I
nd
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ne
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n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
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Co
m
pu
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er
Science
Vo
l.
3
8
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.
1
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A
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r
il
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
50
~
62
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
3
8
.
i
1
.
pp
50
-
62
50
J
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l ho
m
ep
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e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
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esco
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m
A hybrid
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a
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In
re
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e
n
t
y
e
a
rs,
s
o
lar
wa
ter
p
u
m
p
in
g
sy
ste
m
s
(W
P
S
)
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
fu
e
l
-
fre
e
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
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m
e
n
tally
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e
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ficia
l
b
e
c
a
u
se
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
g
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in
e
d
a
l
o
t
o
f
a
tt
e
n
t
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
a
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
a
n
d
in
d
u
strial
se
c
to
rs
.
Trad
it
io
n
a
l
wa
ter
p
u
m
p
s
c
o
n
su
m
e
h
ig
h
e
r
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
e
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g
y
w
h
ich
m
a
k
e
i
t
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s
fre
q
u
e
n
tl
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u
n
re
li
a
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le,
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w
e
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c
y
a
n
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d
s
h
ig
h
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
.
F
o
r
WP
S
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
Br
u
sh
les
s
DC
(BLDC)
m
o
to
rs
a
re
fa
r
su
p
e
rio
r
o
p
ti
o
n
s
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
e
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in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
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t
o
rs
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
th
e
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h
ig
h
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c
y
,
h
ig
h
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
lo
w
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
n
e
e
d
s.
Th
u
s,
i
n
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
t
h
e
m
a
jo
r
g
o
a
l
is
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
m
o
re
e
fficie
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t,
re
li
a
b
le,
a
n
d
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
-
fre
e
so
lar
WP
S
so
lu
ti
o
n
.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
d
e
sc
rib
e
s
a
s
e
n
so
rles
s
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
t
h
a
t
re
d
u
c
e
s
th
e
n
e
e
d
fo
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h
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ll
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n
so
rs
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n
d
in
c
re
a
se
s
sy
ste
m
’s
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v
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ra
ll
re
l
iab
il
it
y
.
S
o
lar
sy
ste
m
p
o
we
r
is
ty
p
ica
ll
y
imp
a
c
ted
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y
p
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d
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n
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v
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il
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le
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o
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e
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a
u
se
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it
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a
l
p
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rtu
r
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d
a
n
d
o
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se
rv
e
(P
&
O)
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
fa
il
s.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
in
teg
ra
tes
th
e
m
o
d
ifi
e
d
P
&
O
(M
P
&
O)
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
with
a
n
imp
ro
v
e
d
m
a
y
fly
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(IM
O)
n
a
m
e
c
a
ll
e
d
IM
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-
M
P
&
O
to
a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
se
issu
e
s
b
y
e
fficie
n
tl
y
e
x
trac
ts
th
e
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
fro
m
so
lar.
F
ro
m
th
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re
su
lt
s,
it
c
lea
rly
sh
o
ws
t
h
a
t
IM
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-
M
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&
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c
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iev
e
d
h
i
g
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c
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o
f
9
9
.
5
8
%
t
h
a
n
th
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x
isti
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g
P
&
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P
P
T
wh
ic
h
is
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
th
e
M
AT
LAB
sim
-
p
o
w
e
r
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sy
ste
m
to
o
l
b
o
x
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
r
u
s
h
less
d
c
m
o
to
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I
m
p
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o
v
ed
m
a
y
f
ly
o
p
tim
izatio
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Mo
d
if
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p
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r
tu
r
b
e
d
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
Sen
s
o
r
less
co
n
tr
o
l
So
lar
W
ater
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dattatr
ay
Su
r
y
k
an
t Saw
an
t
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
B
h
ar
atiy
a
Vid
y
a
B
h
av
an
'
s
Sar
d
ar
Patel
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Mu
m
b
ai,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: d
s
s
awa
n
t1
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Am
o
n
g
all
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
a
v
ailab
le,
So
lar
en
er
g
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
u
ld
e
asil
y
m
ee
t
th
e
wo
r
ld
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
[
1
]
.
So
lar
-
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
s
p
ac
e
-
p
lan
e,
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al,
an
d
r
esid
en
tial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
a
co
u
n
t
r
y
lik
e
I
n
d
ia
th
at
r
ec
eiv
es
a
lo
t
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
b
u
t
h
as
a
lim
ited
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
Fo
r
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
,
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ca
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
in
g
p
etr
o
leu
m
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
wh
ich
h
as
led
to
a
g
lo
b
al
u
p
s
u
r
g
e
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
g
r
av
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
[
3
]
.
T
o
co
m
b
at
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
v
eh
i
cles
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
,
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
4
]
.
Veh
icle
s
ev
en
tu
ally
b
ec
am
e
t
h
e
g
r
ea
t
est
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
as
a
r
esu
lt.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
in
th
ese
v
eh
icles
r
eq
u
ir
es
an
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
to
o
p
er
ate
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
is
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
a
b
atter
y
th
at,
o
n
ce
co
m
p
letely
d
ep
le
ted
,
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
h
yb
r
id
co
mb
i
n
a
tio
n
o
f imp
r
o
ve
d
ma
yfly
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
b
a
s
e
d
mo
d
ified
…
(
Da
tta
tr
a
y
S
u
r
y
ka
n
t S
a
w
a
n
t
)
51
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
'
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e
c
o
u
ld
b
e
l
im
ited
,
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
r
e
g
u
lar
b
a
tter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
PV
h
as
b
ee
n
s
el
ec
ted
as
an
ex
ce
llen
t
b
atter
y
s
u
b
s
titu
te
[
7
]
.
PV
s
h
o
ws
r
esp
ec
tab
le
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
illu
s
tr
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
tea
d
y
-
s
tate
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e;
h
o
wev
er
,
its
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
in
tr
an
s
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
[
8
]
.
Mo
d
er
n
izatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
s
o
ciety
d
ep
en
d
o
n
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
es.
Ov
er
4
0
%
o
f
p
o
wer
is
u
s
ed
in
elec
tr
ical
d
r
iv
e
wh
i
ch
is
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
b
y
m
o
to
r
s
[
9
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
PV
-
b
ased
wate
r
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
W
PS
)
.
Or
ig
in
ally
,
wate
r
was
p
u
m
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
DC
m
o
to
r
s
[
1
0
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
o
f
DC
m
o
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
lo
w
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
b
r
u
s
h
es
an
d
co
m
m
u
tato
r
s
,
A
C
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
wate
r
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
er
v
ices
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
class
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
T
r
ap
ez
o
id
al
an
d
Sin
u
s
o
id
al
w
av
e
p
er
m
an
e
n
t m
ag
n
et
m
o
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
also
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
as B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
e
n
ef
i
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
ex
ce
llen
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ili
ty
,
m
i
n
im
al
r
ep
air
s
,
an
d
g
o
o
d
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
a
r
e
id
ea
l
f
o
r
PV
-
f
ed
W
PS
[
1
5
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
o
lar
W
PS
f
r
o
m
o
p
er
atin
g
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
,
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ly
,
an
d
as
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
.
T
h
e
ir
r
e
g
u
lar
wate
r
f
lo
w
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
lo
wer
s
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
is
s
u
es.
Hig
h
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
ailu
r
e
s
all
m
ak
e
th
e
is
s
u
e
h
ar
d
e
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
d
o
wn
tim
e
an
d
r
ep
air
s
m
ay
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
b
atter
y
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
,
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
a
il
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
ca
l
o
r
el
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
f
a
il
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
lt
i
es
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
m
a
x
i
m
i
ze
t
h
e
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
il
i
t
y
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
li
ty
,
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
W
PS
.
A
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ce
r
tain
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
lik
e
wate
r
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
b
y
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
d
aily
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
,
wea
th
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
ese
p
la
ce
s
.
Utilizin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
ch
em
es,
s
u
ch
as
wea
th
e
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
m
in
to
th
e
W
PS
is
th
e
way
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
ese
elem
en
ts
r
ed
u
c
es
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
c
es
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
b
y
p
r
ed
ictin
g
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
s
im
u
late
B
L
DC
s
p
ee
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
a
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Ush
a
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
B
L
DC
Mo
to
r
'
s
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
u
al
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
p
ee
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
w
h
er
ein
o
n
e
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
g
ate
p
u
ls
es,
lim
its
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
a
n
d
g
o
v
er
n
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
lo
o
p
d
e
alt
with
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ich
was
n
ee
d
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
p
ee
d
ca
n
b
e
en
te
r
ed
in
s
tep
s
o
r
as
an
in
teg
er
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
as
a
co
n
s
tan
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
alter
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
g
et
th
e
in
t
en
d
ed
s
p
ee
d
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
f
u
z
zy
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
ev
alu
ated
in
a
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
it
wa
s
o
cc
asio
n
ally
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
r
u
les
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Su
b
r
am
an
ian
[
1
7
]
s
u
g
g
ested
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
co
n
tain
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
DPC
T
)
co
n
tr
o
l
to
r
e
d
u
ce
q
u
an
tu
m
v
ib
r
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
t
ain
th
e
B
L
DC
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
B
L
DC
was
o
p
er
ated
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
s
p
ee
d
u
s
in
g
an
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
was
s
u
b
s
titu
ted
with
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ca
s
ca
d
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
'
s
s
p
ee
d
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
a
n
a
d
d
itio
n
al
im
m
ed
iate
p
ay
m
eth
o
d
was
s
u
g
g
ested
to
an
ticip
ate
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ef
er
r
e
d
p
er
io
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
elec
t
th
e
o
p
t
im
al
s
witch
s
tate
f
o
r
ea
ch
cy
cl
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
esi
g
n
'
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
was
n
o
t
g
u
a
r
an
teed
d
u
e
to
B
L
DC
r
estrictio
n
s
'
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
.
An
ad
ap
ti
v
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
PID
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Van
ch
in
ath
an
an
d
Selv
ag
an
es
an
[
1
8
]
f
o
r
B
L
DC
en
g
in
e
s
p
ee
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ar
tific
ial
B
ee
C
o
lo
n
y
(
AB
C
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tu
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
in
im
izes
th
e
er
r
o
r
i
n
d
ice
s
b
u
t
also
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
An
d
also
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
a
lo
t
o
f
r
estrictio
n
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Hall
E
f
f
ec
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
ailu
r
e,
lo
w
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
o
u
n
tin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
elec
tr
ical
n
o
is
e
is
s
u
e
s
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
th
ese
k
in
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
Kalm
an
Fil
ter
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
s
p
ee
d
.
Hig
h
er
ass
em
b
ly
tim
e
an
d
s
ett
lin
g
tim
e
s
p
ee
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
also
r
esu
lt
in
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t state
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
E
lto
u
m
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
esen
ted
Fra
ctio
n
al
-
Or
d
er
PID
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
B
L
DC
wit
h
Var
y
in
g
Sp
ee
d
Activ
ity
.
A
twea
k
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
y
s
ea
r
c
h
(
HS)
m
eth
o
d
was
c
r
ea
ted
f
o
r
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
v
a
r
iab
les.
T
o
test
th
e
m
o
to
r
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
wo
r
k
in
g
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
ar
e
ap
p
lied
:
n
o
lo
ad
,
v
a
r
iab
le
lo
ad
,
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
le
s
p
ee
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
-
to
r
q
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
wh
en
a
f
u
zz
y
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
u
s
ed
,
th
e
lea
s
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
s
cillatio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
g
r
ad
u
al
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
lo
a
d
.
B
u
t
it
tak
es
l
o
n
g
er
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
to
s
ettle
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
s
tead
y
.
Su
r
y
o
atm
o
jo
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
e
s
en
ted
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S)
to
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
m
an
a
g
e
B
L
DC
d
r
iv
er
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
th
is
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
ateg
y
also
m
o
v
es
f
o
r
war
d
with
s
h
o
r
ter
in
ter
v
al
s
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
th
e
ANFI
S
co
n
t
r
o
ller
h
as
a
h
ig
h
e
r
s
tar
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
to
r
q
u
e,
b
u
t
it
tak
es
less
tim
e
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
was
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
wi
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
t.
T
h
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
was
h
ig
h
er
th
e
b
ig
g
er
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
R
is
e
tim
e
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
cr
ea
ted
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
l
y
with
th
e
aid
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ANFI
S.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
l
r
u
le
s
itu
atio
n
s
wer
e
t
ak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t,
d
if
f
e
r
en
tia
l
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
eh
av
io
r
r
esu
lts
in
in
f
er
io
r
o
u
tc
o
m
es
s
o
o
n
er
.
A
w
h
ale
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
W
OA)
b
ased
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
SMC
)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
PV
B
ased
W
PS
wh
ich
was
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
Ma
lla
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
b
o
th
PS
C
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
5
:
50
-
62
52
W
OA
-
SM
C
m
eth
o
d
ef
f
icien
t
ly
ex
tr
ac
ts
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
PV
p
o
wer
.
B
y
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
SM
C
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
MP
PT
f
o
r
PV
to
lo
wer
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
co
s
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
o
n
'
t
b
e
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
MPPT.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
B
L
DC
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
test
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
lo
wer
lig
h
t.
E
f
f
icien
cy
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
PV
-
W
PS
B
a
s
ed
o
n
B
L
DC
Mo
to
r
u
n
d
er
PS
C
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
b
y
Am
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
was
to
en
h
a
n
ce
a
b
atter
y
-
f
r
ee
PV
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
MPPT,
a
D
C
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
ep
en
d
ab
ili
ty
an
d
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
th
at
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
d
eli
v
er
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
an
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
is
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
co
n
t
r
o
l p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
p
ar
tial sh
ad
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
Qasim
an
d
an
d
Aty
ia
[
2
3
]
p
r
e
s
en
ted
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
wh
ich
was
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
o
lar
wate
r
p
u
m
p
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
u
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
th
e
s
ch
em
e
tack
les
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
s
u
b
m
e
r
s
ib
le
p
u
m
p
s
p
ee
d
is
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
P&
O
MPPT
tech
n
i
q
u
e
th
at
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
PV
p
an
el'
s
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
er
e
was
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lo
ca
tio
n
o
r
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
less
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
e
b
lack
elec
tr
o
-
m
o
tiv
es
f
o
r
ce
(
B
E
MF)
d
eter
m
in
es
s
p
ee
d
b
y
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
f
lu
x
an
g
le.
B
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
with
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
icey
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lex
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
lo
wer
s
ex
p
en
s
es
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
ile
m
o
d
er
ated
,
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
was
s
till
th
er
e.
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
elec
tr
ical
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
wate
r
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
(
SP
VW
PS
)
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
b
y
C
h
ad
g
e
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
SP
VW
PS
as
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
i
n
is
o
lated
,
r
em
o
te,
an
d
n
o
n
-
elec
tr
if
ied
ar
ea
s
s
er
v
es a
s
wh
at
m
o
tiv
ates
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
ese
p
lace
s
,
w
h
ich
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
e
x
is
t in
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
I
n
d
ia,
lac
k
ac
ce
s
s
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
elec
tr
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
wate
r
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
u
s
ag
e
an
d
liv
esto
ck
d
r
in
k
in
g
in
r
e
m
o
te
p
la
ce
s
.
W
ater
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
s
in
g
SP
VW
PS
h
a
s
b
ee
n
v
iewe
d
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
u
b
s
titu
te
in
p
lace
s
with
o
u
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
a
cc
u
r
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
p
eten
ce
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
izin
g
an
d
in
s
tallatio
n
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
wid
esp
r
e
ad
ap
p
licati
o
n
o
f
SP
VW
PS
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
,
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
a
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
i
v
e
(
VFD)
with
L
C
f
ilter
f
o
r
a
wate
r
p
u
m
p
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
b
y
Kap
p
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
'
s
d
esig
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
a
PW
M
g
en
e
r
ato
r
,
wh
ic
h
was
cr
ea
ted
b
y
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
.
B
o
th
with
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
an
L
C
f
ilter
,
cir
cu
it
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
al
test
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
atio
(
V/F),
th
a
t
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ain
tain
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
s
tab
ilit
y
as
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
s
h
if
ts
f
r
o
m
3
0
Hz
to
5
0
Hz.
I
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
a
ily
s
u
n
b
ath
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
ex
ce
ed
e
d
1
0
0
%
an
d
wer
e
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
5
0
Hz
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
u
ld
m
o
v
e
u
p
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
f
9
0
%
ex
tr
a
wate
r
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
-
s
tated
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
es
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
izin
g
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
in
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
wate
r
p
u
m
p
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
allen
g
es
to
m
ax
im
izin
g
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
W
PS
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
h
as
in
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
in
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
e
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
r
esu
lts
.
Hall
s
en
s
o
r
s
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ev
er
al
c
h
allen
g
es
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
ailu
r
e
,
lo
w
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
elec
tr
ical
n
o
is
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
an
ag
i
n
g
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
in
d
i
n
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
jectiv
es
in
clu
d
in
g
a
d
ap
tab
il
ity
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ax
im
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
co
m
p
lex
ity
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
g
et
o
v
er
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
W
PS
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
MO
-
MP&
O
to
en
h
an
c
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
W
PS
u
s
in
g
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
as f
o
llo
ws,
−
Her
e,
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
e
r
ter
with
I
MO
-
MP&
O
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
e
l
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
it
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
m
o
d
if
y
t
h
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
−
Als
o
,
a
s
en
s
o
r
less
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
m
i
n
im
izin
g
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
n
h
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
−
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
I
M
O
-
MP&
O
o
n
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
is
m
en
tio
n
e
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
MO
-
MP&
O
m
eth
o
d
.
Sectio
n
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
r
esu
lt a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
its
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Fin
all
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
s
tates th
e
co
n
clu
s
i
o
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
h
yb
r
id
co
mb
i
n
a
tio
n
o
f imp
r
o
ve
d
ma
yfly
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
b
a
s
e
d
mo
d
ified
…
(
Da
tta
tr
a
y
S
u
r
y
ka
n
t S
a
w
a
n
t
)
53
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
an
o
v
e
r
all
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
th
at
co
n
tain
s
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
s
o
lar
PV
-
W
P
S
w
ith
s
ev
er
al
p
o
wer
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
wate
r
is
k
e
p
t
in
tan
k
s
,
w
h
ich
s
er
v
e
as
s
to
r
a
g
e
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ize
with
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
atter
ies
well
to
s
av
e
f
r
o
m
a
f
ew
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
PV
ar
r
a
y
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
ates
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ch
a
n
g
es
in
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
PV
ar
r
ay
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
r
u
n
at
its
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
we
r
tak
i
n
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
o
r
MPPT.
T
h
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ich
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
VSI
.
W
h
en
s
elec
t
in
g
s
o
lar
wate
r
p
u
m
p
s
,
t
h
e
p
u
m
p
in
g
h
ea
d
an
d
d
aily
wate
r
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t.
W
ater
p
u
m
p
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
wh
er
e
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
p
u
m
p
s
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
e
d
[
2
6
]
.
Dir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
p
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
i
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
v
ar
ian
ts
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
el'
s
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
cir
cu
it:
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
e
an
d
d
o
u
b
le
d
i
o
d
e.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
an
aly
tical
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
esig
n
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
es.
L
o
ca
tio
n
,
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
r
is
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
all
h
a
v
e
a
b
ig
im
p
ac
t
o
n
PV
p
o
wer
.
B
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
in
eith
e
r
p
ar
allel
o
r
s
er
ies,
o
n
e
m
a
y
ascer
tain
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
PV
wh
ich
r
a
is
es
th
e
MPP.
T
h
e
PV
ce
ll'
s
V
-
I
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
is
r
ev
ea
led
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
e
r
all
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
V
-
I
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
PV
ce
ll
In
(
1
)
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
etec
t th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
(
)
=
(
)
×
(
)
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
5
:
50
-
62
54
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
d
e
clar
ed
in
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
{
1
−
1
[
(
2
×
)
]
}
+
∆
(
)
(
2
)
(
)
=
+
.
∆
(
)
(
3
)
&
is
s
ig
n
if
ied
as
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
e
n
t;
C
ap
ac
itan
ce
s
ar
e
s
tated
as
1
an
d
2
;
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
in
(
4
)
-
(
7
)
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
W
h
er
e,
is
s
tated
as m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t;
,
s
t
ated
as
ce
ll tem
p
er
atu
r
e;
(
)
s
tate
d
as th
e
lev
el
o
f
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
1
=
(
1
−
)
×
(
−
2
×
)
(
4
)
2
=
(
−
1
)
×
[
(
1
−
)
]
−
1
(
5
)
∆
(
)
=
(
(
)
−
1
)
+
1
,
×
∆
(
)
(
6
)
∆
(
)
=
(
)
−
,
(
7
)
T
h
e
s
elf
-
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
an
d
s
tato
r
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
win
d
i
n
g
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
e
q
u
al
in
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
d
el.
I
n
(
8
)
p
r
o
v
id
es a
m
atr
ix
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
o
f
DC
m
ac
h
in
es.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
s
tato
r
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
e
q
u
atio
n
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
.
[
]
=
[
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
]
[
]
+
[
−
0
0
0
−
0
0
0
−
]
[
]
+
[
]
(
8
)
R
a
,
R
b
an
d
R
c
d
en
o
te
th
e
ter
m
in
al
r
es
is
tan
ce
s
;
V
a
,
V
b
a
n
d
V
c
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
tato
r
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
es.
i
a
,
i
b
an
d
i
c
r
ef
er
s
to
m
o
to
r
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
;
E
a
,
E
b
an
d
E
c
r
ef
er
s
tr
a
p
ez
o
id
al
b
ac
k
em
f
.
T
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
B
L
DC
i
s
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
(
9
)
:
=
(
9
)
wh
er
e,
P
=
E
a
i
a
+
E
b
i
b
+
E
c
i
c
.
I
n
(
1
0
)
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
in
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
r
o
tatin
g
f
r
am
es:
=
3
2
2
[
(
+
−
)
+
(
+
−
)
]
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e,
φ
sq
=
L
q
i
sq
+
φ
rq
an
d
φ
sd
=
L
d
i
sd
+
φ
rd
.
p
n
r
ef
e
r
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
les;
θ
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
th
e
r
o
to
r
an
g
le;
φ
rd
,
φ
rq
,
φ
sd
an
d
φ
sq
r
ef
er
s
th
e
r
o
to
r
an
d
s
tato
r
f
lu
x
lin
k
ag
es.
3.
M
AYF
L
Y
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
User
s
o
f
th
e
I
MO
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
;
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
I
MO
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
is
a
g
au
g
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
f
e
r
tili
ty
r
ate.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ale
m
ay
f
li
es
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
tr
o
n
g
er
,
th
e
y
will
lik
ewise
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
in
ter
m
s
o
f
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
MO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
7
]
m
o
d
if
ies
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
(
)
with
th
e
s
am
e
s
ettin
g
s
a
s
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
v
elo
city
(
)
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
iter
atio
n
.
I
n
(
1
1
)
i
s
u
s
ed
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
p
lace
m
en
ts
o
f
ev
er
y
m
ay
f
ly
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
its
v
elo
city
co
u
l
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
m
e
ch
an
g
es.
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
(
+
1
)
(
1
1
)
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
M
O
in t
er
m
s
o
f
s
t
a
g
es
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
MO
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
co
n
tain
s
th
e
m
ale
m
a
y
f
ly
m
o
v
em
en
t,
f
em
ale
m
ay
f
ly
m
o
v
e
m
en
t a
n
d
i
ts
m
atin
g
wh
ich
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
as f
o
llo
ws.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
h
yb
r
id
co
mb
i
n
a
tio
n
o
f imp
r
o
ve
d
ma
yfly
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
b
a
s
e
d
mo
d
ified
…
(
Da
tta
tr
a
y
S
u
r
y
ka
n
t S
a
w
a
n
t
)
55
3
.
1
.
1
.
M
o
v
em
ent
s
o
f
ma
le
ma
y
f
lies
T
h
e
v
elo
city
is
u
p
d
ated
b
y
o
r
ig
in
al
f
itn
ess
(
)
an
d
b
est
f
itn
ess
in
ea
r
lier
m
o
v
em
en
ts
(
ℎ
)
.
(
)
>
(
ℎ
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,
th
e
ea
r
lier
id
ea
l
m
o
v
em
en
ts
ar
e
s
tated
in
(
1
2
)
,
w
h
er
e
is
d
ec
lar
ed
as
a
v
ar
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,
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e
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en
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T
h
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C
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s
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ac
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en
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ed
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th
at
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lar
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in
(
1
3
)
.
(
+
1
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=
.
(
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1
−
2
[
ℎ
−
(
)
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[
−
(
)
]
(
1
2
)
‖
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(
−
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2
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(
1
3
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3
.
1
.
2
.
F
ema
le
ma
y
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ly
’
s
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t
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o
n
Ma
y
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lies
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le
to
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tin
g
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tle
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ts
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ap
p
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p
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ed
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at
th
e
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t
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ad
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ate
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ir
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ale
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n
d
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e
d
s
im
ilar
l
y
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T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
(
)
<
(
)
,
in
(
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4
)
is
wr
itten
as,
(
+
1
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+
3
−
2
[
(
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−
(
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(
1
4
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is
ac
k
n
o
wled
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n
alter
n
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tiv
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n
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t.
C
ar
tesi
an
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is
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ce
is
s
tated
as
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3
.
1
.
3
.
M
a
t
ing
o
f
m
a
y
f
lies
T
h
e
u
p
p
er
h
alf
o
f
th
e
m
a
y
f
lies
ar
e
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
m
atin
g
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
f
s
p
r
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
an
n
er
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
5
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an
d
(
1
6
)
s
u
g
g
ests
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at
th
e
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ate
at
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ich
th
eir
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r
o
g
en
y
s
ep
ar
ate
f
r
o
m
th
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m
o
m
s
is
r
an
d
o
m
.
W
h
er
e
Gau
s
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
s
s
tated
as
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1
=
×
+
(
1
−
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×
(
1
5
)
1
=
×
+
(
1
−
)
×
(
1
6
)
3
.
2
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
im
pro
v
ed
m
a
y
f
ly
o
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
Me
m
b
er
s
o
f
a
s
war
m
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
alter
th
eir
v
elo
cities
u
n
d
er
ce
r
t
ain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
(
1
3
)
an
d
(
1
5
)
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
(
1
7
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
with
ex
tr
a
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
d
is
tan
ce
'
s
p
ar
ts
ap
p
ea
r
as
b
elo
w.
T
o
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
s
o
m
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
in
(
1
7
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
as r
ev
ea
le
d
in
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
en
t
(
1
8
)
.
=
−
2
(
−
)
(
1
7
)
=
−
(
−
)
(
1
8
)
MPPT
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
I
MO
-
MP&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
h
if
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
ein
g
ad
ju
s
ted
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
ar
i
o
u
s
PV
p
an
el
s
etu
p
s
an
d
cli
m
atic
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
A
r
atio
n
al
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
lly
s
tr
o
n
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
izin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
W
PS
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Hy
b
r
id
I
MO
-
MP&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tical
W
P
S
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
eliab
le,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es o
f
I
MO
-
MP&
O.
3
.
3
.
Sens
o
rless
co
ntr
o
l schem
e
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
en
s
o
r
less
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
av
es
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
b
o
o
s
ts
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
im
p
lif
ies
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
d
o
in
g
awa
y
with
h
all
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
Hy
b
r
id
I
M
O
-
MP&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
m
ain
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
W
PS
b
y
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
en
s
o
r
less
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
-
b
ased
b
ac
k
-
E
MF
Su
b
m
er
s
ib
le
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
with
s
en
s
o
r
less
co
n
tr
o
l
is
s
u
g
g
ested
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
lin
e
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
d
etec
t
ed
b
y
th
r
ee
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
A
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
r
e
s
is
tiv
e
d
iv
id
er
cir
cu
it
is
u
s
ed
to
s
ca
le
d
o
wn
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
p
u
t
lin
e
v
o
ltag
es
b
ef
o
r
e
f
ee
d
in
g
th
em
in
to
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
a
r
e
th
e
n
co
m
p
u
ted
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
a
v
elin
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
win
d
in
g
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
s
tan
tly
s
to
p
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
;
in
s
tead
,
it tr
av
els
in
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
es [
2
9
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
b
ac
k
-
E
MF
ze
r
o
-
c
r
o
s
s
in
g
in
s
tan
ts
ar
e
f
alsely
d
e
tecte
d
.
Her
e,
a
l
o
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
(
L
PF
)
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
to
f
ilter
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
e.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
a
s
am
p
le
an
d
h
o
ld
cir
cu
it.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
b
en
ef
i
ts
to
em
p
lo
y
in
g
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
5
:
50
-
62
56
L
PF
.
First,
i
t
r
em
o
v
es
th
e
h
ig
h
er
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
o
p
er
atio
n
as
well
as
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
io
d
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
f
o
r
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
d
esig
n
i
n
g
th
e
f
ilter
'
s
cu
t
-
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
o
to
r
i
s
s
tatio
n
ar
y
an
d
its
p
o
s
itio
n
is
u
n
k
n
o
wn
,
th
e
b
ac
k
-
EMF
is
in
itially
ze
r
o
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
y
s
tim
u
latin
g
an
y
two
p
h
ases
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
,
th
e
r
o
to
r
is
p
r
ep
o
s
itio
n
ed
[
3
0
]
.
Af
ter
wa
r
d
,
a
p
h
ase
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
s
tar
t
-
u
p
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
u
s
ed
u
n
til
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
b
ac
k
-
E
MF
f
o
r
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
less
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
le
m
o
to
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
o
r
less
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
s
u
b
m
er
s
ib
l
e
m
o
to
r
3
.
4
.
M
o
dified
pert
urb a
nd
o
bs
er
v
e
I
t
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
MP&
O
will
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
r
if
t
is
s
u
e
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
d
ata
(
∆
an
d
∆
)
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
d
r
i
f
t
is
s
u
e,
∆
an
d
∆
cir
cu
its
ar
e
ad
d
e
d
to
t
h
e
MP&
O.
T
h
e
MPPT
ca
n
f
in
d
th
e
MPP
ev
e
n
in
t
o
tal
s
h
ad
e
s
in
ce
MP&
O
ca
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
a
f
ew
p
ea
k
s
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
tep
v
alu
e.
W
h
en
MP&
O
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e,
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
in
s
tab
ilit
y
s
to
p
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
[
3
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
ewe
r
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
a
q
u
ick
er
ti
m
e
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
o
p
tim
al
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
g
o
cc
asio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
if
f
er
en
ce
am
o
n
g
P&
O
-
MP&
O
is
th
e
d
r
if
tin
g
p
r
o
b
l
em
,
wh
ich
is
r
eso
lv
ed
in
th
is
o
p
tim
izatio
n
by
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
I
f
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
h
i
g
h
er
,
MP&
O
o
b
s
er
v
e
,
an
d
asn
u
ll
an
d
h
en
ce
,
d
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s
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ar
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s
ed
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m
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ce
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al
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Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
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is
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s
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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52
In
d
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J
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Vo
l.
3
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Ap
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20
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5
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58
T
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g
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th
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PV
to
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p
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at
th
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a
b
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s
t
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ter
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cle
o
f
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5
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6
.
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s
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ter
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f
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,
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m
s
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.
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s
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ated
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Fig
u
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5
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6
,
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o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
in
im
ally
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
ltag
e
at
MPPT
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t a
t M
PP
T
4
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
an
d
p
r
ed
icted
s
p
ee
d
er
r
o
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
elate
th
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
,
wh
ich
is
tak
en
as f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
a
n
ticip
ated
s
p
ee
d
er
r
o
r
an
d
ch
an
g
e
in
s
p
ee
d
er
r
o
r
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
MO
-
MP&
O,
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
v
al
u
e
b
ein
g
1
6
5
0
r
p
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
u
p
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
en
g
in
e.
T
h
e
B
L
DC
en
g
in
e'
s
ass
e
s
s
ed
s
p
ee
d
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Sen
s
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
s
itio
n
-
d
ete
ctin
g
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
B
L
DC
en
g
in
es.
I
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
p
ee
d
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
PID
a
n
d
PI
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
.
B
L
DC
en
g
in
es
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
at
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ee
d
s
,
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
co
n
tr
o
llab
le.
T
h
u
s
,
ev
en
with
th
e
b
est
r
ip
p
le
elim
in
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
n
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
s
ee
n
at
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ee
d
s
.
W
ith
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e,
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
ef
f
icien
cy
is
n
o
te
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
is
elim
in
ated
o
n
l
y
at
lo
wer
s
p
ee
d
s
.
W
h
ile
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
an
in
d
u
cti
o
n
o
r
b
r
u
s
h
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
d
eliv
e
r
s
a
g
o
o
d
am
o
u
n
t o
f
wate
r
ev
en
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
t
o
r
q
u
e
o
f
th
e
B
L
DC
en
g
in
e.
B
L
DC
en
g
in
es a
r
e
o
p
er
ated
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as p
o
s
itio
n
-
de
tectin
g
co
n
tr
o
l sen
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
m
u
s
t b
e
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
with
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
PID
an
d
PI
r
e
g
u
lato
r
s
.
B
L
DC
en
g
in
es a
r
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
r
r
o
r
r
atio
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
o
r
q
u
e
f
o
r
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
h
yb
r
id
co
mb
i
n
a
tio
n
o
f imp
r
o
ve
d
ma
yfly
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timiz
a
tio
n
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a
s
e
d
mo
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ified
…
(
Da
tta
tr
a
y
S
u
r
y
ka
n
t S
a
w
a
n
t
)
59
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
av
ailab
le
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
s
p
ee
d
.
An
y
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
'
s
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
in
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
f
ed
W
PS
i
s
in
ten
d
ed
to
b
e
o
p
er
ated
at
a
s
p
ee
d
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
1
1
0
0
r
p
m
,
(
i.e
.
)
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
u
m
p
th
e
wate
r
.
T
h
e
B
L
DC
e
n
g
in
e'
s
ass
es
s
ed
s
p
ee
d
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
L
PF
r
em
o
v
es
th
e
d
io
d
e
-
ca
u
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es,
f
ilter
s
th
e
P
W
M
-
ca
u
s
ed
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
ad
eq
u
a
te
d
ela
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
z
er
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
in
s
tan
t.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
is
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
m
m
u
tated
b
y
t
h
e
v
ir
tu
al
h
all
s
ig
n
als
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
less
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
es
its
r
ated
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Sp
ee
d
f
o
r
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
4
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
b
y
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
th
e
MPP
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
.
Sev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
B
L
DC
en
g
in
e
an
d
MPPT
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
MP
PT
ef
f
icien
cy
with
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
P&
O
-
MPPT
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
is
m
ad
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t ir
r
ad
iatio
n
v
alu
es w
h
ich
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3.
T
ab
le
3
m
ak
es
it
ev
id
e
n
t
th
at
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
P&
O
-
MPPT
[
2
3
]
i
s
ac
h
iev
ed
less
ef
f
icien
cy
th
an
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
MO
-
MP&
O
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
P&
O
-
MPPT
[
2
3
]
h
as
o
b
tain
ed
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
9
.
4
%,
b
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
MO
-
MP&
O
h
as
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
a
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
9
.
5
8
%.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
p
u
m
p
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
ex
is
tin
g
SP
VW
P
S [
2
4
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
T
ab
le
4
,
it
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
I
MO
-
MP&
O
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
p
u
m
p
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
p
u
m
p
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
7
9
.
6
4
%
an
d
7
0
.
3
9
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
ile
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
SP
V
W
PS
[
2
4
]
h
as
o
b
tain
ed
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
7
4
.
5
9
%
an
d
6
3
.
8
7
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
v
ia
t
h
e
I
MO
-
MP&
O
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
all
th
e
p
atter
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
MPPT
ef
f
icien
cy
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
P
&O
-
M
P
P
T
[
2
3
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
I
M
O
-
M
P
&O
9
2
0
N
/
A
9
9
.
5
8
8
4
3
N
/
A
9
9
.
5
2
3
6
7
N
/
A
9
9
.
4
6
3
1
3
9
9
.
3
9
9
.
4
1
2
6
3
9
9
.
2
9
9
.
3
3
2
2
3
9
8
.
9
9
9
.
2
4
1
8
3
9
8
.
2
9
9
.
1
2
1
1
2
9
9
.
4
9
9
.
4
1
88
9
9
.
1
9
9
.
2
2
56
9
8
.
4
9
8
.
8
9
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
u
m
p
ef
f
icien
cy
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
P
u
mp
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
u
m
p
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
S
P
V
W
P
S
[
2
4
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
I
M
O
-
M
P
&O
S
P
V
W
P
S
[
2
4
]
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
I
M
O
-
M
P
&O
6
S
*
2
P
7
4
.
5
9
7
9
.
6
4
6
3
.
8
7
7
0
.
3
9
5
S
*
2
P
6
9
.
5
5
7
6
.
2
8
6
0
.
7
7
6
8
.
7
2
4
S
*
2
P
7
2
.
4
6
7
5
.
7
1
5
8
.
4
3
6
6
.
9
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.