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ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
S
Ns
)
,
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
d
,
s
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
4
]
.
T
w
o
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
-
b
a
s
e
d
,
u
s
i
n
g
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
,
a
n
d
p
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e
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o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
-
b
as
e
d
,
h
a
r
n
e
s
s
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n
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o
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e
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n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
,
w
av
e
s
,
a
n
d
t
i
d
e
s
[
5
]
.
S
i
n
c
e
p
ie
z
o
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
-
b
as
e
d
h
a
r
v
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s
t
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n
g
w
o
r
k
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g
a
r
d
le
s
s
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f
li
g
h
t
c
o
n
d
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t
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o
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a
n
d
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t
il
i
z
es
m
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lt
i
p
l
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n
e
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y
s
o
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r
c
es
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i
t
h
a
s
b
e
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n
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
.
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l
ec
t
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c
m
at
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al
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s
p
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ess
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s
u
c
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u
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d
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w
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e
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s
a
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b
l
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o
m
p
a
r
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n
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(
E
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m
e
t
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o
d
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u
s
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t
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ei
r
a
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g
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f
o
r
s
p
e
ci
f
i
c
a
p
p
l
ic
at
i
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
tr
ad
itio
n
al
v
s
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
wa
v
e
E
H
m
eth
o
d
s
A
sp
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t
Tr
a
d
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o
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l
P
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c
t
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S
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r
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a
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w
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d
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m
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t
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A
p
p
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c
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n
s
G
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n
e
r
a
l
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W
S
N
C
o
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v
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r
si
o
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El
e
c
t
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g
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t
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M
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h
a
n
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l
s
t
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Ef
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t
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p
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t
H
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M
o
d
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r
a
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S
c
a
l
a
b
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t
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n
d
m
a
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t
e
n
a
n
c
e
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
I
mp
a
c
t
V
a
r
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a
b
l
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Lo
w
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
S
p
e
c
i
f
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V
e
r
sat
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l
e
Li
f
e
s
p
a
n
Lo
n
g
Lo
n
g
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
E
HP)
in
u
n
d
er
wate
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
co
m
p
lex
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
it
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
6
]
,
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
elin
g
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Giv
en
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ar
r
iv
al
an
d
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
u
n
d
er
wate
r
,
m
ath
em
atica
l
th
e
o
r
y
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
izin
g
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
o
p
ts
s
to
ch
asti
c
n
etwo
r
k
ca
lcu
lu
s
(
SNC
)
to
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
er
iv
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
E
E
)
f
ac
to
r
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
wate
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
SNC
m
o
d
els
to
an
aly
ze
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
i
n
UW
SN
s
.
E
x
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els
d
er
iv
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d
f
r
o
m
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
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k
ca
lcu
lu
s
m
o
d
el
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
wate
r
en
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r
g
y
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ar
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esti
n
g
,
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ich
o
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te
n
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o
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o
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ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
SNC
n
atu
r
e
o
f
u
n
d
er
wate
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
l
o
y
s
SNC
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
u
n
d
er
wate
r
E
H,
aim
in
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e'
s
in
UW
SN.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
t
icle
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
.
Sectio
n
3
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
S
NC
m
o
d
el.
Sectio
n
4
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
in
UW
SN.
Sectio
n
5
d
etails
th
e
r
esu
lt
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
in
UW
SNs
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
,
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
an
d
r
esu
lts
v
alid
atio
n
.
Sectio
n
6
co
n
clu
d
es
with
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
o
b
jectiv
es
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
in
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
[
8
]
.
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
n
etw
o
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
f
in
ite
b
atter
y
ef
f
ec
ts
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
ac
k
et
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ased
o
n
en
er
g
y
lev
els
a
n
d
q
u
eu
e
s
ta
tu
s
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
io
n
ic
s
tr
etch
ab
le
n
an
o
-
g
en
er
ato
r
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
e
lectr
ic
ee
ls
f
o
r
wea
r
ab
le
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
Far
ia
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
ex
am
in
e
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
d
e
v
ices
to
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
wate
r
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Gu
a
n
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
s
tu
d
ied
b
u
b
b
le
b
u
o
y
a
n
cy
-
d
r
iv
en
tu
r
b
in
e
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en
er
ato
r
s
f
o
r
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y
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f
r
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les
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wate
r
,
aim
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p
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in
g
u
n
d
er
wate
r
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
L
i
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
c
r
ea
ted
a
n
ac
o
u
s
tic
f
is
h
tr
ac
k
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
p
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d
b
y
f
is
h
m
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
n
d
er
wate
r
s
en
s
o
r
l
o
ca
lizatio
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r
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eiv
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d
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
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h
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et
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l.
[
1
6
]
r
esear
ch
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o
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ater
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f
o
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en
e
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g
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a
l.
[
1
7
]
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ed
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k
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o
r
n
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r
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
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u
d
y
[
1
8
]
ai
m
e
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o
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et
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l.
[
1
9
]
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th
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li
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e
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i
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co
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ch
as
m
ec
h
an
ical,
t
h
er
m
al,
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
with
p
iez
o
elec
tr
ic
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
ei
n
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
n
o
ted
f
o
r
its
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
co
n
v
er
tin
g
wav
e
-
in
d
u
ce
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
v
i
b
r
atio
n
s
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
SNC
,
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
s
to
c
h
asti
c
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
p
lied
in
t
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
an
d
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
th
is
p
ap
er
e
x
ten
d
s
its
ap
p
licatio
n
to
u
n
d
er
wate
r
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
[
2
0
]
.
Her
e
i
s
a
T
a
b
le
3
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
Sto
ch
asti
c
an
d
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ates
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
u
n
d
e
r
wate
r
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ev
ices,
with
E
H
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
eir
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
atter
y
r
e
p
lace
m
e
n
ts
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
an
d
SNC
m
o
d
els
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
st
i
c
S
t
o
c
h
a
st
i
c
R
a
n
d
o
m
n
e
ss
No
Y
e
s
S
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Le
ss
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
B
e
t
t
e
r
f
o
r
u
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
b
l
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
s
En
e
r
g
y
r
a
t
e
S
i
mp
l
i
f
i
e
d
,
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
R
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
,
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
D
a
t
a
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
F
i
x
e
d
d
a
t
a
se
t
s
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
e
x
t
e
n
si
v
e
d
a
t
a
M
o
d
e
l
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
R
i
g
i
d
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
S
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
Lo
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
F
ST
O
CH
AS
T
I
C
M
O
DE
L
F
O
R
E
N
E
RG
Y
H
ARVES
T
I
NG
W
e
as
s
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
(
E
D)
an
d
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
E
HP)
ar
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
Sin
ce
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
e
E
HP,
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
SNC
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
,
a
b
atter
y
with
a
d
elim
ited
ca
p
ac
ity
is
u
s
ed
.
Up
o
n
f
u
ll
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
b
atter
y
d
is
ca
r
d
s
th
e
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
en
er
g
y
[
2
3
]
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
,
it
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
p
iece
o
f
p
e
r
f
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
c
h
an
n
el.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
alwa
y
s
ass
ig
n
s
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
in
co
m
in
g
tr
af
f
ic
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
ela
y
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
,
o
n
co
n
d
itio
n
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
th
a
t
is
b
ein
g
h
ar
v
ested
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
n
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
T
h
e
to
tal
tr
af
f
ic
ar
r
iv
als
in
th
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
[
,
]
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
(
,
)
.
W
e
also
ass
u
m
e
th
at
(
0
,
)
=
(
)
f
o
r
s
im
p
lific
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
∗
(
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
we
also
ass
u
m
e
th
at,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
2
0
3
1
-
2
0
4
1
2034
(
0
)
=
∗
(
0
)
=
0
(
1
)
S
im
ilar
ly
,
d
elay
o
f
th
e
last
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
iv
in
g
at
th
e
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
(
)
an
d
it c
a
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
2
)
,
W
p
(
v
)
=
in
f
{
v
0
:
A
p
(
v
)
≤
A
p
∗
(
v
+
v
0
)
}
,
(
2
)
T
h
e
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t,
d
e
n
o
ted
b
y
(
,
0
)
,
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
3
)
.
{
(
)
>
0
}
≤
(
3
)
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
tr
af
f
ic
d
elay
s
d
o
n
o
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
ex
ce
ed
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
0
,
we
ha
v
e
estab
lis
h
ed
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
v
io
latio
n
b
o
u
n
d
,
.
T
h
is
b
o
u
n
d
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t,
lim
itin
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
d
ela
y
s
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
0
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
.
T
h
e
SNC
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
two
b
asic
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
:
s
t
o
ch
asti
c
ar
r
iv
al
cu
r
v
e
(
SAC
)
an
d
s
to
ch
asti
c
s
er
v
ice
cu
r
v
e
(
SS
C
)
,
wh
ich
d
e
s
cr
ib
e
in
p
u
t
tr
af
f
ic
ar
r
iv
als
an
d
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
A
n
etwo
r
k
f
lo
w
(
)
h
as
a
SAC
(
)
f
o
r
all
≥
≥
0
an
d
≥
0
with
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
n
o
tatio
n
∼
<
,
>
th
en
th
er
e
h
o
ld
s
[
2
4
]
.
{
0
≤
≤
{
(
,
)
−
(
,
)
}
>
}
≤
(
)
(
4
)
A
n
etwo
r
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
a
n
n
els
h
as
an
SS
C
(
)
f
o
r
all
≥
0
an
d
≥
0
with
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
n
o
tatio
n
∼
<
,
0
>
th
en
th
er
e
h
o
ld
s
:
{
⊗
(
)
−
∗
(
)
>
}
≤
(
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
o
l
d
s
tr
u
e
wh
en
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
-
p
l
u
s
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
(
*
)
.
⊗
(
)
≜
0
≤
≤
{
(
)
+
(
,
)
}
(
6
)
T
h
e
(
(
)
,
(
)
)
tr
af
f
ic
m
o
d
el
is
u
tili
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
to
a
n
aly
s
e
tr
af
f
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
es
th
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
ar
r
iv
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
A
with
a
c
u
r
v
e
(
)
∼
<
−
,
(
)
+
(
)
>
,
wh
er
e
(
(
)
,
(
)
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
ch
o
s
en
p
ar
am
eter
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
p
a
tter
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
ON
-
OFF
,
Ma
r
k
o
v
m
o
d
u
lated
,
an
d
Po
is
s
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ep
r
esen
ted
u
s
in
g
th
is
m
o
d
el.
1
[
(
0
,
)
]
≤
(
)
+
(
)
ℎ
=
2
(
1
+
0
)
(
7
)
T
h
is
(
7
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
ℎ
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Her
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el,
is
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al,
an
d
0
d
en
o
tes
th
e
n
o
is
e
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
ter
m
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
o
n
th
e
ch
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
as
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al
in
c
r
ea
s
es
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
n
o
is
e,
th
e
ch
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ically
.
T
h
i
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
b
an
d
wid
t
h
,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
n
o
is
e
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
el.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
w
e
s
h
o
w
th
at
tr
af
f
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
th
e
d
elay
li
m
itatio
n
(
,
0
)
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
we
em
p
lo
y
th
e
g
en
er
ally
ac
ce
p
ted
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
SNC
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
u
n
d
er
wate
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
we
ca
n
ad
ap
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
el
to
a
cc
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
u
n
d
er
wate
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
a
two
-
s
tate
Ma
r
k
o
v
ch
ain
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
en
o
te
d
as
(
)
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
ed
b
y
ON
a
n
d
OFF
s
tates
[
2
7
]
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
t
e
n
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
.
E
n
er
g
y
is
d
ep
leted
in
th
e
ON
s
tate,
wh
il
e
it
is
co
n
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
OFF
s
t
ate.
T
r
an
s
itio
n
tim
es
b
etwe
en
ON
an
d
OFF
s
tate
s
f
o
llo
w
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
with
m
ea
n
s
o
f
1
/
an
d
1
/
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
a
v
er
ag
e
s
tate
tr
an
s
itio
n
cy
cle
(
STC)
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
=
(
+
)
/
1
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
o
u
r
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
th
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ex
h
ib
its
s
tat
io
n
ar
y
an
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
in
cr
em
en
ts
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
a
t
(
,
)
r
em
ain
s
u
n
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
(
+
,
+
)
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
n
eg
ativ
e
v
ar
iab
les
u
,
v
,
x
,
an
d
y
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
8
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Un
d
erw
a
ter
en
erg
y
h
a
r
ve
s
tin
g
mo
d
el
fo
r
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
a
l
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
…
(
S
.
R
.
V
i
g
n
esh
)
2035
{
(
,
)
>
}
≡
{
(
+
,
+
)
>
}
(
8
)
S
im
ilar
ly
,
th
e
E
HP p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ℎ
(
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
9
)
.
ℎ
(
)
=
0
−
(
)
(
9
)
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
m
o
d
elled
b
y
(
)
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
we
m
ak
e
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
f
o
r
an
y
>
0
an
d
>
0
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
m
et:
[
ℎ
(
0
,
)
]
≥
ℎ
[
(
0
,
)
]
(
1
0
)
Giv
en
th
at
b
o
th
ℎ
(
)
an
d
(
)
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
ia
b
les,
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
h
at
(
)
co
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
ℎ
(
)
at
ce
r
tain
tim
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
we
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
n
o
tatio
n
(
)
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
lo
wer
lev
el
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
u
p
to
ti
m
e
,
an
d
(
)
=
{
0
,
(
1
−
)
+
(
1
−
)
⋅
(
)
−
ℎ
(
)
⋅
(
1
−
)
}
=
0
≤
≤
{
(
,
)
−
ℎ
(
,
)
}
(
1
1
)
Ass
u
m
e
th
at
at
tim
e
0
b
atter
y
h
as
f
u
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
.
W
h
en
a
lo
wer
lev
el
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
e
x
ce
ed
s
th
e
av
ailab
l
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
th
e
r
e
will
b
e
e
n
er
g
y
in
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
.
Ass
u
m
e
th
at
we
h
av
e
a
b
atter
y
with
ca
p
ac
ity
th
en
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
in
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
elled
as
(
1
2
)
.
{
(
)
>
}
≤
,
(
1
2
)
I
n
(
12
),
th
at
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
io
latio
n
b
o
u
n
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
g
ath
er
ed
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
u
n
d
er
wat
er
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
EE
o
f
a
n
UW
SN,
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
b
0
(
in
d
ec
i
b
els),
is
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
er
b
it b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
t
r
al
d
en
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
(
0
)
,
i.e
.
0
⋅
=
10
10
(
0
0
)
,
(
1
3
)
wh
er
e
'
'
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
ar
r
iv
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
As a
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
g
iv
en
ab
o
v
e,
we
ca
n
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
p
t
im
is
atio
n
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
as:
wh
er
e
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
r
m
a
x
im
u
m
r
ate
o
f
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
r
ate
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
ca
n
b
e
d
er
i
v
ed
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
ll
y
u
n
d
er
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
d
en
o
ted
as
(
,
)
an
d
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
d
e
n
o
ted
as
(
,
0
)
.
An
e
n
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
m
an
n
er
:
M
in
0
(
,
0
,
1
)
or
ma
x
(
0
,
0
,
1
)
ℎ
≥
(
)
,
{
(
)
>
0
}
≤
,
E
[
(
0
,
)
]
≥
E
[
(
0
,
)
]
,
(
)
>
≤
(
1
4
)
w
h
er
e
0
=
,
0
,
1
=
,
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
o
u
r
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
estab
lis
h
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ate
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
i
v
al
an
d
th
e
r
ate
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
.
T
h
is
r
esear
c
h
h
as
d
ir
ec
t
r
elev
an
ce
to
u
n
d
er
wate
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
er
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
r
ela
te
to
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
is
cr
u
c
ial.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
o
p
tim
is
in
g
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
wat
er
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
4.
ANALY
T
I
CAL
M
O
DE
L
F
O
R
E
NE
RG
Y
H
AR
VE
ST
I
N
G
I
N
UWSN
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
we
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
ar
r
iv
al
tr
af
f
ic
th
at
is
Po
is
s
o
n
in
n
atu
r
e
with
th
e
p
a
ck
ets
o
f
co
n
s
tan
t
s
ize.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
two
f
o
ld
s
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
ld
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
ate
(
T
R
)
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
(
T
AR
)
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
d
elay
.
Similar
ly
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
ld
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
(
E
HR
)
an
d
T
P
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SAC
with
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
u
n
c
tio
n
.
(
)
=
1
[
(
0
,
)
]
=
(
−
1
)
(
)
=
−
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
2
0
3
1
-
2
0
4
1
2036
I
n
th
e
(
1
5
)
,
av
er
ag
e
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
an
d
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
with
th
e
n
o
tatio
n
s
an
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
ar
am
eter
th
at
is
n
o
n
-
n
eg
ativ
e
in
n
atu
r
e
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
T
h
e
f
ix
e
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
with
th
e
d
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
ch
a
n
n
el'
s
s
er
v
ice
cu
r
v
e
h
o
ld
,
(
)
=
,
(
)
=
0
(
1
6
)
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
we
h
av
e
(
1
7
)
.
ℎ
≥
⋅
(
−
1
)
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
elay
p
ar
am
eter
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
eled
as f
o
llo
ws with
th
e
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t e
n
er
g
y
an
d
d
elay
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
0
:
Pro
b
{
(
)
>
0
}
≤
Pro
b
{
0
≤
≤
[
+
ℎ
⊗
(
+
0
)
−
ℎ
∗
(
+
0
)
]
>
0
}
≤
⊗
(
ℎ
0
)
=
−
ℎ
0
wh
er
e
=
ℎ
(
,
)
−
(
,
)
(
1
8
)
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
to
s
tu
d
y
en
e
r
g
y
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
d
elay
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
(
1
9
)
.
Pr
ob
{
(
)
>
0
}
=
Pr
ob
{
(
)
>
0
∣
(
)
≤
}
+
Pr
ob
{
(
)
>
}
(
1
9
)
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
h
o
ld
s
=
−
0
(
1
−
)
+
,
−
ℎ
0
=
−
1
−
Similar
ly
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
h
o
ld
s
as with
=
−
1
−
ℎ
=
ln
(
1
/
)
0
(
2
0
)
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
17
)
an
d
(
20
)
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
d
er
iv
e
d
b
etwe
en
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
is
attain
ed
as
(
2
1
)
,
ℎ
≥
ln
(
1
/
)
0
ln
(
ln
(
1
/
)
0
/
⋅
+
1
)
(
2
1
)
wh
er
e
th
e
eq
u
ality
h
o
ld
s
if
a
n
d
o
n
ly
i
f
=
ln
(
ln
(
1
/
)
0
/
+
1
)
(
2
2
)
Her
e,
eq
u
atio
n
(
21
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
m
in
im
u
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
th
at
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ee
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
d
elay
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
wate
r
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e
f
o
r
tr
a
f
f
ic
th
at
ar
r
iv
es
in
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
ily
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
ca
n
b
e
est
im
ated
b
ased
o
n
(
21
)
f
o
r
th
e
g
iv
en
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate.
I
n
u
n
d
e
r
wate
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
E
h
av
e
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
T
P
d
en
o
tes
P.
Pro
v
id
ed
th
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
tr
af
f
ic,
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
te
d
as
D
(
)
.
No
w,
b
ased
o
n
th
is
en
e
r
g
y
d
ef
icit in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tically
b
o
u
n
d
ed
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
is
d
er
i
v
ed
as:
Pr
ob
{
(
)
>
}
≤
Pr
ob
{
(
−
(
1
)
)
>
}
≤
−
[
(
−
(
1
)
)
]
≤
−
(
2
3
)
I
n
(
2
3
)
,
is
a
f
r
ee
p
ar
am
eter
t
h
at
is
n
o
n
-
n
eg
ativ
e
in
n
atu
r
e.
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e'
s
b
atter
y
h
as
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
,
th
en
en
e
r
g
y
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ed
b
y
(
23
)
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
is
b
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
e
−
.
Ass
u
m
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
h
as a
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
(
,
)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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Un
d
erw
a
ter
en
erg
y
h
a
r
ve
s
tin
g
mo
d
el
fo
r
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g
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l
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p
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tio
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…
(
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.
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.
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i
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esh
)
2037
=
ln
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1
/
)
(
2
4
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h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
E
HR
an
d
T
P is
s
tated
in
(
10
)
:
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≤
1
ln
[
(
)
]
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1
ln
[
(
0
−
(
)
)
]
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1
2
(
0
−
−
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√
(
0
+
−
)
2
+
4
)
≜
(
0
,
)
(
2
5
)
I
n
(
25
)
,
is
attain
ed
f
r
o
m
(
24
)
.
T
o
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
T
R
an
d
E
HR
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
(
7
)
,
(
24
)
an
d
(
25
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
ℎ
≤
l
og
2
(
1
+
(
0
,
ln
(
1
/
)
/
)
0
)
(
2
6
)
In
(
2
6
)
,
(
0
,
ln
(
1
/
)
/
)
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
(
25
)
.
Fo
r
th
e
g
iv
en
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
an
d
d
elay
,
to
s
u
s
tain
th
e
in
co
m
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
with
av
er
ag
e
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
r
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
0
min
is
attain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
in
eq
u
ality
d
er
iv
ed
in
(
26
)
.
0
min
=
(
2
ℎ
m
in
b
−
1
)
0
(
(
2
ℎ
m
in
−
1
)
0
+
+
)
(
2
ℎ
m
in
ℎ
−
1
)
0
+
(
2
7
)
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
if
we
k
n
o
w
th
e
d
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
,
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t th
at
is
s
u
s
tain
ed
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
s
ely
d
ed
u
ce
d
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
h
o
ld
s
,
max
=
/
h
m
ax
−
1
,
(
2
8
)
I
n
th
e
(
2
8
)
,
=
ln
(
1
/
)
0
an
d
=
−
1
−
.
Similar
ly
,
C
m
ax
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
0
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
cr
ea
te
a
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
u
s
in
g
SNC
in
R
iv
er
b
ed
Mo
d
eler
,
y
o
u
will
m
o
d
el
an
UW
SN
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
0
n
o
d
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
with
in
a
1
0
0
0
m
n
etwo
r
k
a
r
ea
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
will
h
av
e
an
in
itial
en
er
g
y
o
f
5
0
J
,
an
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
will
o
p
er
ate
with
v
a
r
y
in
g
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
,
an
d
3
0
0
J
.
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
will
b
e
s
et
at
X,
Y,
a
n
d
Z
,
with
an
ev
e
n
t
in
ter
v
al
o
f
1
0
0
0
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
will
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
o
is
e
an
d
c
h
an
n
el
b
an
d
wid
th
.
Sta
te
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
will
o
cc
u
r
e
v
er
y
1
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
an
g
es
in
en
er
g
y
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
b
ala
n
ce
b
etwe
en
e
n
er
g
y
in
tak
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
ch
asti
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
will
in
v
o
lv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
R
iv
er
b
ed
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
SNC
to
m
o
d
el
en
er
g
y
f
lo
ws,
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ities
an
d
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ates
o
n
o
v
er
a
ll
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
C
h
an
n
el
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
we
r
e
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
p
ac
ities
an
d
Ma
r
k
o
v
ch
ain
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
T
ab
le
4
d
etails
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
v
alid
ates
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
em
with
s
im
u
lated
o
u
tco
m
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
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u
mb
e
r
o
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d
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t
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k
a
r
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Ev
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v
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s
I
n
i
t
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a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
50
J
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
,
3
0
0
J
EH
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0
.
1
,
0
.
2
,
0
.
3
J/
s
B
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
o
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e
0
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7
W
/
Hz
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
b
a
n
d
w
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d
t
h
11
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S
t
a
t
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
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o
n
c
y
c
l
e
1
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
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20
25
:
2
0
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2038
5
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
pa
c
k
et
s
ize
o
n
E
H
R
a
nd
E
E
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
an
d
ar
r
iv
al
r
ates
o
n
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
co
llectio
n
r
ate
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
E
HR
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
,
s
ev
e
r
al
k
e
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Alter
in
g
th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
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d
ar
r
iv
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a
tes
r
ev
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led
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ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
v
is
u
ally
en
ca
p
s
u
lates
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
h
o
w
ch
an
g
es
in
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
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llectio
n
r
ates
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ain
tain
ef
f
i
cien
t
E
HR
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
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T
h
is
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
ac
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c
h
ar
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ter
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en
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eq
u
ir
em
en
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u
t
also
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n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
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n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
p
tim
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ac
k
et
d
esig
n
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d
t
r
an
s
m
is
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tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
a
n
ce
EE
in
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r
e
a
p
p
licati
o
n
s
.
T
o
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
o
n
m
i
n
im
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
co
llectio
n
r
at
e,
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
o
f
1
0
0
(
k
b
its
)
an
d
5
0
0
(
k
b
its
)
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
n
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
h
as b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
t
h
at
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
ex
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
an
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
ate
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
e
s
tin
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
with
lar
g
er
p
ac
k
et
s
izes,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
u
m
es
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it
tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
a
lar
g
er
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
r
esu
lts
in
m
o
r
e
s
to
ch
asti
c
ar
r
iv
al
r
ates,
wh
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
h
ig
h
e
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
a
h
ig
h
er
d
ata
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ate
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t a
n
d
t
h
e
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
we
co
n
s
id
er
0
as
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
as
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le,
we
ca
n
also
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
u
s
tai
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
r
ate.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
d
en
o
ted
b
y
b
0
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
As
p
er
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
in
(
13
)
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
en
er
g
y
is
h
ig
h
e
r
if
b
N
0
less
er
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
p
ac
k
et
s
ize
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
E
E
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
E
E
h
as
a
co
n
v
ex
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
r
.
T
h
is
im
p
lie
s
th
at
a
h
ig
h
er
a
r
r
iv
al
r
ate
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
a
x
im
is
e
E
E
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
v
s
E
HR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
v
s
E
H
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
ac
k
et
s
izes
5
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
dela
y
co
ns
t
ra
i
nt
o
n E
H
R
a
nd
E
E
I
n
th
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
E
HR
an
d
E
E
u
s
in
g
a
f
ix
ed
p
a
ck
et
s
ize
o
f
5
0
0
k
b
its
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
two
d
is
tin
ct
ar
r
iv
al
r
ates:
5
a
n
d
10
Kb
p
s
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
ates
o
f
d
ata
a
r
r
iv
al
a
f
f
e
ct
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
a
r
r
iv
al
r
ates
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
ac
k
et
s
ize,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ass
ess
h
o
w
d
elay
s
im
p
ac
t
b
o
th
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
E
HR
d
ata
an
d
th
e
E
E
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
s
u
ch
o
t
h
er
u
n
d
er
wate
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiated
d
ela
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
d
em
an
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
wate
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
th
at
is
in
p
lace
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
m
o
d
el
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
ee
d
s
to
o
f
f
er
a
ce
r
tain
m
in
im
u
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
r
ate.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
h
as
b
ee
n
an
aly
ze
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fro
m
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
E
H
R
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
d
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
lo
o
s
er
d
elay
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ates
will
b
e
lo
wer
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
r
ates
will
b
e
lo
wer
as
well.
T
h
e
cu
r
v
es
r
es
u
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
an
al
y
tical
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
b
o
th
th
e
f
ig
u
r
es
d
em
o
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ate
a
s
m
o
o
th
d
ec
r
ea
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g
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en
d
as
th
e
d
elay
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
in
c
r
ea
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
u
n
d
er
an
in
f
in
ite
d
ela
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t,
th
e
T
R
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a
r
r
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ate
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e
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itio
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r
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in
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
h
o
llo
w
s
ec
tio
n
(
R
HS)
o
f
(
2
1
)
.
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I
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ter
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a
r
ve
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tin
g
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el
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tio
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s
in
g
…
(
S
.
R
.
V
i
g
n
esh
)
2039
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Min
im
u
m
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
llectio
n
r
ate
(
W
)
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
(
Kb
p
s
)
vs
d
elay
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
(
s
)
5
.
3
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
t
a
t
e
t
r
a
ns
it
io
n t
a
ble o
n e
nerg
y
ins
uff
icien
cy
pro
ba
bil
it
y
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
in
s
u
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
is
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
es:
1,
10
,
a
n
d
1
0
0
s
f
o
r
th
e
STC.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
aly
zin
g
h
o
w
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
t
STC
v
alu
es
im
p
ac
t
th
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
cy
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
n
u
an
ce
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
v
a
r
y
in
g
lev
els o
f
STC af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
as
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
in
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
L
ar
g
er
b
atter
ies
ca
n
s
to
r
e
m
o
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ev
en
wh
e
n
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
is
lo
w.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
m
ee
t
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
d
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
th
e
lo
n
g
er
s
tate
tr
an
s
itio
n
c
y
cle
(
STCs
)
d
u
e
to
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
is
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
tim
e
th
e
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
is
d
e
p
leted
b
y
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
c
y
cle
tim
e
is
1
/
.
W
i
th
lo
n
g
er
cy
cles,
lo
wer
en
e
r
g
y
lev
els
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
lar
g
er
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
d
ete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
in
s
u
f
f
icien
cy
lev
els.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
(
W
h
)
v
s
en
er
g
y
in
s
u
f
ficien
cy
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
T
h
e
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic
s
ev
alu
ated
in
clu
d
e
E
H
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t.
Ou
r
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
ex
is
tin
g
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
s
am
e
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
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[
1
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