
wh
en
m
an
u
als
an
d
s
af
ety
u
p
d
ates
u
s
e
c
o
m
p
lex
E
n
g
lis
h
;
ii)
o
p
er
atio
n
al
o
r
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
a
n
u
als
wr
itten
in
n
o
n
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
r
u
n
c
lear
E
n
g
lis
h
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
;
iii)
u
s
in
g
two
lan
g
u
a
g
es
in
a
s
in
g
le
o
p
er
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t m
ay
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
a
l
o
s
s
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
.
Uk
r
ain
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
iv
il
Av
iat
io
n
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
(
I
C
AO)
s
in
c
e
1
9
9
2
.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
alo
n
g
with
g
ettin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
-
r
elate
d
is
s
u
es,
av
iatio
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
th
e
I
C
AO
E
n
g
lis
h
L
an
g
u
ag
e
Pro
f
icien
cy
L
e
v
el
4
r
eq
u
i
r
em
e
n
ts
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
iv
il
Av
iatio
n
E
n
g
lis
h
Ass
o
ciatio
n
(
I
C
AE
A)
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
av
iatio
n
m
ai
n
ten
an
c
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
(
PAMA)
o
f
f
er
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
Av
iatio
n
Ma
in
te
n
an
ce
T
ec
h
n
ician
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ali
s
m
s
in
ce
th
e
air
cr
af
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
air
cr
af
t
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
av
iatio
n
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
tech
n
ician
s
m
o
d
el
co
d
e
o
f
co
n
d
u
ct
(
AM
T
MCC
)
p
r
esen
ts
a
v
is
io
n
o
f
ex
ce
llen
ce
f
o
r
AM
T
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
708
-
719
710
An
o
th
er
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
at
“a
ir
cr
af
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
tech
n
ician
is
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
th
at
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
licen
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
a
v
iatio
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
”
[
2
7
]
.
Ma
in
ly
,
Av
iatio
n
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
T
ec
h
n
ician
s
g
et
co
m
b
in
ed
ai
r
f
r
am
e
a
n
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
licen
s
es
(
A&
P
m
ec
h
an
ics).
“Cer
tify
in
g
s
taf
f
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
a
g
en
er
a
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ed
with
in
t
h
e
J
AR
6
1
4
5
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
ae
r
o
n
au
tical
ter
m
s
in
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
ap
p
lican
t
ca
n
r
ea
d
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
tech
n
ical
m
an
u
als
in
u
s
e
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
;
m
ak
e
wr
itten
tech
n
ical
an
d
an
y
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
en
tr
ies,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
b
y
th
o
s
e
with
wh
o
m
th
e
y
a
r
e
n
o
r
m
ally
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
;
r
ea
d
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
co
m
p
an
y
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es;
v
er
b
all
y
co
m
m
u
n
icate
at
s
u
ch
a
lev
el
as
to
p
r
ev
en
t
an
y
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
wh
en
ex
e
r
cisi
n
g
th
e
p
r
iv
ileg
es
o
f
th
eir
au
th
o
r
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
c
o
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ce
r
tifi
ca
tio
n
au
t
h
o
r
izatio
n
g
r
an
ted
.
”
(
I
E
M
6
6
.
1
5
b
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
AM
T
s
’
f
o
r
e
ig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
I
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
f
lig
h
t
s
af
ety
,
as
AM
T
s
o
f
ten
wo
r
k
in
m
u
ltin
atio
n
al
team
s
an
d
d
ea
l
with
tech
n
ical
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
i
n
E
n
g
lis
h
.
I
t
ca
lls
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
at
av
iatio
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
lev
el
o
f
th
e
AM
T
s
’
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
FLCC
)
[
8
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
er
b
al,
n
o
n
v
er
b
al,
wr
itten
,
wr
itten
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ics,
h
u
m
an
-
m
ac
h
in
e,
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
-
m
ac
h
i
n
e
ty
p
es
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
av
iatio
n
.
AM
T
s
ar
e
m
ain
l
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
wr
it
ten
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
n
am
ely
asy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
o
r
o
n
e
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Air
cr
a
f
t
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
wo
r
k
i
n
s
h
if
ts
,
s
o
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
wo
r
k
in
g
ca
r
d
s
,
an
d
wo
r
k
p
lace
em
ails
i
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
th
a
n
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
f
au
ltles
s
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
v
ital
i
n
n
o
n
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
AM
T
s
f
in
d
th
em
s
elv
es
in
tim
e
-
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
en
th
ey
h
av
e
to
m
ak
e
q
u
ic
k
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
v
e
r
b
al
s
k
ills
ar
e
n
o
less
ess
en
tial
th
an
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
av
o
id
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
wh
ile
d
ea
lin
g
with
wo
r
k
in
g
ca
r
d
s
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
an
u
als,
ch
ec
k
lis
ts
,
illu
s
tr
ate
d
p
ar
ts
ca
talo
g
(
I
PC
)
,
tr
o
u
b
le
s
h
o
o
tin
g
m
an
u
al
(
T
SM)
,
s
er
v
ice
b
u
lletin
s
(
SB
)
,
f
lig
h
t
d
ec
k
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
s
er
v
ice
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
letter
s
(
SIL
)
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
ep
air
m
an
u
al
(
SR
M)
d
ata
ca
r
d
s
,
n
o
tices
to
air
m
en
(
NOT
AM
s
)
,
an
d
air
w
o
r
th
in
ess
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
s
(
ADs).
Hav
in
g
an
aly
ze
d
t
h
ese
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ty
p
es,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
o
m
e
p
o
t
en
tial la
n
g
u
ag
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
3
]
.
−
AM
T
s
d
o
n
o
t u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
s
o
m
e
n
ew
tech
n
ic
al
wo
r
d
s
.
−
AM
T
s
d
o
n
o
t u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
t
ask
ca
r
d
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
to
o
co
m
p
lex
.
−
AM
T
s
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
with
wo
r
d
s
s
u
ch
as
“r
e
p
lace
”
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
ey
ca
n
in
ter
p
r
et
t
h
is
wo
r
d
as
eith
er
in
s
tallin
g
a
n
ew
p
iece
o
r
f
ix
in
g
th
e
o
ld
o
n
e
a
n
d
r
ei
n
s
tallin
g
it.
−
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
th
e
task
c
ar
d
s
is
in
co
m
p
lete.
T
h
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
c
o
n
tacts
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
to
ask
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
to
clar
if
y
th
e
is
s
u
es a
d
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
AM
T
s
;
−
T
r
an
s
latio
n
in
clu
d
es e
r
r
o
r
s
.
W
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
in
ad
eq
u
ate
v
er
b
al
E
n
g
lis
h
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
ca
u
s
es
o
f
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
th
at
AM
T
s
FL
C
C
m
o
d
el
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
at
tech
n
ical
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
W
e
u
s
ed
em
p
ir
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
n
a
m
ely
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
in
ter
v
iews,
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
to
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
m
o
d
el.
Ma
th
em
atica
l
an
d
s
t
atis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
en
ab
led
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
ev
alu
atin
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
W
e
u
s
ed
g
r
ap
h
ical
an
d
a
n
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
d
is
p
lay
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
W
e
co
n
d
u
cted
t
h
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Av
iatio
n
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
th
e
2
0
2
1
-
2
0
2
2
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
T
wo
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
8
2
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ajo
r
in
g
in
“Av
iatio
n
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
”
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
test
s
,
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
an
aly
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
tate
o
f
th
e
AM
T
s
’
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
.
T
h
e
ascer
tain
in
g
s
tag
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
ad
n
o
t
b
ee
n
o
r
g
an
ized
as
an
e
v
er
-
ev
o
lv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
d
et
ec
ted
lo
w
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
lear
n
in
g
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
L
1
)
,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
ar
r
ier
,
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
AM
T
F
L
CC
m
o
del c
o
mp
o
nents
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
th
e
AM
T
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
ly
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
jo
b
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
,
d
ea
l
with
E
n
g
lis
h
-
wr
itten
m
ain
ten
a
n
c
e
tech
n
ical
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
m
ak
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
q
u
ick
ly
.
AM
T
s
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
atten
tio
n
to
d
etail.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
el:
h
o
w
to
tr
a
in
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
a
y
w
h
a
t y
o
u
…
(
N
a
ta
liia
Glu
s
h
a
n
ytsi
a
)
711
Per
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
lik
e
in
teg
r
ity
,
s
cr
u
p
u
lo
u
s
n
ess
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
a
n
aly
tical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
in
a
team
a
r
e
also
ess
en
tial.
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
a
s
et
o
f
in
ce
n
tiv
es
an
d
p
r
io
r
ities
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
l
ea
r
n
er
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
t
h
e
tar
g
et
la
n
g
u
ag
e
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
6
8
%
o
f
th
e
AM
T
s
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
E
n
g
lis
h
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
eir
f
u
t
u
r
e
jo
b
,
an
d
o
n
l
y
3
2
%
b
eliev
e
d
th
at
th
ey
wo
u
ld
d
ea
l
with
o
n
ly
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
aim
e
d
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
to
in
teg
r
ativ
e
o
n
e
a
n
d
co
n
v
in
ce
AM
T
s
th
at
E
n
g
lis
h
is
an
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
l
e
to
o
l in
av
iatio
n
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
tech
n
ician
jo
b
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lex
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
AM
T
FLCC
m
o
d
el
in
v
o
lv
es
s
elf
-
an
aly
s
is
,
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
an
d
s
elf
-
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
W
o
r
k
-
r
elate
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
s
'
r
ef
lex
iv
ity
.
I
t
em
p
o
wer
s
th
em
to
th
in
k
cr
itically
,
m
ak
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
eir
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
.
3
.
2
.
M
et
ho
ds
a
nd
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies
T
h
in
k
-
p
air
-
s
h
ar
e
(
T
PS
)
an
d
te
am
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
d
o
m
i
n
ated
to
f
o
r
m
AM
T
s
’
ab
ilit
y
t
o
wo
r
k
in
a
team
an
d
s
o
lv
e
r
ea
l
-
life
m
ain
t
en
an
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
W
e
ap
p
lied
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
o
r
ien
ted
s
im
u
latio
n
ac
tiv
ities
to
p
r
ac
tice
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
AM
T
s
ar
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
wo
r
k
er
s
,
th
eir
d
u
ties
in
clu
d
e
f
illi
n
g
in
r
ep
air
o
r
d
er
s
,
s
af
ety
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
s
,
task
c
ar
d
s
,
an
d
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
e
p
o
r
ts
.
Kee
p
in
g
i
n
m
in
d
th
e
AE
C
MA
Simp
lifi
ed
E
n
g
lis
h
,
we
tau
g
h
t
th
e
lear
n
er
s
m
o
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
an
d
m
is
in
ter
p
r
et
atio
n
s
.
SMART
B
o
ar
d
was
a
g
o
o
d
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
g
am
e
-
b
ased
,
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
,
an
d
h
a
n
d
o
u
t
ac
tiv
ities
:
F
lip
Ou
t,
Sh
o
u
t
I
t
Ou
t,
M
atch
‘
em
Up
,
Su
p
er
So
r
t,
Gam
e
Sh
o
w,
an
d
C
r
ea
te
a
s
ix
-
wo
r
d
s
u
m
m
ar
y
.
W
e
u
s
ed
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elev
an
t
co
n
ten
t
lik
e
wo
r
k
in
g
ca
r
d
s
,
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
an
u
als,
ch
ec
k
lis
ts
,
I
llu
s
tr
ated
Par
t
s
C
atalo
g
,
T
r
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
Ma
n
u
als,
an
d
Stru
ctu
r
al
R
ep
air
Ma
n
u
al
d
ata
ca
r
d
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
ity
o
f
th
e
FLCC
m
o
d
el’
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
3
.
3
.
T
ra
ini
ng
co
nd
it
io
ns
W
e
d
ef
in
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
a
co
n
s
titu
en
t
o
f
th
e
A
MT
FLC
C
m
o
d
el:
C
o
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
an
d
a
v
iatio
n
ex
p
er
t
s
.
Sin
ce
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
av
iatio
n
e
x
p
er
ts
,
we
b
eliev
e
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Av
iatio
n
s
taf
f
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
ex
p
er
ts
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
ea
lis
tic
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
et
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wh
ile
s
im
u
latin
g
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
ti
n
g
.
A
v
iatio
n
E
n
g
lis
h
r
ef
r
esh
c
o
u
r
s
es.
I
C
AO
T
r
ain
in
g
I
n
s
titu
te
at
Natio
n
al
Av
iatio
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
d
eliv
er
s
u
p
g
r
ad
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
Av
iatio
n
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
to
m
ee
t
I
C
AO
Av
iatio
n
E
n
g
lis
h
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
C
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
th
ese
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
r
esu
lt.
3
.
4
.
T
ea
ching
a
nd
lea
rning
a
pp
ro
a
ches
3
.
4
.
1
.
Co
mm
un
ica
t
iv
e
a
pp
ro
a
ch
Sh
if
t
tu
r
n
o
v
er
m
a
k
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
th
e
air
cr
af
t
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ess
en
tial,
s
in
c
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
air
cr
af
t
s
af
ety
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
we
u
s
e
a
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
teac
h
lear
n
er
s
to
r
eq
u
est
an
d
clar
if
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
“Co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
wr
itten
,
v
er
b
al,
o
r
n
o
n
-
v
er
b
al
)
with
in
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
A
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
p
r
ev
e
n
t
a
m
ain
ten
an
ce
tec
h
n
ician
f
r
o
m
g
ettin
g
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
in
a
tim
ely
m
an
n
er
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
a
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
task
”
[
3
5
]
.
3
.
4
.
2
.
Student
-
ce
nte
re
d a
pp
r
o
a
ch
AM
T
’
s
jo
b
-
r
elate
d
s
k
ills
wer
e
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
y
in
clu
d
ed
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
tim
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t,
r
o
o
t
-
ca
u
s
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
.
Sin
ce
th
es
e
s
k
ills
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
f
lig
h
t
s
af
ety
,
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
g
av
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ap
p
ly
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
to
r
ea
l
life
.
Dea
lin
g
with
r
ep
air
o
r
d
er
s
,
s
af
ety
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
s
,
d
e
f
ec
tiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
e
p
o
r
ts
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
m
ain
ten
an
ce
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
s
k
ills
.
W
e
al
s
o
co
n
s
id
er
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
air
cr
af
t
ac
cid
en
ts
th
e
b
est
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
s
u
ch
s
k
ills
.
Mo
d
elin
g
an
d
r
o
le
-
p
lay
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
-
r
elate
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
itu
atio
n
s
m
ee
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
ee
d
s
.
3
.
4
.
3
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies
-
ba
s
ed
a
p
pro
a
ch
L
an
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
to
d
a
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
-
b
as
ed
tr
ain
in
g
m
ater
ials
s
u
p
p
o
r
t p
u
r
p
o
s
e
-
m
a
d
e,
f
lex
ib
le,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
en
d
less
am
o
u
n
t o
f
av
iatio
n
-
r
elate
d
a
u
d
io
an
d
v
id
eo
,
g
r
am
m
a
r
ex
e
r
cises
,
test
s
,
g
am
es,
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
s
im
u
lato
r
s
av
ailab
le
to
d
ay
[
3
6
]
–
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
u
s
ed
I
C
T
in
ten
s
iv
ely
with
in
th
e
AM
T
s
'
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
An
ex
am
p
le
is
C
AE
Vir
tu
al
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
T
r
ain
e
r
(
VM
T
)
,
wh
ich
en
a
b
les
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
to
a
d
ap
t
lan
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
in
g
t
o
AM
T
s
'
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
ea
liti
es.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
air
cr
af
t
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
tech
n
icia
n
s
to
g
ain
p
r
ac
tical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
708
-
719
712
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
ta
s
k
s
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
ab
n
o
r
m
al
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
C
AE
v
ir
tu
al
air
cr
af
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
.
W
e
u
s
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
m
ar
t
n
o
teb
o
o
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
p
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
OE
R
)
,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
As
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
“d
ig
ital
n
ativ
es”
[
3
9
]
,
I
C
T
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
h
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
3
.
4
.
4
.
Co
nte
nt
a
nd
la
ng
ua
g
e
inte
g
ra
t
ed
lea
rning
(
CL
I
L
)
B
ein
g
co
n
ten
t
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
,
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
lea
r
n
in
g
(
C
L
I
L
)
is
a
n
atu
r
al
wa
y
to
lear
n
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
r
ea
l
jo
b
-
r
elate
d
co
n
tex
t
to
lear
n
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
(
en
g
in
e
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
;
air
cr
a
f
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
;
en
g
i
n
e
f
ailu
r
e;
air
cr
af
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
)
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
o
f
ten
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
ate
d
.
T
h
e
C
L
I
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
ee
p
er
lev
el
o
f
ass
im
ilatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
cr
iti
ca
l
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
wo
r
k
in
a
team
.
I
t
m
ak
es
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
o
r
ien
ted
o
n
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
.
W
e
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
o
r
g
an
ized
a
s
a
s
im
p
le
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
b
jects.
All
th
e
s
u
b
jects
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
in
an
ev
e
r
-
ev
o
lv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
aim
e
d
t
o
tr
a
in
h
ig
h
ly
q
u
alif
ied
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
.
W
e
d
ef
in
ed
th
is
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
k
ee
p
in
g
in
m
in
d
th
at
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
n
o
t
th
e
m
ain
AM
T
s
’
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
jo
b
.
“Op
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ath
e
r
th
an
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
,
is
th
e
u
ltima
te
cr
iter
io
n
b
y
wh
ich
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
is
ass
es
s
ed
”
[
4
0
]
.
W
h
en
ap
p
lied
to
teac
h
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
to
d
i
g
ital
n
ativ
es,
C
L
I
L
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
b
o
o
s
tin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
way
s
th
e
C
L
I
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
o
tiv
ates d
ig
ital n
ativ
es to
lear
n
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
way
s
th
e
C
L
I
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
o
tiv
ates d
ig
ital n
at
iv
es to
lear
n
E
n
g
lis
h
3
.
4
.
5
.
Cro
s
s
-
cult
ura
l a
pp
ro
a
ch
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
n
am
ely
life
s
ty
les,
h
ab
its
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
elig
io
n
,
b
elief
s
,
lan
g
u
ag
e,
a
n
d
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
ev
ea
l
h
o
w
it
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
AM
T
s
'
d
aily
jo
b
s
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
AM
T
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
cu
ltu
r
es
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
ea
te
r
tr
u
s
t.
B
ein
g
awa
r
e
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
cu
ltu
r
a
l
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
e
y
p
ay
clo
s
er
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
e
y
d
ea
l
with
.
T
h
e
AM
T
FLCC
m
o
d
el
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
3
.
5
.
AM
T
’
s
co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n
co
m
pet
ence
a
s
pect
s
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
g
en
e
r
ally
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic,
s
o
cio
lin
g
u
is
tic,
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
asp
ec
ts
[
4
1
]
.
W
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
o
f
th
e
AM
T
’
s
jo
b
.
T
h
e
jo
b
-
b
ased
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
I
t
g
iv
es
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
wo
r
k
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ass
ess
d
if
f
er
en
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
in
tu
itiv
e
ex
p
er
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
at
allo
ws
AM
T
s
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
e
d
o
n
o
t
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
p
r
a
g
m
atic
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
em
as
a
w
h
o
le.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
clu
d
es
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
a
s
et
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
:
lex
ical,
p
h
o
n
etic,
s
p
ellin
g
,
an
d
g
r
am
m
a
r
)
,
s
p
ee
ch
(
lan
g
u
ag
e,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
lis
ten
in
g
)
,
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
(
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
in
a
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
team
an
d
ex
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
el:
h
o
w
to
tr
a
in
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
a
y
w
h
a
t y
o
u
…
(
N
a
ta
liia
Glu
s
h
a
n
ytsi
a
)
713
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
AM
T
FLCC
m
o
d
el
3
.
6
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
AM
T
s
'
FLC
C
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
we
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al,
co
g
n
itiv
e,
o
p
er
atio
n
al,
a
n
d
r
e
f
lex
iv
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
AM
T
s
'
FL
C
C
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
r
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i)
T
h
e
ad
eq
u
ate
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
air
cr
af
t
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
;
ii)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
in
wo
r
k
-
r
elate
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
;
iii)
A
war
en
ess
o
f
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
u
ties
p
r
o
p
er
ly
;
an
d
iii)
A
b
ilit
y
an
d
w
illi
n
g
n
ess
to
m
ak
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
q
u
ick
ly
in
tim
e
s
ca
r
city
an
d
ad
v
er
s
e
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fo
u
r
lev
els
o
f
th
e
AM
T
s
’
FLCC
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
:
h
ig
h
(
c
r
ea
tiv
e)
,
s
u
f
f
icien
t
(
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e)
,
m
e
d
iu
m
(
c
o
n
s
c
io
u
s
ly
p
er
s
o
n
al)
,
a
n
d
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
(
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
)
.
W
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
task
s
.
E
a
ch
b
lo
ck
o
f
th
em
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
test
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
m
is
tak
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
708
-
719
714
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
is
tak
es m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
(
%)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s (
%) w
h
o
m
a
d
e
m
i
st
a
k
e
s r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
S
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
mak
i
n
g
V
e
r
b
t
e
n
ses
O
t
h
e
r
g
r
a
mm
a
r
r
u
l
e
s
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
A
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
r
mi
n
o
l
o
g
y
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
EG
CG
EG
CG
EG
CG
EG
CG
EG
CG
EG
CG
EG
CG
B
e
f
o
r
e
e
x
p
.
66
60
35
34
50
47
23
21
80
78
85
87
34
29
A
f
t
e
r
e
x
p
.
30
43
20
27
26
31
8
14
41
50
51
63
10
1
7
EG
=
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
;
C
G
=
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
AM
T
s
,
we
u
s
e
d
th
e
“Co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
k
ills
”
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
an
s
wer
s
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
k
ills
lev
el,
we
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
at
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
an
d
a
f
ter
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
ar
e
in
T
a
b
le
2.
=
20
(
1)
=
20
,
W
h
er
e
:
К
к
=
co
ef
f
icien
t
of
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
k
ills
;
К
о
=
co
ef
f
icien
t
of
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
k
ills
;
К
х
an
d
O
x
m
ea
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
atch
es
with
th
e
d
ec
o
d
e
r
of
an
s
wer
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
Th
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
sk
i
l
l
s
B
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
EG
(
4
0
)
C
G
(
4
2
)
EG
(
4
0
)
C
G
(
4
2
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
H
i
g
h
(
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
)
-
-
-
-
10
25
5
12
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
)
7
17
.
50
8
19
21
5
2
.
5
0
17
4
0
.
5
0
M
e
d
i
u
m (
c
o
n
sc
i
o
u
s
l
y
-
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
)
20
50
22
5
0
.
4
0
9
2
2
.
5
0
16
38
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
(
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
)
13
32
.
50
12
2
8
.
4
0
-
-
4
9
.
5
0
EG
=
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
;
C
G
=
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
EG
)
h
ad
a
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
er
le
v
el
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
k
ills
th
an
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
CG
)
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
tr
ai
n
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
o
r
ien
ted
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
Kar
p
o
v
’
s
“Dia
g
n
o
s
is
o
f
R
ef
lectio
n
”
m
eth
o
d
to
ass
es
s
r
ef
lex
iv
ity
in
E
G
an
d
C
G.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
e
a
n
s
wer
s
h
ee
t,
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ch
o
s
e
o
n
e
o
p
tio
n
:
i)
in
co
r
r
ec
t;
ii)
r
ath
er
in
co
r
r
ec
t;
iii)
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w;
iv
)
r
ath
er
tr
u
e;
v)
tr
u
e.
T
h
er
e
c
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
r
ig
h
t
o
r
wr
o
n
g
an
s
wer
s
in
th
is
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
th
at
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
6
5
%
(
E
G)
an
d
6
2
%
(
C
G)
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
a
d
a
m
ed
i
u
m
le
v
el
o
f
r
ef
lex
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t;
3
9
.
5
%
(
C
G)
an
d
3
3
.
4
%
(
E
G)
–
wer
e
in
ad
e
q
u
ate.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
itial
r
ef
lex
iv
ity
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
in
d
icate
d
th
at
2
1
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
E
G
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
r
e
f
lex
iv
ity
;
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
r
ef
le
x
iv
ity
in
th
e
E
G
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
.
3
%
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
C
G.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
E
G
a
f
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
with
a
h
ig
h
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
el
o
f
r
e
f
lex
iv
ity
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
y
s
tem
o
f
r
ea
l
wo
r
k
-
b
ased
s
itu
atio
n
s
i
n
class
r
o
o
m
s
ess
io
n
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
E
G
a
n
d
C
G
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
id
th
e
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
test
to
s
h
o
w
t
h
eir
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
le
v
els
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
o
in
ts
:
1
3
-
1
4
–
ex
ce
llen
t
(
h
ig
h
lev
el)
,
1
2
-
11
-
10
–
g
o
o
d
(
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
el)
,
9
-
8
-
7
–
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
(
m
ed
iu
m
)
,
an
d
6
–
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
(
in
ad
eq
u
ate)
.
Af
ter
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
;
i
)
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
t
h
e
E
G
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
5
%,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
C
G
b
y
8
%;
an
d
ii
)
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
el
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
th
e
E
G
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
0
%
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
C
G
b
y
1
2
.
4
%.
No
b
o
d
y
s
h
o
we
d
an
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
lev
el
i
n
E
G.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
test
r
esu
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
co
mp
eten
ce
mo
d
el:
h
o
w
to
tr
a
in
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
a
y
w
h
a
t y
o
u
…
(
N
a
ta
liia
Glu
s
h
a
n
ytsi
a
)
715
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
Le
v
e
l
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
sk
i
l
l
s
(
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
)
EG
(
4
0
)
C
G
(
4
2
)
B
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
B
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
f
o
r
ma
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
%
)
H
i
g
h
(
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
)
-
-
6
15
-
-
3
7
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
g
o
o
d
)
8
20
24
60
15
35
.
70
20
47
.
60
M
e
d
i
u
m (s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
)
29
72
.
50
10
25
25
60
18
43
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
(
u
n
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
)
3
7
.
50
-
-
2
4
.
70
1
2
.
40
Af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
t
h
e
E
G
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
2
0
%
(
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
F
L
C
C
)
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
els
o
f
FLCC
in
th
e
E
G
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
8
%.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
n
o
t
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
els
in
th
e
E
G.
T
o
ass
ess
t
h
e
FLCC
lev
el,
th
e
s
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illed
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itically
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I
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2
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8
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2
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I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
708
-
719
716
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
lev
els o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
FLCC
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
e
ed
o
m
k
=
4
0
+4
2
-
2
=8
0
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
tab
le
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
we
f
in
d
tk
p
:
1
.
9
9
p
≤
0
.
0
5
;
2
.
6
4
p
≤
0
.
0
1
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tatis
tical
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
ev
ea
led
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
av
er
ag
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
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f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
s
in
ce
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
t
e
=2
.
9
ex
ce
e
d
ed
t
h
e
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
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h
e
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tu
d
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t
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test
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6
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h
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h
av
e
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ar
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o
t a
cc
id
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tal.
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ican
ce
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d
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th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
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el
b
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s
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en
tial
co
m
p
o
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en
t
t
o
teac
h
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g
a
f
o
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n
lan
g
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ag
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f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
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h
e
lac
k
o
f
atte
n
tio
n
p
ai
d
to
th
e
er
r
o
r
less
co
m
m
u
n
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s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ex
am
p
les
wh
er
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
a
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
led
e
v
en
to
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
tr
ik
in
g
ex
am
p
le
c
o
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
o
u
r
th
e
o
r
y
is
th
e
lar
g
est
d
is
aster
in
t
h
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
a
v
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
o
n
th
e
is
lan
d
o
f
T
en
er
if
e
in
1
9
7
7
a
n
d
claim
ed
5
8
3
liv
es.
I
t is co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
cid
en
t c
au
s
ed
b
y
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
a
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e.
No
t
ex
clu
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
all
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
s
k
ills
[
1
7
]
,
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
ay
th
ei
r
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
AM
T
’
s
tech
n
ical
wr
itin
g
a
b
ilit
y
’
s
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
o
r
c
o
n
s
id
er
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ill
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
[
4
4
]
.
W
e
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
I
C
AO
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
tain
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
im
p
o
r
tan
t
q
u
alities
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
a
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
em
er
g
e
n
cies
[
4
5
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
av
iatio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lan
g
u
ag
e
t
r
ain
in
g
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
lev
el
o
f
th
eir
l
an
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
W
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
is
is
s
u
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
lear
n
ed
.
I
t
is
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
av
iatio
n
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
o
tak
e
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
o
f
AM
T
’
s
jo
b
in
o
u
r
FLCC
m
o
d
el,
we
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
i
n
av
iatio
n
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
air
cr
af
t
ac
cid
en
t
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
is
th
at
it
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
f
lig
h
t
s
af
ety
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
AM
T
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
er
r
o
r
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
m
ak
es
an
em
p
i
r
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
an
d
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
cr
u
cial
to
th
e
AM
T
'
s
jo
b
.
D
ef
in
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
lev
els
o
f
FLCC
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
ac
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
AM
T
s
'
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
a
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
FLCC
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
t
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
'
s
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
.
T
h
is
em
p
ir
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
test
an
d
r
ef
in
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
AM
T
's
jo
b
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ess
,
n
o
is
e,
tim
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
m
ak
es
u
p
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
'
s
em
p
ir
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Ou
r
r
esear
c
h
o
u
tco
m
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
av
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
ak
es
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
to
AM
T
s
'
FLCC
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
ad
v
an
ce
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
b
y
alig
n
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies
with
th
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
o
f
th
e
a
v
iatio
n
m
ain
ten
an
ce
jo
b
.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
lead
in
g
to
ac
cid
en
ts
o
r
n
ea
r
m
is
s
es
ad
d
s
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
t
o
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
r
o
ad
er
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
h
i
g
h
-
s
tak
es
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
f
lig
h
t
s
af
ety
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
s
tr
ess
,
n
o
is
e,
tim
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
with
in
t
h
e
FL
C
C
m
o
d
el
en
r
ich
es
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
ies o
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
b
y
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
co
n
tex
tu
al
elem
en
ts
s
p
ec
if
ic
t
o
th
e
AM
T
'
s
jo
b
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
ity
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
FLC
C
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
c
o
h
esiv
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
i
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tr
ain
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el.
Sin
ce
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
t
o
an
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
,
it
ex
t
en
d
s
its
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
.
W
e
b
eliev
e
th
at
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
m
ak
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ac
tical,
t
h
eo
r
eti
ca
l,
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
c
h
allen
g
es,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
tailo
r
e
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
c
in
g
a
co
h
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d
ap
p
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m
eth
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d
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f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
FLCC
in
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iatio
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Th
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8
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J
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tr
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717
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Air
cr
af
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
tech
n
ici
an
s
’
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
I
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
f
lig
h
t
s
af
ety
,
as
AM
T
s
o
f
ten
w
o
r
k
i
n
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
team
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
s
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
a
n
u
als
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ts
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Ma
n
ag
in
g
h
u
m
an
f
ailu
r
es
is
ess
en
tial
t
o
p
r
ev
e
n
t
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
in
ci
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
n
u
m
b
er
is
in
cr
e
asin
g
.
I
t
ca
lls
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
tr
ain
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
lev
el
o
f
th
e
AM
T
s
’
FLCC
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
ed
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
AM
T
’
s
FLCC
.
W
e
d
i
s
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
o
f
th
e
AM
T
’
s
jo
b
.
W
e
i
d
en
tif
ied
th
e
f
o
u
r
lev
els
o
f
th
e
FL
C
C
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
h
ig
h
(
cr
ea
tiv
e
)
,
s
u
f
f
icien
t
(
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
)
,
m
ed
iu
m
(
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
p
er
s
o
n
al)
,
a
n
d
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
(
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
we
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
tr
ai
n
in
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
as
a
co
n
s
titu
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
A
MT
FLCC
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
ity
o
f
th
e
FLCC
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
AM
T
FLCC
m
o
d
el
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
th
at
lead
to
m
ain
ten
an
ce
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
air
cr
af
t
ac
cid
en
ts
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
tr
ess
,
n
o
is
e,
tim
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
f
o
r
m
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
as
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
n
eg
ativ
el
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
-
r
elate
d
task
s
.
C
lear
an
d
co
n
cise
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
ess
en
tial
in
an
y
b
u
s
in
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
s
o
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
ap
p
l
y
to
an
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
t
wh
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
in
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
m
o
ti
v
ated
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
d
ialo
g
u
e
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
s
ig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
will b
e
b
en
ef
icial
in
an
y
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
ca
r
ee
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
G
a
t
t
a
,
“
R
e
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
h
u
m
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
i
n
a
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
c
i
d
e
n
t
s
:
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
a
n
d
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
n
a
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ar
t
s,
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
B
u
si
n
e
ss
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
–
2
0
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
]
D
.
L.
B
a
r
r
e
r
a
,
A
i
rcr
a
f
t
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
Pro
g
ra
m
s
.
i
n
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
S
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
.
C
h
a
m
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
2
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
0
-
9
0
2
6
3
-
6.
[
3
]
J.
M
a
,
C
.
G
.
D
r
u
r
y
,
a
n
d
C
.
V
.
M
a
r
i
n
,
“
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
r
r
o
r
i
n
a
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
mai
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
:
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
ssu
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
f
o
u
r
w
o
r
l
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Av
i
a
t
i
o
n
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
–
4
7
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
0
5
0
8
4
1
0
9
0
3
4
1
6
1
3
6
.
[
4
]
F
e
d
e
r
a
l
A
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
A
d
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
F
A
A
)
,
“
H
u
m
a
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
s,”
i
n
AM
G
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
,
S
a
f
e
r
S
k
i
e
s
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
8
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
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