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K
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w
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s
:
C
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e
DNA
tr
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s
cr
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tio
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Gen
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Said
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Dep
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ality
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en
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ab
o
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t
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er
itan
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,
v
a
r
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n
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
lecu
lar
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
life
p
r
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s
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
Du
n
ca
n
an
d
R
eiser
[
1
]
an
d
Osma
n
et
a
l.
[
2
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
h
er
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n
t
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
g
en
etics,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
c
o
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ld
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p
r
in
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f
in
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d
u
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o
r
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g
en
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Mo
r
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Haw
ley
et
a
l.
[
3
]
f
u
r
th
e
r
id
en
tify
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
lex
itie
s
with
in
g
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etics,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
eio
s
is
,
m
u
tatio
n
s
,
DNA
r
ep
licatio
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,
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
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tio
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,
p
r
o
tein
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s
latio
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Un
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UPSI)
wh
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th
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m
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s
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d
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f
f
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483
Par
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ly
,
th
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co
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p
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NA
tr
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cr
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in
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m
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to
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s
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ain
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h
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in
v
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en
z
y
m
es,
co
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tr
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tes
to
th
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d
if
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at
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ter
in
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tan
d
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p
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Misco
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as e
v
id
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d
b
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W
r
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h
t
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l.
[
4
]
,
wh
e
r
e
a
co
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s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
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ac
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ately
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ef
in
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tr
a
n
s
cr
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tio
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.
T
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ab
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lo
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in
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tr
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d
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d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
.
C
o
n
f
u
s
io
n
is
in
ten
s
if
ied
b
y
s
im
ilar
ities
in
ter
m
u
s
ag
e
an
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
C
h
u
an
d
R
eid
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
c
h
allen
g
e
i
n
lear
n
in
g
g
en
etics,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
tein
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
is
also
attr
ib
u
ted
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Hask
el
-
I
ttah
an
d
Yar
d
en
[
6
]
p
o
i
n
ts
o
u
t
th
at
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
in
d
er
ac
tiv
e
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
g
en
u
in
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
to
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
Stu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
t
er
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
en
co
u
r
ag
e
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
an
d
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Kem
b
er
[
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
-
wid
e
in
itiativ
e
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
led
t
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
t
ea
ch
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
q
u
ality
o
v
er
a
2
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Ma
r
k
in
a
an
d
Mo
llá
[
8
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
lear
n
er
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
2
0
% in
lear
n
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
(
L
C
)
s
ess
io
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
(
T
C
)
s
ess
io
n
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
L
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
u
s
in
g
ac
tiv
e
an
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Hen
ce
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
en
g
ag
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
ar
tici
p
ate
in
c
r
itical
an
d
in
v
en
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
to
ad
d
r
ess
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
is
v
ital.
Hu
s
s
a
in
et
a
l.
[
9
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
elem
en
ts
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
escalate
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
a
n
d
elev
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
id
ea
th
at
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tim
u
lates
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est in
lear
n
in
g
b
u
t a
ls
o
en
ab
les a
s
im
p
ler
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
r
elate
d
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
b
to
p
ics.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
(
GB
L
)
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
an
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
g
a
m
in
g
elem
en
ts
to
f
o
s
ter
s
tu
d
en
t
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
r
eten
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
em
p
lo
y
s
g
am
in
g
as
a
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l,
th
e
r
eb
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
at
lar
g
e.
I
t a
l
s
o
o
f
f
er
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t w
h
er
e
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
cc
u
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
g
ag
in
g
g
a
m
ep
l
ay
[
1
2
]
.
Su
ch
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
a
k
es
lear
n
in
g
en
jo
y
ab
le
b
u
t
also
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
th
eir
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
b
o
t
h
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
GB
L
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
y
et
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
s
ettin
g
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
also
aid
s
in
th
e
d
ee
p
e
n
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
[
1
4
]
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
g
am
if
icatio
n
ca
n
a
llev
iate
lear
n
in
g
-
r
elate
d
a
n
x
i
ety
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
m
ath
em
atics,
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
,
Z
ak
i
an
d
Kad
r
i
[
1
5
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
in
a
Fo
o
d
Pre
s
er
v
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
co
u
r
s
e,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tco
m
es.
Similar
ly
,
a
s
tu
d
y
[
1
6
]
on
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
GB
L
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
lan
n
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
is
co
v
e
r
in
g
th
at
it si
g
n
if
ican
tly
b
o
o
s
ts
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes tea
m
wo
r
k
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
em
b
ar
k
s
o
n
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
Gen
eX
Pre
s
s
ca
r
d
g
am
e,
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
cr
af
ted
to
d
em
y
s
t
if
y
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
T
h
is
g
am
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
a
ch
allen
g
in
g
g
en
etic
co
n
ce
p
t
in
to
an
in
t
er
ac
tiv
e
an
d
ca
p
tiv
atin
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
B
y
b
len
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
with
th
e
ex
citem
en
t
o
f
g
am
e
p
lay
,
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
aim
s
to
b
o
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
en
h
an
ce
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
a
d
ee
p
er
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
tr
icac
ies
o
f
g
en
etic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
a
k
es
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
e
n
jo
y
a
b
le
b
u
t
also
ad
d
r
ess
es
co
m
m
o
n
o
b
s
tacle
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
in
m
aster
in
g
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
,
t
h
er
eb
y
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
last
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
elec
ted
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
m
a
in
p
h
ases
:
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
ati
o
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Stap
a
an
d
Mo
h
am
m
ad
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el
s
er
v
es
as
a
t
ea
ch
in
g
d
esig
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
t
ilized
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
to
cr
ea
te
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
b
o
th
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ai
m
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ct
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cted
v
ia
th
e
Go
o
g
l
e
Fo
r
m
p
latf
o
r
m
.
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
co
llected
d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
482
-
491
484
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple
A
to
tal
o
f
1
6
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
m
a
jo
r
in
g
in
B
io
lo
g
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
at
UPSI
cu
r
r
en
tly
en
r
o
lled
in
s
e
m
ester
s
3
to
7
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
r
o
m
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
3
0
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
ass
ess
ed
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
t
h
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
m
ain
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
m
ain
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
etails
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
an
d
th
eir
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXp
r
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
is
to
g
ath
e
r
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
g
am
e'
s
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
wer
e
a
d
ap
ted
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Gu
tier
r
ez
[
1
8
]
,
wh
o
u
s
ed
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
ea
ch
item
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
two
b
io
lo
g
y
ex
p
er
ts
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
its
v
alid
ity
.
B
ased
o
n
th
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
b
o
th
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
th
e
g
am
e
its
elf
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
es
e
ex
p
er
ts
ev
alu
ated
th
e
f
ac
e
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
Ge
n
eXp
r
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
v
alu
ab
le
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
lev
els
o
n
th
e
g
a
m
e'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ch
an
g
es
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
n
d
th
e
g
am
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
ilo
t stu
d
ies o
r
th
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
ca
r
d
g
am
e
u
n
d
er
wen
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
o
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
o
h
en
k
ap
p
a
in
d
e
x
an
d
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
in
d
e
x
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ca
r
d
g
am
e
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXp
r
ess
wer
e
ev
al
u
a
ted
b
ased
o
n
f
i
v
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
g
o
al,
d
esig
n
,
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ata
u
s
in
g
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e,
m
ea
n
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
2
.
5
.
P
r
o
du
ct
dev
elo
pm
ent
T
h
e
Gen
eXp
r
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
was
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el,
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
g
u
i
d
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
i
v
e
cr
i
tical
p
h
ases
:
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esi
g
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
aim
ed
at
s
im
p
lify
in
g
co
m
p
lex
g
e
n
etic
co
n
ce
p
ts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
g
a
m
e'
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
en
h
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
g
e
n
etics
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
g
ag
i
n
g
g
am
ep
lay
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
ca
r
ef
u
l
p
lan
n
in
g
,
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
,
p
r
ac
tical
test
in
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
e
f
in
em
en
t
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
Gen
eXp
r
ess
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ee
ts
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
o
th
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
en
jo
y
ab
le
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
,
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l o
u
tco
m
es o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
ADDI
E
m
o
d
el
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
2
.
5
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
ph
a
s
e
An
aly
s
is
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
s
tag
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
to
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tep
s
.
I
ts
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
id
en
tify
th
e
t
o
p
ic
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t,
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
to
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
,
th
e
s
u
b
ject
co
n
te
n
t
to
b
e
d
eliv
e
r
ed
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
2
0
]
.
A
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
i
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ajo
r
in
g
in
b
i
o
lo
g
ical
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
was
to
i
d
en
tify
c
h
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
t
o
s
u
b
jects
a
n
d
to
p
ics
with
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
B
io
lo
g
y
at
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
p
o
te
n
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
th
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wer
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
v
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
n
ee
d
s
an
al
y
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
s
u
b
to
p
ic
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
with
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
Gen
etics
p
r
esen
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
icu
lty
an
d
ch
allen
g
e
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ca
r
d
g
am
e
em
er
g
e
d
as
a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
f
o
r
m
u
lated
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ajo
r
in
g
i
n
B
io
lo
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
th
o
s
e
in
s
em
ester
s
3
to
7
,
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
.
2
.
5
.
2
.
Desig
n
pha
se
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
an
aly
tical
d
ata
in
to
a
clea
r
an
d
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
p
lan
f
o
r
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
At
t
h
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
ed
t
o
alig
n
with
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als
an
d
th
e
co
n
ten
t
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
to
p
ic.
T
h
e
co
r
e
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
ies
u
n
d
er
p
i
n
n
i
n
g
th
is
p
r
o
ject
ar
e
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
a
d
th
e
o
r
y
,
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
.
T
o
cr
ea
te
t
h
e
en
tire
ca
r
d
g
am
e,
Me
d
ib
a
n
g
Pain
t
Pro
an
d
C
an
v
a
wer
e
s
elec
t
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
o
n
li
n
e
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
esig
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
v
er
s
atile
ed
itin
g
f
ea
tu
r
es,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
cr
e
atio
n
o
f
e
n
g
ag
in
g
v
is
u
al
im
ag
es.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
also
en
ab
le
th
e
cu
s
to
m
izatio
n
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
v
is
u
als
an
d
im
a
g
es
f
o
r
th
e
ca
r
d
g
a
m
e'
s
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
v
is
u
al
d
is
co
v
er
y
en
g
in
e
lik
e
P
in
ter
est
an
d
Go
o
g
le
I
m
ag
es
wer
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
in
s
p
ir
e
th
e
v
is
u
als
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ics
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
g
am
e,
en
h
an
c
in
g
its
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
p
ac
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Gen
eX
P
r
ess
ca
r
d
:
d
ev
elo
p
me
n
t a
n
d
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l c
a
r
d
g
a
me
…
(
N
u
r
fa
r
iz
a
h
A
ma
n
i No
r
iz
a
n
)
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2
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3
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ent
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s
e
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e
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m
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o
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th
e
Gen
eXPr
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r
d
g
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e
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e
d
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ed
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s
in
g
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d
ib
a
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g
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t
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a
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ef
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ll
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es f
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r
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Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
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io
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m
p
o
n
en
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th
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DNA
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ctio
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ca
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lash
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ip
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,
q
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esti
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d
s
,
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d
Min
g
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ca
r
d
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tr
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n
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m
R
N
A
p
r
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ce
s
s
)
,
n
am
e
ta
g
s
,
an
d
s
ix
-
s
id
ed
d
ice.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
,
th
e
DNA
an
d
R
NA
ca
r
d
s
alo
n
g
with
th
e
n
am
e
tag
s
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n
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n
S
r
i
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to
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i
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a
n
d
Da
to
)
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
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T
h
e
DNA
c
ar
d
s
s
er
v
e
as
tem
p
lates
th
at
p
lay
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s
u
s
e
to
c
r
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te
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r
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esp
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eq
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u
latin
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o
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tr
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s
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ip
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.
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r
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s
ar
e
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r
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cial
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r
teac
h
in
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th
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am
en
tal
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ci
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les
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f
h
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w
g
e
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etic
in
f
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r
m
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is
tr
a
n
s
cr
ib
ed
f
r
o
m
DNA
to
R
NA.
T
h
e
n
am
e
tag
s
ar
e
u
s
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to
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f
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er
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t
r
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k
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iev
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d
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to
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at
h
elp
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m
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g
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t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
am
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
r
d
s
,
f
lash
ca
r
d
s
(
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
n
o
tes),
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
an
s
wer
ca
r
d
s
(
wh
ile
p
lay
in
g
)
,
q
u
esti
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n
an
d
an
s
wer
ca
r
d
s
(
Min
d
Min
g
le)
an
d
s
ix
-
s
id
ed
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ice.
T
h
e
g
am
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
r
d
s
p
r
o
v
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d
e
clea
r
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co
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r
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les
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
lay
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s
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n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
p
lay
th
e
g
am
e
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
Flas
h
ca
r
d
s
with
DN
A
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
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n
o
tes
ar
e
in
cl
u
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ed
to
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ce
p
t
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ter
m
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o
l
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m
ak
in
g
it
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ier
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o
r
s
tu
d
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o
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em
em
b
e
r
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
f
o
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m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
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n
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d
an
s
we
r
ca
r
d
s
ar
e
in
te
n
d
ed
to
test
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k
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d
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n
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tan
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in
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p
r
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s
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m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
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ts
wh
ile
p
lay
in
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th
e
g
am
e.
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h
e
q
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est
io
n
an
d
a
n
s
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d
s
(
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d
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ar
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tili
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d
af
te
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e
g
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ter
d
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s
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s
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g
p
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ab
o
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t
th
e
p
r
e
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tr
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s
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th
at
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lo
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s
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k
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r
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d
esig
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s
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in
th
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r
d
g
am
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alig
n
wit
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e
p
r
o
f
o
r
m
a
f
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th
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s
u
b
to
p
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itab
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tio
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s
tu
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n
ts
m
ajo
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n
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y
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h
e
s
ix
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s
id
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tr
o
d
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ce
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elem
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m
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ag
in
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T
h
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co
m
p
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n
e
n
ts
co
llectiv
ely
f
ac
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ate
th
e
lear
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i
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p
r
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ce
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s
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ak
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th
e
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e
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ter
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tiv
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r
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en
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f
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th
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e
n
s
u
r
in
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th
at
th
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t
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ly
lear
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b
u
t
also
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y
th
e
p
r
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ce
s
s
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n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
Min
d
Min
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r
d
s
(
pr
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tr
an
s
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m
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s
s
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s
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s
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p
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ter
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s
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(
a)
(
b
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2
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J
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14
,
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1
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Feb
r
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a
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20
25
:
482
-
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486
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gen
eXPr
ess
p
lay
in
g
ca
r
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
(
a)
DNA
ca
r
d
an
d
R
NA
ca
r
d
,
n
am
e
ta
g
;
(
b
)
g
a
m
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
r
d
s
,
f
la
s
h
ca
r
d
s
(
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
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tio
n
n
o
tes),
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
an
s
wer
ca
r
d
s
,
s
ix
-
s
id
ed
d
ice;
(
c)
m
in
d
m
in
g
le
ca
r
d
s
(
p
r
e
-
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
al
m
R
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p
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ce
s
s
)
2
.
5
.
4
.
I
m
plem
ent
a
t
i
o
n pha
s
e
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase
i
n
v
o
lv
es
u
tili
zin
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
in
p
r
ac
tical
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
f
ac
e
an
d
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
as
well
a
s
th
e
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ess
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r
d
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am
es,
h
as
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n
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io
lo
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ex
p
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ts
.
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e
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c
h
in
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tr
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m
en
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s
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alid
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[
2
1
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o
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ly
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t c
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ex
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[
2
2
]
.
2
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5
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5
.
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itab
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le
,
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o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
f
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e
k
e
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
g
o
als,
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487
3.
RE
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3
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1
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ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
eir
o
wn
lear
n
in
g
jo
u
r
n
ey
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
o
t
ju
s
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
b
u
t
en
jo
y
ab
le.
T
h
is
h
ar
m
o
n
i
za
tio
n
o
f
p
la
y
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
C
o
lem
an
an
d
Mo
n
ey
[
1
3
]
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e
y
et
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
at
d
r
iv
es a
ca
d
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
GB
L
ex
te
n
d
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
m
er
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t;
it
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
,
as
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
T
h
o
m
as
a
n
d
Ma
h
m
u
d
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
eir
wo
r
k
s
p
ec
if
ically
illu
m
in
ates
h
o
w
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ca
n
allev
iate
an
x
ie
ty
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
u
b
jects
lik
e
m
at
h
em
atics,
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
co
m
p
et
en
ce
an
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
.
R
ese
ar
ch
o
n
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
d
icate
s
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
g
am
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
lex
s
u
b
jects
lik
e
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it is
es
s
en
tial to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
GB
L
,
n
o
t o
n
ly
as
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
u
t
also
as
a
m
ea
n
s
t
o
in
n
o
v
ate
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
an
c
h
o
r
ed
in
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
ies
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
m
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
l
o
a
d
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
tial
le
ar
n
in
g
-
wh
ic
h
c
o
llectiv
ely
in
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXPr
e
s
s
ca
r
d
g
am
es.
Dr
awin
g
f
r
o
m
Piag
et
’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
th
eo
r
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lear
n
in
g
is
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
it
i
n
to
th
eir
ex
is
tin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ch
allen
g
es
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
v
iew
o
f
lear
n
er
s
as
p
ass
iv
e
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
in
s
tead
p
o
r
t
r
ay
in
g
th
em
as
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
eir
o
wn
lear
n
in
g
j
o
u
r
n
ey
.
W
ith
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
teac
h
er
s
o
r
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
a
r
e
r
ei
m
ag
in
ed
as
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
wh
o
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
n
a
v
ig
at
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
s
u
b
ject
o
f
D
NA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
ca
r
d
g
am
es.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
f
ix
ed
s
ch
ed
u
les
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
er
eb
y
b
r
o
ad
e
n
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
r
iz
o
n
s
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
s
p
ar
k
in
g
h
eig
h
te
n
ed
in
ter
est in
g
en
etic
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
esig
n
ed
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
th
e
o
r
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
d
eliv
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
am
e
is
b
o
th
e
n
g
ag
in
g
an
d
d
i
g
esti
b
le,
with
o
u
t
tax
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
en
tal
ca
p
ac
ity
ex
c
ess
iv
ely
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
as
ize
th
e
cr
iticality
o
f
alig
n
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
e
d
e
s
ig
n
with
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
lear
n
er
s
to
a
v
er
t
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
o
v
er
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
a
m
e'
s
d
esig
n
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
is
c
r
u
cial,
as
it
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lear
n
in
g
b
y
m
an
a
g
in
g
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
m
em
o
r
y
d
u
r
in
g
g
am
e
p
lay
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
ca
r
d
g
am
e
em
b
o
d
ies
th
e
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
h
an
d
s
-
on
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
a
p
p
ly
t
h
eo
r
et
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
p
r
ac
tical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
is
im
m
er
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
en
j
o
y
m
en
t
b
u
t
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
en
etic
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
As
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
L
i
[
2
7
]
,
Gen
eXPr
ess
s
er
v
es
a
s
an
ex
em
p
lar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l,
cu
s
to
m
-
d
esig
n
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
482
-
491
488
to
m
ee
t
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
lear
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in
g
n
ee
d
s
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d
p
r
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f
er
en
ce
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o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
p
r
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ts
an
en
g
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i
n
g
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d
in
ter
ac
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p
latf
o
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m
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u
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ad
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i
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d
ee
p
ly
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g
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with
th
e
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
u
b
to
p
ics
o
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g
e
n
etics.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
i
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lv
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en
t
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am
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s
tu
d
en
ts
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n
u
n
r
av
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d
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ter
n
alize
co
m
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lex
g
en
etic
p
r
in
cip
les,
cu
ltiv
atin
g
a
p
r
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f
o
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n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
is
cip
lin
e.
B
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
e
r
p
in
n
in
g
s
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
lica
tio
n
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
es,
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
is
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
p
r
o
v
id
es
q
u
an
titativ
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
I
n
its
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
av
e
r
ag
e
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
3
.
7
9
,
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
4
1
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
R
id
u
wan
[
2
8
]
,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
alls
with
in
th
e
h
ig
h
r
an
g
e,
s
p
ec
if
ically
b
et
wee
n
3
.
5
0
a
n
d
4
.
0
0
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es r
elate
d
to
th
e
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
u
b
t
o
p
ic.
T
h
e
d
etailed
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
w
h
ich
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
B
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
g
a
m
e
-
s
u
ch
as
its
g
o
als,
d
esig
n
,
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
p
lay
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
I
t
e
ms
M
e
a
n
sco
r
e
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
l
e
v
e
l
G
o
a
l
s
1
.
Th
e
p
u
r
p
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ca
tio
n
a
l c
a
r
d
g
a
me
…
(
N
u
r
fa
r
iz
a
h
A
ma
n
i No
r
iz
a
n
)
489
b
io
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
s
(
s
u
b
ject
m
a
tter
ex
p
er
ts
)
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
am
e’
s
o
b
jectiv
es,
d
esig
n
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
E
m
p
h
asizin
g
well
-
d
e
f
in
ed
g
o
als
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es
is
cr
u
cial
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
r
d
g
am
es.
T
h
ese
g
o
als
o
f
f
e
r
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
alig
n
in
g
clo
s
ely
with
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
g
am
ep
lay
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
u
n
b
u
t
also
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e.
B
y
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
p
lay
er
s
to
en
g
ag
e
in
s
tr
ateg
ic
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
,
g
am
es f
o
s
ter
v
alu
a
b
le
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t sk
ills
s
u
ch
a
s
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
.
W
ith
r
eg
ar
d
to
th
e
ca
r
d
g
am
e
d
esig
n
asp
ec
t,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
was
3
.
8
0
(
SD=0
.
4
1
)
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
is
ca
r
d
g
am
e
is
s
u
itab
le
an
d
r
el
ev
an
t
f
o
r
th
e
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
ti
o
n
s
u
b
t
o
p
ic
an
d
is
ea
s
ily
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
im
ag
e
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
h
ap
es
an
d
co
lo
r
s
,
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
e
n
g
ag
in
g
an
d
less
m
o
n
o
to
n
o
u
s
.
T
h
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
was
d
esig
n
ed
with
d
iv
er
s
e
p
ictu
r
es
an
d
attr
ac
tiv
e
co
lo
r
s
,
s
tim
u
latin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
in
t
er
est
an
d
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
h
o
w
p
lay
er
s
in
ter
ac
t
wit
h
th
e
ca
r
d
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
g
a
m
e
,
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
m
an
ag
e
th
em
e
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase
is
h
elp
f
u
l
in
alig
n
i
n
g
th
e
g
a
m
e
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es,
tr
an
s
latin
g
th
e
o
r
eti
ca
l
g
o
als
in
to
p
r
ac
tical
g
am
e
p
lay
th
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
s
u
b
ject
m
a
tter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
i
n
cr
ea
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
a
m
es
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
j
o
y
ab
le
b
u
t
also
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
teac
h
in
g
co
m
p
lex
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
b
o
th
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
y
ield
ed
h
ig
h
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
s
,
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
3
.
7
7
(
SD=0
.
4
4
)
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
p
o
s
itiv
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
o
s
m
e
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
,
wh
ich
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
h
ig
h
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
f
o
r
s
im
ilar
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
e
an
s
co
r
es
o
b
tain
ed
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
co
n
cu
r
r
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
t
o
p
ic
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
Gen
eti
cs
s
u
b
ject
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
th
at
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
n
th
e
ca
r
d
g
am
e
ar
e
clea
r
,
co
n
cise,
an
d
ea
s
ily
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
ib
le.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
r
ated
at
a
h
ig
h
lev
el,
wh
er
e
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXPr
e
s
s
ca
r
d
g
am
e
is
r
elev
an
t
an
d
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
lev
el
o
f
B
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
with
in
th
is
g
am
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
m
aster
y
o
f
th
e
t
o
p
ic
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
ac
h
iev
ed
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
3
.
7
9
an
d
0
.
4
1
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
p
la
y
ab
ilit
y
in
clu
d
e
s
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
ca
r
d
g
am
es,
t
h
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
an
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
en
g
ag
in
g
p
la
y
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
clea
r
l
y
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
Gen
eXPr
e
s
s
ca
r
d
g
am
e
r
an
k
s
h
ig
h
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
lay
ab
ilit
y
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
to
b
o
th
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
an
d
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
g
am
es
also
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
an
e
n
jo
y
ab
le
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
u
n
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
s
tate
d
,
as
th
ey
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
s
u
s
tain
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
in
ter
est
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
en
jo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
etitio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es
en
g
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
t
h
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
t
h
at
was
h
ig
h
ly
in
ter
p
r
etab
le,
with
v
alu
e
s
o
f
3
.
8
0
(
SD=0
.
4
0
)
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
.
Su
ch
o
u
tco
m
e
s
alig
n
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
3
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
r
esear
ch
b
y
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
n
o
n
-
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
am
in
g
elem
en
ts
en
h
an
ce
s
lear
n
in
g
b
y
m
ak
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
less
m
o
n
o
to
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
u
s
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ess
io
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
te
ac
h
in
g
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
to
p
ic.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
e
v
alu
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
as
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l f
o
r
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
First,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
6
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
I
d
r
is
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
an
al
y
s
is
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
to
o
th
e
r
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
s
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
a
lar
g
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
a
r
elativ
el
y
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
a
ct
o
f
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
last
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
g
a
m
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
Gen
e
XPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
was
d
esig
n
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
W
h
ile
th
is
f
o
cu
s
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
d
etailed
ev
al
u
atio
n
,
it
lim
i
ts
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
tu
r
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r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
im
ilar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
f
o
r
o
th
er
co
m
p
lex
to
p
ics
in
g
e
n
etics
a
n
d
b
io
lo
g
y
.
B
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
b
alan
ce
d
v
iew
o
f
its
f
in
d
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s
an
d
h
i
g
h
lig
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ar
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f
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r
f
u
tu
r
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r
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u
ild
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n
a
n
d
im
p
r
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v
e
th
e
ev
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o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
lik
e
th
e
G
en
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t p
o
te
n
tial a
n
d
p
r
ac
tic
ality
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXPr
ess
ca
r
d
g
am
e
as
a
n
o
v
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
with
in
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
25
:
482
-
491
490
en
g
ag
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
h
a
v
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
et
its
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
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s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
l
v
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en
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lear
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p
r
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ce
s
s
,
d
ee
p
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g
th
eir
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d
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tan
d
in
g
o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
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d
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h
an
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g
b
o
th
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s
o
cia
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ter
ac
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s
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ac
a
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p
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ce
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B
ased
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m
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ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
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s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
aim
to
in
clu
d
e
a
lar
g
er
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d
m
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g
s
to
im
p
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th
e
g
e
n
er
al
izab
ilit
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o
f
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
em
ap
p
licab
le
to
a
b
r
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a
d
er
p
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p
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latio
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.
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esear
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s
s
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id
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v
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lv
in
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p
ar
ticip
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ts
f
r
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m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
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ca
tio
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s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
lev
els,
an
d
s
o
cio
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ec
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n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
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d
s
to
ca
p
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wid
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an
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f
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p
ec
tiv
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a
n
d
lear
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in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
s
id
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
l
o
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g
itu
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ter
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tu
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u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
eten
tio
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o
f
DNA
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
wh
eth
er
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
e
n
ef
its
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
ter
m
ar
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
also
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
im
ilar
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
to
o
ls
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
c
o
m
p
lex
to
p
ics
in
g
en
etics
a
n
d
b
io
lo
g
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
DNA
r
ep
licatio
n
,
m
eio
s
is
,
m
u
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
tein
s
y
n
th
esis
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
Gen
eXp
r
ess
ca
r
d
g
a
m
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
licated
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
th
e
Ge
n
eXp
r
ess
ca
r
d
g
a
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
v
ar
io
u
s
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
in
g
s
ty
les,
to
id
en
tify
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
in
to
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
a
tio
n
s
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
u
il
d
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
im
p
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v
em
en
t a
n
d
v
alid
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o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
lik
e
th
e
Gen
eXp
r
e
s
s
ca
r
d
g
am
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
G
.
D
u
n
c
a
n
a
n
d
B
.
J.
R
e
i
s
e
r
,
“
R
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
a
c
r
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ss
o
n
t
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
d
i
st
i
n
c
t
l
e
v
e
l
s:
S
t
u
d
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n
t
s’
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
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d
i
n
g
s
o
f
mo
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e
c
u
l
a
r
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
S
c
i
e
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T
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a
c
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g
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v
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l
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4
,
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o
.
7
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p
p
.
9
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p
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o
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:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
t
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a
.
2
0
1
8
6
.
[
2
]
E.
O
sma
n
,
S
.
B
o
u
J
a
o
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
H
.
H
a
md
a
n
,
“
A
n
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n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
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o
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o
f
L
e
b
a
n
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se
G
7
-
1
2
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
mi
s
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
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–
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2
8
0
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2
0
1
7
,
d
o
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:
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0
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7
/
s1
0
7
6
3
-
0
1
6
-
9
7
4
3
-
9.
[
3
]
S
.
H
a
w
l
e
y
,
J
.
M
o
r
r
i
s,
N
.
P
o
k
r
y
w
k
a
,
M
.
S
m
i
t
h
,
J.
S
t
e
i
n
h
a
u
e
r
,
a
n
d
T.
S
t
e
v
e
n
s,
“
W
h
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t
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
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c
e
p
t
(
s)
d
o
y
o
u
t
h
i
n
k
a
r
e
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
e
st
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
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n
t
s
t
o
g
r
a
s
p
?
”
T
r
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n
d
s
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n
G
e
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c
s
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v
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l
.
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.
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0
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0
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.
[
4
]
L.
K
.
W
r
i
g
h
t
,
J
.
N
.
F
i
sk
,
a
n
d
D
.
L.
N
e
w
man
,
“
D
N
A
→
R
N
A
:
W
h
a
t
d
o
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
h
i
n
k
t
h
e
a
r
r
o
w
m
e
a
n
s?
”
C
BE
—
L
i
f
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
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2
,
p
p
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3
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–
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n
.
2
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,
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:
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0
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1
1
8
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/
c
b
e
.
c
b
e
-
13
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09
-
0
1
8
8
.
[
5
]
Y
.
C
.
C
h
u
a
n
d
N
.
R
e
i
d
,
“
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
s
a
t
s
c
h
o
o
l
l
e
v
e
l
:
A
d
d
r
e
ss
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
e
s,”
Re
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
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g
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c
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
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n
,
v
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.
3
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3
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6
3
5
1
4
3
.
2
0
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2
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7
3
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.
[
6
]
M
.
H
a
sk
e
l
-
I
t
t
a
h
a
n
d
A
.
Y
a
r
d
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n
,
“
S
t
u
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t
s’
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
p
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d
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t
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f
f
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d
t
h
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u
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d
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l
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mec
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a
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sm,
”
C
BE
L
i
f
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S
c
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Ed
u
c
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t
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o
n
,
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sig
n
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:
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@fsm
t.
u
p
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.
m
y
.
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