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u
t
m
a
n
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p
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till
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to
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p
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en
s
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te
n
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b
atter
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at
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last
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g
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h
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latest
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esear
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s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
p
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p
le
h
av
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tr
ied
d
if
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t
wa
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s
to
m
a
k
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W
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u
s
e
less
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g
y
s
u
ch
as
g
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p
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n
s
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s
to
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et
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an
d
f
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d
in
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b
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w
a
y
s
to
s
e
n
d
d
ata.
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v
e
n
w
it
h
th
e
s
e
s
tep
s
f
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w
ar
d
m
a
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y
s
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s
te
m
s
s
till
d
o
n
'
t la
s
t a
s
lo
n
g
as t
h
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
o
r
w
o
r
k
as
w
ell
as
w
e
'
d
li
k
e
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
is
s
u
e
r
ev
o
l
v
es
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
n
ee
d
to
cu
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d
o
w
n
o
n
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
w
h
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
d
ata
m
o
v
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n
g
.
Old
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s
c
h
o
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g
r
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u
p
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g
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et
h
o
d
s
,
w
h
ile
h
elp
f
u
l
o
f
te
n
ca
n
no
t
s
p
r
ea
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
lo
ad
am
o
n
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
to
f
ail
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n
an
d
m
a
k
e
t
h
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n
et
w
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r
k
wo
r
k
.
So
,
it
'
s
cr
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cial
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co
m
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u
p
w
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n
e
w
id
ea
s
to
tack
le
t
h
ese
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
6
]
–
[
9
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
i
s
s
it
u
atio
n
,
o
u
r
r
esea
r
ch
p
u
ts
f
o
r
w
ar
d
a
f
r
esh
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
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t
co
m
b
in
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s
a
f
in
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-
t
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n
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d
g
r
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p
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d
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ased
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n
K
-
Me
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s
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d
Sil
h
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s
co
r
e
p
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w
ith
a
b
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w
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y
to
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d
ata.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
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m
s
to
f
o
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m
s
e
n
s
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clu
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s
m
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w
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d
u
r
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n
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
B
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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R
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f
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&
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b
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N:
2089
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4864
I
n
teg
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a
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s
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(
A
d
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lma
n
i
)
27
d
em
o
n
s
tr
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th
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ef
f
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ter
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p
ar
ts
as
w
e
ll.
Fin
all
y
,
in
t
h
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
5
,
w
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l a
n
d
its
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
I
n
th
e
la
s
t p
ar
t,
th
e
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
m
ad
e.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
A
nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
W
SNs
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
K
-
Me
a
n
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
r
a
d
i
tio
n
al
K
-
Me
a
n
s
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
h
a
s
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
b
y
s
ep
ar
atin
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
i
n
to
clu
s
ter
s
ea
ch
w
it
h
a
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
th
at
f
ac
il
itates
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
w
i
th
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
h
as
r
ec
en
tl
y
b
ee
n
an
atte
m
p
t
to
m
a
k
e
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ev
en
m
o
r
e
o
p
tim
a
l
b
y
m
i
x
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
m
etr
ics
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
K
a
d
im
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
to
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
CH
s
i
n
W
SN
s
b
y
r
e
p
la
c
i
n
g
t
w
o
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
CH
s
w
ith
a
s
in
g
l
e
o
n
e
,
u
s
in
g
g
en
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
s
.
I
t
u
ti
l
i
ze
s
th
e
K
-
M
e
an
s
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
C
H
s
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
s
e
l
ec
t
i
o
n
o
f
in
i
t
i
al
c
en
t
r
o
i
ds
.
D
i
ak
h
a
t
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
u
s
e
th
e
f
i
r
ef
ly
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
t
o
o
p
t
im
i
z
e
CH
s
el
e
c
ti
o
n
in
W
SN
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
cy
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
f
in
e
tu
n
in
g
o
f
p
a
r
am
e
te
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
i
r
ef
l
ie
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
7
]
u
s
es
m
in
-
m
ax
k
-
m
e
an
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
ce
n
t
r
o
i
d
s
el
e
c
ti
o
n
,
w
ith
l
im
i
t
at
i
o
n
s
r
el
a
t
e
d
t
o
th
e
in
i
ti
a
l
c
e
n
t
r
o
i
d
s
e
le
c
t
i
o
n
an
d
th
e
d
ef
in
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
cl
u
s
t
e
r
s
K
.
M
w
a
n
g
i
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
CH
s
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
as
ed
o
n
an
ex
ten
d
ed
K
-
Me
an
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
W
SN
s
.
I
t
ch
o
o
s
e
s
n
o
d
es
clo
s
e
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
,
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
BS
,
a
n
d
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
to
a
v
o
id
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
P
an
c
h
al
a
n
d
Si
n
g
h
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
w
ar
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
-
b
ased
CH
s
el
ec
t
io
n
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
(
E
A
D
C
R
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
W
SN
s
b
y
r
ed
u
c
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
u
n
iq
u
e
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
a
m
u
lt
i
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
a
y
p
o
s
e
ch
al
len
g
e
s
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
P
an
c
h
al
a
n
d
Si
n
g
h
[
2
0
]
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
h
y
b
r
id
cl
u
s
t
er
in
g
an
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
(
E
E
HC
H
R
)
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
w
h
i
ch
u
s
es
E
u
cl
id
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
,
f
u
zz
y
c
-
m
ea
n
s
(
FC
M)
,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
w
it
h
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ica
l
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
o
u
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
ased
o
n
Naïv
e
B
a
y
e
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
(
HR
A
NP
)
.
C
H
s
ar
e
s
elec
te
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
al
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
C
H,
w
h
ic
h
is
esti
m
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
Naï
v
e
B
ay
es
cla
s
s
i
f
ier
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
s
e
lec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
s
,
th
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
C
Hs.
T
h
e
b
est
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
C
H
to
th
e
BS
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
an
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
3.
SYST
E
M
O
VE
RVI
E
W
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
et
ailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el.
I
t
s
tar
ts
w
it
h
a
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
n
ex
p
lan
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el.
A
f
ter
w
ar
d
,
s
ev
er
al
d
ef
i
n
it
io
n
s
a
n
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ar
e
o
u
tli
n
ed
.
3
.
1
.
N
et
wo
rk
m
o
del
Ou
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
s
tatic
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
m
p
r
is
i
n
g
a
BS
an
d
n
f
ix
ed
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
t
h
at
th
e
W
SN
is
i
n
a
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
al
p
lan
e.
A
BS
co
llects
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
ca
tter
ed
to
co
llect
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
we
m
ak
e
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
:
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
ca
t
ter
ed
in
a
t
w
o
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
p
lan
e
a
n
d
r
em
ai
n
s
tatio
n
ar
y
a
f
ter
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t;
all
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
i
n
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ar
ea
ar
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
,
w
i
th
eq
u
al
i
n
i
tial
en
er
g
y
an
d
id
en
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies;
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
a
w
ar
e
o
f
th
e
ir
p
o
s
itio
n
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
an
d
t
h
eir
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
ca
n
d
esig
n
a
te
C
Hs
to
m
er
g
e
d
u
p
lica
te
d
ata;
an
d
th
e
B
S
h
a
s
u
n
li
m
ited
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
en
ab
li
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e.
3
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
c
o
ns
u
m
ptio
n
mo
del
Ou
r
p
ap
er
u
s
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
d
ef
in
ed
in
l
o
w
e
n
er
g
y
ad
a
p
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
ar
ch
y
(
L
E
AC
H)
f
o
r
W
SN
s
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
t
w
o
ca
s
e
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
d
es.
I
f
t
h
is
d
is
ta
n
ce
ex
ce
ed
s
a
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
0
,
th
e
m
u
l
tip
ath
d
ec
ay
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
el
i
s
u
s
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
s
ig
n
al
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
.
O
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
if
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
le
s
s
t
h
an
0
,
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
ch
a
n
n
el
m
o
d
el
is
ap
p
lied
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
0
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
26
-
34
28
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
(
1
)
,
allo
w
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
el
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
:
0
=
√
ℇ
ℇ
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
ℇ
a
n
d
ℇ
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
er
am
p
li
f
ier
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
o
d
el
.
is
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
a
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
m
b
it
s
o
f
d
ata
to
an
o
t
h
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
lo
ca
ted
at
a
d
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
=
{
+
ℇ
2
,
<
0
+
ℇ
4
,
≥
0
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
a
s
e
n
s
o
r
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
a
p
ac
k
et,
an
d
d
is
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itt
in
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
b
y
a
n
o
d
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
m
m
m
b
it
s
o
f
d
ata
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
d
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
3
)
:
=
(
3
)
th
is
eq
u
a
tio
n
i
n
d
icate
s
th
a
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
d
ata
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
its
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
d
d
o
es n
o
t
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
d
b
et
w
e
en
th
e
n
o
d
es.
4.
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
h
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
h
a
s
es:
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
clu
s
ter
lead
er
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
a
g
g
r
eg
atio
n
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
p
h
a
s
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
w
ar
d
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
n
o
d
es,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
d
ata
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ar
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ef
f
icien
t in
tr
a
n
o
d
e
an
d
in
ter
n
o
d
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
s
e
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
to
th
e
BS
.
4
.
1
.
T
he
clus
t
er
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
C
lu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
a
cr
u
ci
al
s
tep
in
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
SNs
.
T
h
is
cl
u
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
ill
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
asp
ec
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
K
-
Me
an
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
lets
cr
ea
tin
g
cl
u
s
t
er
s
in
a
w
a
y
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
in
tr
a
-
cl
u
s
ter
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
u
t
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
eq
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
lo
ad
s
w
h
ich
w
il
l
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
Ou
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
tar
ts
b
y
in
itial
izin
g
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
K
-
Me
an
s
++
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
o
i
d
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
:
=
{
1
,
2
,
…
…
.
,
}
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
o
f
th
e
i
-
t
h
clu
s
ter
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
is
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
w
it
h
th
e
clo
s
est
ce
n
t
r
o
id
,
u
s
in
g
a
d
is
t
an
ce
w
e
ig
h
t
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
.
Fo
r
a
n
o
d
e
,
th
e
as
s
ig
n
m
en
t is d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
:
(
)
=
(
‖
−
‖
2
(
)
)
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
‖
−
‖
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
s
en
s
o
r
n
an
d
ce
n
tr
o
id
,
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
n.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
o
id
s
ar
e
u
p
d
ated
b
y
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
t
h
e
w
eig
h
ted
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
w
ei
g
h
ti
n
g
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esi
d
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es:
=
∑
×
(
)
∈
∑
(
)
∈
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
th
e
i
-
th
cl
u
s
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f K
-
Mea
n
s
a
n
d
s
i
lh
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
fo
r
en
erg
y
efficien
cy
o
f wi
r
eless
s
en
s
o
r
…
(
A
d
il Hi
lma
n
i
)
29
O
u
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
es
th
e
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
i,
th
e
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
s
(
i)
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
7
)
:
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
)
{
(
)
,
(
)
}
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
,
(
)
is
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
w
ei
g
h
te
d
av
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
i a
n
d
all
o
th
er
n
o
d
es in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
cl
u
s
ter
:
(
)
=
1
|
|
−
1
∑
‖
−
‖
(
)
∈
,
≠
(
8
)
(
)
is
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
w
ei
g
h
ted
a
v
er
a
g
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
i
a
n
d
all
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
cl
u
s
ter
to
w
h
ic
h
i
d
o
es n
o
t b
elo
n
g
:
(
)
=
≠
(
)
(
1
|
|
∑
‖
−
‖
(
)
∈
)
(
9
)
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
s
K
w
i
th
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t a
v
er
a
g
e
Si
lh
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
is
u
s
u
all
y
ch
o
s
e
n
a
s
t
h
e
o
p
tim
a
l n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
m
a
x
i
m
ize
th
e
o
v
er
all
av
er
ag
e
Sil
h
o
u
e
tte
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
ei
g
h
ted
b
y
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
:
=
1
∑
(
)
=
1
(
1
0
)
w
h
er
e,
is
th
e
to
tal
s
en
s
o
r
s
i
n
th
e
W
SN.
4
.
2
.
T
he
clus
t
er
hea
d select
i
o
n
Ou
r
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
eth
o
d
to
s
elec
t
C
Hs
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
SNs
.
T
o
s
elec
t
a
CH
,
th
r
ee
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ca
n
d
id
ate
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es o
f
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
an
d
al
s
o
th
e
d
is
ta
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
B
S.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
allo
w
s
to
ca
lcu
late
a
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
a
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
t
h
a
t
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
s
e
3
cr
iter
ia
(
1
1
)
:
=
(
)
+
1
,
+
1
,
(
1
1
)
w
h
er
e
,
(
)
is
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
i.
is
th
e
in
itial
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
(
u
s
ed
to
n
o
r
m
alize
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
)
.
,
is
th
e
m
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
s
en
s
o
r
i
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
its
clu
s
ter
.
,
is
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
n
o
d
e
i to
th
e
BS
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
e
i a
n
d
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es i
n
i
ts
clu
s
ter
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
1
2
)
:
,
=
1
|
|
∑
(
,
)
∈
(
1
2
)
o
n
ce
th
e
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
i
n
a
cl
u
s
ter
,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
f
it
n
es
s
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
is
s
e
lecte
d
as th
e
C
H:
=
a
r
g
∈
(
1
3
)
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
t
h
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
e
ca
n
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
s
e
lect
CH
s
w
h
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
x
i
m
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
to
th
e
BS
,
wh
ich
en
h
a
n
ce
s
e
n
er
g
y
b
ala
n
c
e
an
d
e
x
ten
d
s
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
's lif
e
s
p
an
.
4
.
3
.
D
a
t
a
a
g
g
re
g
a
t
io
n a
nd
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
io
n
Data
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
th
e
BS
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
a
f
ter
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ch
o
ice
o
f
t
h
e
C
Hs
i
s
m
ad
e
.
I
n
ter
-
clu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
C
H
s
is
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
d
o
n
e
in
ti
m
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A
)
w
h
i
ch
ass
i
g
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
ti
m
e
-
s
lo
t
s
to
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
.
Fo
r
ef
f
icie
n
t
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
d
ata
in
b
et
w
ee
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
cl
u
s
ter
s
o
f
n
o
d
es
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es,
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
i
s
ed
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
a
m
o
n
g
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
C
H
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
BS
an
d
also
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
o
f
C
Hs
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
26
-
34
30
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
o
u
te
s
b
et
w
ee
n
C
Hs
a
n
d
t
h
e
BS
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
-
cl
u
s
ter
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
u
tili
zi
n
g
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es.
E
ac
h
C
H
s
h
ar
es
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
it
h
its
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
e
s
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
i,
N
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
o
f
n
o
d
e
i
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
BS
(
,
)
.
O
n
ce
t
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
d
u
p
d
ated
,
ea
ch
ca
lcu
lates t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
ea
c
h
o
f
it
s
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
u
s
in
g
(
1
4
)
:
=
1
+
1
+
(
,
)
(
,
)
>
(
,
)
(
1
4
)
ea
ch
C
H
s
elec
ts
it
s
o
p
ti
m
al
p
a
th
to
th
e
BS
b
y
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
C
H
w
it
h
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
w
e
ig
h
t
as
th
e
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
BS
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
g
u
ar
a
n
t
ee
s
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
n
e
x
t
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es,
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
t
o
th
e
BS
,
ap
p
licab
le
to
b
o
th
s
in
g
le
-
h
o
p
an
d
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
e
n
h
an
ce
s
b
o
th
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
'
s
lo
n
g
ev
it
y
a
n
d
its
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
ANA
L
YSI
S
I
n
th
i
s
p
ar
t
,
w
e
w
ill
co
n
d
u
c
t
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
an
d
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
N
S2
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
E
ADC
R
[
1
9
]
,
E
E
HC
HR
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
HR
A
NP
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
ess
e
n
tial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate,
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ass
es
s
i
n
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
r
o
u
t
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
i
n
W
SN
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
air
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lt
s
,
all
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
er
e
test
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as o
u
tli
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1.
Ou
r
m
e
th
o
d
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
K
-
Me
an
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
ac
co
m
p
a
n
i
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
ed
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
Sil
h
o
u
et
te
s
co
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
co
h
esio
n
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
s
,
al
lo
w
ed
u
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
t
er
s
b
y
m
a
x
i
m
izi
n
g
th
is
s
co
r
e.
I
n
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
4
0
0
n
o
d
es,
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
w
ed
u
s
to
id
en
t
if
y
a
n
o
p
tim
a
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
6
cl
u
s
ter
s
,
th
u
s
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
e
f
f
icie
n
t
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
esu
lt o
b
tain
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
v
o
lu
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
s
(
K)
.
T
h
e
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
at
K=
6
,
th
is
p
ea
k
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
b
est
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
b
et
w
ee
n
in
ter
n
al
co
h
esio
n
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
clu
s
ter
s
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
a
clo
u
d
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
s
ix
d
is
t
in
ct
cl
u
s
t
er
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
es
u
lt o
f
t
h
e
Sil
h
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
k
=6
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
S
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
W
S
N
z
o
n
e
2
0
0
×
2
0
0
T
o
t
a
l
o
f
se
n
so
r
s
4
0
0
BS
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
s
20
0
×
2
0
0
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
2
j
S
i
z
e
o
f
d
a
t
a
p
a
c
k
e
t
5
0
0
b
y
t
e
s
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
6
0
0
s
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
d
i
u
s fo
r
e
a
c
h
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
30
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
S
i
l
h
o
u
e
t
t
e
sc
o
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
3
0
0
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sil
h
o
u
e
tte
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
k
clu
s
ter
s
f
o
r
(
a)
S
ilh
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
an
d
(
b)
clu
s
te
r
s
f
o
r
m
ed
w
it
h
k
=6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f K
-
Mea
n
s
a
n
d
s
i
lh
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
fo
r
en
erg
y
efficien
cy
o
f wi
r
eless
s
en
s
o
r
…
(
A
d
il Hi
lma
n
i
)
31
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
o
u
r
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
2
an
d
3
,
in
d
icate
th
at
it
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
E
A
DC
R
,
HR
A
NP
,
an
d
E
E
HC
HR
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
es,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate.
Ou
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
ed
b
y
its
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
ti
m
all
y
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
n
ee
d
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
es
o
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
also
u
s
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
cr
iter
ia
t
o
s
elec
t
CH
s
,
ta
k
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es a
n
d
th
e
ir
p
o
s
itio
n
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Av
er
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
n
s
is
te
n
tl
y
co
n
s
u
m
es
les
s
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
HR
A
NP
,
E
E
HC
HR
,
a
n
d
E
ADCR
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
r
em
ain
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[
1
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A
.
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c
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:
m
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h
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c
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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c
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.