I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
25
,
p
p
.
76
~
87
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
38.
i
1
.
p
p
76
-
87
76
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
O
ptimi
zing
F
BM
C/O
Q
AM
:
H
ermi
te
fil
ter
a
nd D
FT
-
ba
sed
precod
ing
for
PA
PR
re
duction
Anup
riy
a
,
Vik
a
s
Na
nd
a
l
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
M
a
h
a
r
s
h
i
D
a
y
a
n
a
n
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
R
o
h
t
a
k
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l
15
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
18
,
202
4
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
30
,
2
0
2
4
In
th
e
e
v
e
r
-
e
v
o
lv
i
n
g
lan
d
sc
a
p
e
o
f
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
re
is
a
p
e
rsiste
n
t
q
u
e
st
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
s
th
a
t
o
p
ti
m
ize
sp
e
c
tral
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
re
d
u
c
e
in
terfe
re
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
in
tro
d
u
c
e
s
a
n
o
v
e
l
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
th
a
t
sy
n
e
r
g
isti
c
a
ll
y
imp
r
o
v
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
stre
n
g
th
s
o
f
fil
ter
b
a
n
k
m
u
l
ti
-
c
a
rrier
(F
BM
C).
A
d
isti
n
c
ti
v
e
fe
a
tu
re
o
f
o
u
r
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
is
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
He
rm
it
e
p
ro
to
ty
p
e
fil
ter
in
t
h
e
F
BM
C
sy
ste
m
,
d
iv
e
r
g
in
g
fro
m
trad
it
i
o
n
a
l
F
B
M
C
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s.
A
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
re
c
o
d
i
n
g
stra
teg
y
lev
e
ra
g
i
n
g
a
p
ru
n
e
d
d
isc
re
te
fo
u
rier
tran
sf
o
r
m
(p
DFT
)
p
a
ired
wit
h
sc
a
li
n
g
is
a
lso
in
tro
d
u
c
e
d
.
Th
is
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
m
ise
s
re
d
u
c
e
d
in
ter
-
sy
m
b
o
l
i
n
terfe
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
h
e
ig
h
ten
e
d
sp
e
c
tral
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
As
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
e
a
k
-
to
-
a
v
e
ra
g
e
p
o
we
r
ra
ti
o
(P
APR)
is
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
i
n
F
BM
C
sy
ste
m
s
to
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
th
is
it
e
ra
ti
v
e
p
a
rti
c
le
sw
a
rm
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
(IP
S
O)
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
.
Ev
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
s
a
re
c
a
rr
ied
o
u
t
t
o
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
s
sc
h
e
m
e
in
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
P
A
P
R
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
ll
y
fo
r
F
B
M
C
/OQA
M
f
ra
m
e
wo
rk
.
E
x
p
e
rime
n
ts
a
re
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
s
a
re
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
a
m
o
n
g
se
v
e
ra
l
p
ro
m
in
e
n
t
m
u
lt
ica
rrier
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
s.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
fro
m
th
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
ts
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
I
P
S
O
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
with
He
rm
it
e
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
a
n
FB
M
C/OQA
M
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
p
r
u
n
e
d
DFT
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
su
c
c
e
ss
fu
l
in
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
th
e
P
APR
a
lso
a
6
-
1
3
%
d
e
c
re
a
se
in
e
rro
r
ra
te
h
a
s b
e
e
n
s
h
o
wn
a
c
ro
ss
v
a
ry
in
g
QA
M
o
rd
e
rs reg
a
rd
les
s o
f
S
NR l
e
v
e
l.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
5G
FB
M
C
/OQAM
Op
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
W
ir
eles
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
u
p
r
iy
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Ma
h
ar
s
h
i
Day
an
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
i
ty
R
o
h
tak
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
an
u
p
r
iy
aja
g
lan
1
2
3
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
G
to
5
G
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
ea
c
h
g
en
er
atio
n
b
r
in
g
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
p
ee
d
,
ca
p
ac
ity
,
laten
cy
,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
ts
to
war
d
6
G
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
tr
ajec
to
r
y
o
f
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
an
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
[
3
]
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
n
o
tab
ly
4
G,
f
ac
e
s
ev
er
a
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
is
s
u
es
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
im
p
a
ct
th
e
ir
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
On
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
allen
g
e
is
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
d
ata
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices,
wh
ich
p
u
ts
im
m
en
s
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
4
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
g
e
i
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ata
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
v
id
eo
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
,
o
n
lin
e
g
am
in
g
,
a
n
d
lar
g
e
f
ile
d
o
wn
lo
ad
s
h
as
led
to
co
n
g
esti
o
n
is
s
u
es,
r
esu
lt
in
g
in
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ata
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial ser
v
ice
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
4
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
g
r
ap
p
lin
g
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
v
er
a
g
e
i
n
b
o
th
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
Ur
b
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
f
ten
ex
p
er
ien
ce
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
F
B
MC
/O
QA
M:
H
ermite filte
r
a
n
d
DF
T
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
fo
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
A
n
u
p
r
iya
)
77
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
wh
ile
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
m
ay
h
a
v
e
lim
ited
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
lead
i
n
g
to
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
g
ap
s
an
d
a
lack
o
f
r
eliab
le
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
T
h
is
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
p
o
s
es
ch
al
len
g
es
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
s
ea
m
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
o
r
all
u
s
er
s
.
I
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
er
d
at
a
r
ates,
lo
wer
laten
c
y
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
e
v
ice
ca
p
ac
ity
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
c
o
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
4
G
an
d
5
G
n
e
two
r
k
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
er
io
d
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es
a
n
d
r
e
q
u
ir
es
ca
r
e
f
u
l
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
s
ea
m
less
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
As
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ev
o
lv
e,
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
is
s
u
es
will
b
e
ess
en
tial
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
an
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
wo
r
ld
.
New
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
[
6
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ilter
e
d
-
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
l
ex
in
g
(F
-
OFDM)
,
u
n
iv
er
s
al
f
ilter
ed
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
ie
r
(
UFMC),
an
d
f
ilter
b
an
k
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
ier
(
FB
MC
)
[
7
]
,
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
a
n
d
lim
itatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
OFDM
in
wir
el
ess
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
s
ch
em
es
b
r
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
a
n
n
e
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
co
n
tain
m
e
n
t,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
v
alu
ab
le
c
o
n
ten
d
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
e
v
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
s
s
u
ch
as
F
-
OFDM,
UFMC,
an
d
FB
MC
is
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
ex
is
ten
ce
with
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
em
es
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
p
er
i
o
d
s
[
9
]
.
E
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
b
ac
k
war
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
a
n
d
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
with
leg
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
a
s
m
o
o
th
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
a
d
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
.
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
a
d
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
s
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es,
p
o
ten
tially
lead
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
co
s
ts
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
in
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ile
a
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
ch
em
es,
ca
n
also
p
r
esen
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
wh
en
d
ea
lin
g
with
r
ap
i
d
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
v
ar
io
u
s
im
p
ai
r
m
en
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
f
s
et,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ities
,
is
a
s
h
ar
ed
ch
alle
n
g
e.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
u
n
d
er
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
s
o
m
etim
es
ad
v
er
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
ac
tical
v
iab
ilit
y
p
ea
k
-
to
-
av
er
ag
e
p
o
we
r
r
atio
(
PAPR
)
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
[
1
1
]
.
Ma
n
ag
in
g
PAPR
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
v
iab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
t
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
s
ch
em
es
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
tr
ik
e
th
e
r
ig
h
t b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
h
ar
d
war
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
th
e
q
u
est
f
o
r
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
th
at
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Ov
er
all
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
wo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
o
v
el
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
th
at
am
alg
am
at
es FB
M
C
-
OQAM
wi
th
v
ar
io
u
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
b
etter
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
f
ilte
r
,
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
u
s
in
g
ef
f
icien
t o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
−
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
f
ilter
s
in
th
e
FB
MC
s
y
s
tem
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
FB
M
C
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
es.
−
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
u
n
e
d
DFT
an
d
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
−
Pro
p
o
s
al
o
f
an
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
y
o
p
t
im
izin
g
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
FB
M
C
/OQ
AM
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
Mu
lticar
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ef
f
icie
n
t
way
s
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
o
v
er
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
els
[
7
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
ea
ch
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
d
ata,
an
d
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
m
u
lticar
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
OFDM
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ich
is
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Wi
-
Fi,
L
T
E
,
an
d
,
m
o
r
e
r
ec
e
n
tly
5
G,
i
n
th
e
in
it
ial
s
tag
es
o
f
5
G
[
1
5
]
.
Fo
r
O
FDM
s
ig
n
al
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
m
o
d
u
lated
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
L
et
b
e
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
b
e
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
d
u
r
atio
n
,
(
)
b
e
th
e
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
in
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
r
e
p
r
esen
te
d
as:
(
)
=
∑
−
1
=
0
2
(
1
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
lex
am
p
li
tu
d
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
at
in
d
e
x
.
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
k
th
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
I
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
m
ain
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
DFT)
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
OFDM
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
e
d
as
=
1
∑
−
1
=
0
−
2
(
2
)
R
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
am
p
les o
f
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al
at
d
is
cr
ete
tim
e
in
d
ic
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
76
-
87
78
OFDM
h
o
wev
er
f
ac
es
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
h
ig
h
PAPR
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
p
o
wer
in
e
f
f
icie
n
cies.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
s
ch
em
es
th
at
ca
n
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
p
av
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
F
-
OFDM
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
ilter
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
f
lex
i
b
le
s
ig
n
al
s
h
ap
i
n
g
.
F
-
OFDM
'
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
v
ar
y
in
g
c
h
an
n
el
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
wh
er
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
in
te
r
f
er
en
ce
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
ar
e
cr
iti
ca
l.
F
-
OFDM
u
tili
ze
s
a
f
ilte
r
b
a
n
k
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
o
u
t
-
of
-
b
a
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
F
-
OFDM
[
1
7
]
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
s
im
ilar
ly
to
th
at
o
f
OFDM
b
u
t
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
lt
e
r
b
a
n
k
f
o
r
(
)
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
s
o
ci
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
e
a
c
h
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
is
:
(
)
=
∑
−
1
=
0
.
(
−
)
(
3
)
UFMC
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
lim
i
tatio
n
s
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
OFDM
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
ap
id
ly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
a
f
ilter
b
an
k
s
im
ilar
to
F
-
OFDM
b
u
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
ad
d
itio
n
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
h
ap
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
UFMC
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tim
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
lo
ca
lizatio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
als,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
a
n
n
el
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
r
esu
lts
in
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
m
ak
in
g
UFMC
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wi
r
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
h
ap
in
g
f
ilter
s
(
)
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
allo
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
UFMC in
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
:
(
)
=
∑
−
1
=
0
.
(
)
.
2
(
4
)
FB
M
C
is
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
th
at
d
ev
iates
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
OFDM
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
f
ilter
b
an
k
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
FB
MC
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wit
h
h
ig
h
l
y
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
ch
an
n
els,
as
its
in
h
er
en
t
ab
ilit
y
to
s
h
ap
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al
h
elp
s
m
itig
ate
in
ter
-
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
FB
MC in
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
:
(
)
=
∑
−
1
=
0
.
(
−
)
(
5
)
W
h
ile
F
B
M
C
h
as
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
leak
ag
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
p
e
ctr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
it
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
c
h
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
[
2
1
]
.
S
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
ca
n
le
ad
to
in
ter
-
ca
r
r
ier
in
ter
f
er
en
c
e
an
d
im
p
ac
t
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
R
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
v
ar
i
o
u
s
im
p
air
m
e
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
f
s
et,
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
e
ar
ities
,
is
a
s
h
ar
ed
ch
allen
g
e.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
u
n
d
e
r
d
iv
e
r
s
e
an
d
s
o
m
etim
es a
d
v
er
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
ac
tic
al
v
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
[
2
2
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
FB
MC
with
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
QAM
an
d
Her
m
i
te
f
ilter
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
an
d
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
(
P
SD)
in
5
G
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
An
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
er
s
io
n
ca
lled
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
ar
tial
tr
an
s
m
it
s
eq
u
en
c
es
(
E
PTS
)
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
lo
w
-
co
m
p
lex
ity
s
ea
r
c
h
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
id
en
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
h
ase
f
ac
to
r
s
.
FS
-
FB
M
C
/O
QAM
an
d
OFDM
s
y
s
tem
s
in
an
ad
d
itiv
e
wh
ite
g
au
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
(
AW
GN)
ch
an
n
el
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
[
2
4
]
.
PTS
-
TS
[
2
5
]
An
a
d
d
itio
n
al
m
u
lti
-
h
y
b
r
id
s
ch
em
e
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
d
ata
b
lo
ck
s
with
in
ea
ch
s
eg
m
en
t
s
ig
n
al.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
PTS
-
T
R
s
c
h
em
e
f
o
cu
s
es
s
o
lely
o
n
th
e
o
v
e
r
lap
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
two
ad
jace
n
t
d
ata
b
lo
ck
s
.
PTS
-
DPSO
-
T
H
[
2
6
]
m
eth
o
d
em
p
l
o
y
s
d
is
cr
ete
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
DPSO)
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
m
it
i
g
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
ce
s
s
i
v
e
l
y
h
i
g
h
PA
PR
i
n
t
h
e
FB
M
C
/O
Q
AM
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
u
r
g
e
f
o
r
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
F
B
MC
s
y
s
t
e
m
th
a
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
s
p
e
ct
r
al
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
e
l
em
e
n
t
s
t
o
el
e
v
a
t
e
o
v
e
r
a
ll
s
y
s
t
e
m
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SCH
E
M
E
A
n
o
v
el
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
em
e
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
FB
MC
-
OQA
M
an
d
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
f
ilter
s
in
th
e
FB
M
C
s
y
s
tem
,
d
ev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
FB
MC
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es.
An
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
a
p
r
u
n
e
d
d
is
cr
ete
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
p
DFT)
[
2
7
]
is
u
s
ed
with
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
Fin
ally
,
an
I
ter
ativ
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
PAPR
in
FB
MC
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
o
r
k
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
ch
em
e
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as f
o
ll
o
w
:
3
.
1
.
F
B
M
C/O
Q
AM
FB
M
C
-
OQAM
i
s
an
ad
v
an
c
ed
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
th
at
h
as
g
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
its
p
o
ten
tial
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
8
]
.
Her
e
we
s
h
o
w
an
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
FB
MC/
OQAM
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
F
B
MC
/O
QA
M:
H
ermite filte
r
a
n
d
DF
T
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
fo
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
A
n
u
p
r
iya
)
79
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
FB
MC
em
p
lo
y
s
a
f
ilter
b
an
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
at
b
o
t
h
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
.
I
n
s
tea
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
wid
eb
an
d
f
ilter
,
it d
iv
id
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
b
an
d
wid
t
h
in
to
m
u
ltip
le
n
ar
r
o
wer
s
u
b
-
b
an
d
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
b
etter
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
lo
ca
lizatio
n
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
leak
ag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
FB
MC/OQAM
T
h
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
f
ilter
b
an
k
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al,
m
in
im
izin
g
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
T
h
is
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
ality
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
m
it
ig
ates
in
ter
-
ca
r
r
ier
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
I
C
I
)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
OFDM
[
2
9
]
.
FB
M
C
-
OQAM
'
s
ab
il
ity
to
h
an
d
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
-
s
elec
tiv
e
f
ad
in
g
ch
an
n
els
an
d
m
itig
ate
I
SI
m
ak
es
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
with
ch
allen
g
in
g
ch
an
n
el
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
u
r
b
a
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
m
u
ltip
ath
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
FB
MC/OQAM
ca
n
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
a
s
u
m
o
f
m
o
d
u
lated
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
.
Gen
e
r
alize
d
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al
(
)
in
FB
M
C
/OQAM
i
s
:
(
)
=
∑
{
(
)
2
}
−
1
=
0
(
6
)
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ts
th
e
r
ea
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
a
co
m
p
lex
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
p
ec
tr
al
c
o
n
tain
m
en
t
in
FB
MC
-
OQAM
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
lo
wer
o
u
t
-
of
-
b
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
with
ad
jace
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
a
n
d
s
.
3.
2
.
H
er
m
it
e
f
ilte
r
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
as
a
cr
u
cial
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
f
ilter
b
an
k
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
f
ilter
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
h
ap
e
th
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ain
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
lo
ca
lizatio
n
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
ed
s
p
ec
tr
al
leak
ag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ilter
d
esig
n
s
.
H
er
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
s
h
a
r
p
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
lo
ca
lizatio
n
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
f
ilter
i
s
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
f
ilter
b
an
k
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
FB
MC
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
(
d
B
)
o
f
m
u
l
ticar
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
p
lo
tted
ag
ain
s
t
n
o
r
m
alize
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
76
-
87
80
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
ea
c
h
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
is
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
n
ed
,
with
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
id
e
lo
b
es.
T
h
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
h
elp
s
in
m
in
im
izin
g
I
C
I
in
FB
MC.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
f
ilter
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ec
is
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
lo
ca
lizatio
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
a
h
ig
h
er
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
w
ith
in
th
e
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
wid
th
,
th
er
e
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
im
p
u
ls
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
a
s
et
o
f
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ials
d
en
o
ted
as
(
)
,
T
h
e
im
p
u
ls
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
ass
o
ciate
d
wit
h
th
e
k
th
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Fil
ter
B
an
k
Mu
lticar
r
ier
(
FB
MC)
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as f
o
l
lo
ws
:
ℎ
(
)
=
1
√
(
)
−
2
(
7
)
wh
er
e
(
.
)
,
is
th
e
k
th
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
T
is
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
d
u
r
atio
n
is
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
k
th
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
)
ar
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ials
th
at
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
icis
t's
Her
m
ite
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ials
(
)
as
:
(
)
=
1
√
2
!
√
(
)
(
8
)
th
e
co
m
p
lete
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
im
p
u
ls
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
m
b
in
es
th
ese
elem
e
n
ts
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
m
ath
em
atica
l r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
Her
m
ite
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
f
ilter
s
h
ap
es th
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
in
t
h
e
FB
MC sy
s
tem
.
3
.
3
.
P
runed DF
T
prec
o
din
g
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
Pre
co
d
in
g
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
e
d
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
m
an
ip
u
late
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
als
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
a
r
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
o
v
er
th
e
ch
an
n
el
.
T
h
e
p
DFT
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
3
]
is
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
s
elec
tin
g
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
DFT
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wh
ile
d
is
ca
r
d
in
g
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
is
"p
r
u
n
in
g
"
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
elp
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
u
ll
DFT.
T
h
e
p
r
u
n
ed
DFT
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
id
en
t
if
y
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
DFT
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
B
y
s
elec
tin
g
o
n
ly
,
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
with
o
u
t
s
ac
r
if
icin
g
ess
en
tial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Pru
n
e
d
DFT
in
FB
MC
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
b
r
in
g
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
[
3
4
]
.
Scalin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
to
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
.
T
h
e
s
c
alin
g
f
ac
to
r
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
.
I
t
ess
en
tially
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
am
p
lit
u
d
e
o
f
ea
c
h
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
q
u
ality
.
Scalin
g
is
u
s
ed
in
c
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
p
D
FT
p
r
ec
o
d
i
n
g
t
o
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
als,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
am
p
litu
d
e
im
b
alan
ce
s
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
I
t
er
a
t
iv
e
pa
rt
icle
s
wa
r
m
o
ptim
iz
a
t
io
n (
I
P
SO
)
A
n
o
v
el
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
iter
ativ
e
r
e
f
in
em
en
t
o
f
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
PAPR
,
ad
ap
tatio
n
t
o
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t a
llo
c
atio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
I
PS
O
is
in
s
p
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
wh
ich
is
a
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
llectiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
s
o
cial
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
s
u
c
h
as
b
ir
d
s
a
n
d
f
is
h
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ee
k
s
to
f
in
d
o
p
tim
al
o
r
n
ea
r
-
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
to
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
c
o
m
p
lex
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
es.
I
PS
O
is
ap
p
lied
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ass
o
ciate
d
wit
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
th
e
tu
n
in
g
o
f
p
ar
am
et
er
s
r
elate
d
to
p
r
u
n
ed
DFT
an
d
Scalin
g
in
th
e
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
I
PS
O
in
v
o
lv
es
f
in
d
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
a
n
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
PAPR
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
am
p
lific
atio
n
.
Ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
I
PS
O
h
elp
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
ch
a
n
n
el
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
b
y
iter
ativ
el
y
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
weig
h
ts
an
d
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
ese
p
DFT,
I
PS
O
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
en
cies b
etwe
en
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
3
.
5
.
I
t
er
a
t
iv
e
I
P
SO
wit
h
H
e
rm
it
e
ba
s
is
f
un
ct
io
ns
in a
n F
B
M
C
s
y
s
t
em
us
in
g
DF
T
Step
1
.
I
n
itializatio
n
:
Gen
er
at
e
a
r
an
d
o
m
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
N
p
p
ar
ticles.
Set
th
e
in
itial
in
er
tia
weig
h
t
ω
i
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
in
er
tia
weig
h
t
ω
d
,
lear
n
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
c
1
an
d
c
2
I
n
itializ
e
p
ar
ticles
with
r
an
d
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
x
an
d
v
elo
cities
v
.
Set
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
elo
city
lim
it
v
m
ax
.
Set
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
G
.
Step
2
.
Her
m
ite
B
asi
s
Fu
n
ctio
n
s
Ap
p
licatio
n
:
Fo
r
ea
c
h
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
th
e
F
B
MC
s
y
s
tem
,
ap
p
ly
Her
m
ite
b
asis
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
m
o
d
u
late
th
e
d
ata.
Step
3
.
DFT
Ap
p
licatio
n
:
Use
DFT
to
co
n
v
er
t
ea
c
h
m
o
d
u
l
ated
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
to
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ain
.
Step
4
.
Fit
n
ess
Fu
n
ctio
n
C
alcu
latio
n
:
C
alc
u
late
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
PAPR
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
y
m
b
o
ls
.
Min
PAPR
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
F
B
MC
/O
QA
M:
H
ermite filte
r
a
n
d
DF
T
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
fo
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
A
n
u
p
r
iya
)
81
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
aim
i
n
g
t
o
m
in
im
ize
it.
Min
PAPR
is
d
ef
in
ed
as:
Step
5
.
Per
s
o
n
a
l
an
d
Glo
b
al
B
est
Up
d
ate
:
Fo
r
ea
ch
p
a
r
ticle,
d
e
ter
m
in
e
p
id
(
p
er
s
o
n
al
b
est)
an
d
p
gd
(
g
lo
b
al
b
est)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
i
tn
ess
v
alu
e.
Step
6
.
Velo
city
an
d
Po
s
itio
n
Up
d
ate:
Up
d
ate
th
e
v
el
o
city
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
tic
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
PS
O
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
I
f
a
p
ar
ticle'
s
v
elo
city
ex
ce
ed
s
v
m
ax
,
s
et
it to
v
m
ax
.
Step
7
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
C
h
ec
k
:
−
C
h
ec
k
if
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
G
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
ac
h
ed
o
r
if
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
co
n
v
er
ted
t
o
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
−
I
f
th
e
s
to
p
p
i
n
g
cr
iter
ia
a
r
e
m
et
,
o
u
tp
u
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t p
o
p
u
latio
n
'
s
g
lo
b
al
b
est
p
gd
as th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
−
Oth
er
wis
e,
in
cr
em
en
t th
e
iter
a
tio
n
co
u
n
ter
g
a
n
d
r
et
u
r
n
to
Step
4
.
Step
8
.
Po
s
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
:
−
On
ce
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
u
s
e
DFT
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
,
o
b
tain
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
FB
MC si
g
n
al
m
o
d
u
lated
with
Her
m
ite
b
asis
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
Step
9
.
I
ter
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
Sy
m
b
o
ls
:
−
I
n
cr
em
en
t
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
c
o
u
n
t
n
an
d
c
h
ec
k
if
all
s
y
m
b
o
ls
N
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
.
I
f
n
o
t
all
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
r
etu
r
n
to
Step
2
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FB
MC
s
y
s
tem
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
PA
PR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
n
ee
d
s
to
q
u
an
tify
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
et
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
f
in
d
a
s
et
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e)
th
at
m
i
n
im
izes
th
e
PAPR
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ty
p
icall
y
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
v
alu
ate
h
o
w
well
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t set o
f
p
a
r
am
eter
s
ac
h
iev
es th
is
o
b
jectiv
e.
3
.
6
.
Wo
r
k
ing
o
f
pro
po
s
ed
F
B
M
C
/O
Q
AM
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FB
MC
s
y
s
tem
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
f
ilter
b
an
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
tr
an
s
m
it
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
.
L
et’
s
(
)
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itte
d
s
ig
n
al
in
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
,
an
d
b
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
b
aseb
an
d
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
k
th
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
FB
MC si
g
n
al
in
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
(
)
=
∑
.
(
)
−
1
=
0
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
im
p
u
ls
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
k
th
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
e
Her
m
it
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
f
ilter
(
)
ca
n
b
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
'
s
im
p
u
ls
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
d
en
o
ted
as
ℎ
(
)
an
d
it
is
u
s
ed
to
s
h
ap
e
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
.
1
√
ℎ
(
−
)
(
1
0
)
th
e
co
m
p
lex
b
aseb
an
d
r
e
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
is
m
o
d
u
lated
u
s
in
g
OQAM
.
T
h
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
,
an
d
OQ
A
M
b
e
th
e
OQAM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
with
M
co
n
s
tellatio
n
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
OQAM
-
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
al
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
=
OQ
A
M
(
)
(
1
1
)
th
e
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
in
v
o
lv
e
s
u
s
in
g
p
r
u
n
ed
p
DFT
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
am
p
les
in
t
h
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
e
p
r
u
n
ed
DFT
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
̃
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
:
̃
=
1
∑
−
1
=
0
−
2
(
1
2
)
Scalin
g
is
ap
p
lied
to
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
u
ch
th
at
=
.
̃
(
1
3
)
T
h
e
I
ter
ativ
e
PS
O
(
I
PS
O)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ap
p
lied
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
PAPR
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
u
p
d
atin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
c
tio
n
r
e
lated
to
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
I
PS
O
tr
ies
to
q
u
a
n
tify
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
et
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
I
P
SO
is
to
f
in
d
a
s
et
o
f
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
(
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
)
th
at
m
in
im
izes
th
e
PAP
R
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ty
p
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
h
o
w
wel
l
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
et
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
ac
h
iev
es
th
is
o
b
je
ctiv
e.
(
)
R
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
PAPR
o
f
th
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
s
ig
n
al
(
)
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
0
0
,
…
−
1
)
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
in
v
er
s
e
o
f
th
e
PA
PR
,
aim
in
g
to
m
in
im
ize
it su
c
h
th
at
:
(
0
,
1
,
…
−
1
)
=
1
(
)
(
1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
76
-
87
82
Her
e
0
,
1
,
…
−
1
ar
e
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
u
p
d
atin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
p
a
r
ticles
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
itn
ess
fu
n
ctio
n
r
elate
d
to
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
task
,
a
s
f
r
am
ed
b
y
th
e
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
is
to
f
in
d
th
e
s
et
o
f
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
{
0
∗
,
∗
…
−
1
∗
}
in
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
:
{
0
∗
,
∗
…
−
1
∗
}
=
0
,
1
,
…
−
1
(
0
,
1
,
…
−
1
)
(
1
5
)
th
e
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
iter
ativ
el
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
p
a
ce
(
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
)
to
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
et
th
at
m
in
im
izes
PAP
R
,
g
u
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
u
p
d
at
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
tn
ess
v
alu
es,
ai
m
in
g
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
to
war
d
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
lo
west PAP
R
.
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
ANA
L
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
aly
s
is
,
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
am
o
n
g
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
m
u
lticar
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es,
n
am
ely
OFDM,
FB
MC/OQA
M,
an
d
Fil
ter
B
an
k
Mu
lticar
r
ier
with
Qu
ad
r
atu
r
e
Am
p
litu
d
e
Mo
d
u
latio
n
an
d
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
(
FB
MC/QAM
with
Her
m
ite
f
i
lte
r
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FB
MC/QAM
s
ch
e
m
e,
au
g
m
en
ted
with
I
PS
O
f
o
r
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
is
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
to
as
s
es
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
s
ch
em
es
ac
r
o
s
s
k
ey
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
i
a
in
clu
d
e
B
it
E
r
r
o
r
R
ate
(
B
E
R
)
,
wh
ich
q
u
an
tifie
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
PAPR
,
a
c
r
u
cial
p
ar
a
m
eter
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
o
wer
am
p
lif
icatio
n
.
Simu
lated
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
en
s
ity
(
PS
D)
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ize
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
s
p
ec
tr
al
m
ask
s
.
O
FDM
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
,
wh
ile
FB
MC/OQAM
an
d
FB
M
C
/QAM
with
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
r
ep
r
esen
t a
lter
n
ativ
e
m
u
lticar
r
ier
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n
pa
ra
m
e
t
er
s
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
with
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
FB
MC/OQ
AM
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
p
an
s
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
3
0
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
ea
ch
with
a
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
p
ac
in
g
o
f
1
5
KHz
.
Sig
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SNR
)
is
ex
p
lo
r
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
4
0
d
B
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
te
m
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
o
is
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
FB
MC/
OQAM
s
y
s
tem
i
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
an
o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
o
f
4
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
t
h
e
s
h
ap
in
g
f
ilter
s
f
o
r
a
d
jace
n
t su
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
o
v
er
la
p
o
v
er
f
o
u
r
s
y
m
b
o
ls
.
QAM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
f
6
4
,
2
5
6
,
a
n
d
1
0
2
4
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
n
s
tellatio
n
s
ize
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
s
id
e
-
lo
b
e
atten
u
atio
n
o
f
4
0
d
B
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
s
id
e
lo
b
es
in
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
a
tes
at
a
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
1
5
.
3
6
MH
z
an
d
em
p
lo
y
s
6
4
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
.
T
h
e
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
is
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
f
ilter
.
All
th
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
llectiv
ely
d
ef
in
e
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
FB
MC/
OQAM
s
y
s
tem
's b
eh
av
io
u
r
u
n
d
er
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ch
em
es
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
sy
mb
o
l
s
30
S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
sp
a
c
i
n
g
15
K
H
z
S
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
n
o
i
s
e
r
a
t
i
o
20
-
40
dB
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
O
v
e
r
l
a
p
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
4
Q
A
M
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
r
d
e
r
6
4
/
2
5
6
/
1
0
2
4
S
i
d
e
-
l
o
b
e
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
4
0
d
B
S
a
mp
l
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
2
5
M
H
z
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
su
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
64
P
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
4
.
2
.
Sim
ula
t
ed
po
wer
s
pect
r
a
l dens
it
y
(
P
SD)
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
PS
D
o
f
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ac
r
o
s
s
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
a
tio
n
.
I
t
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
.
8
MH
z
to
4
.
1
MH
z;
th
e
PS
D
is
u
s
ed
to
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
a
s
ig
n
al
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
e
r
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
FB
M
C
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
id
elo
b
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
OFDM.
T
h
is
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
FB
MC
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
a
s
p
r
ea
d
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
I
PS
O
-
Her
m
ite
-
FB
MC
-
p
DFT
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
v
er
y
s
h
ar
p
p
ea
k
b
u
t
h
as
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
r
o
p
in
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
els
co
m
p
ar
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
F
B
MC
/O
QA
M:
H
ermite filte
r
a
n
d
DF
T
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
fo
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
A
n
u
p
r
iya
)
83
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
FB
MC.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
I
PS
O
-
Her
m
ite
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
o
p
tim
ized
th
e
s
ig
n
al
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
s
id
elo
b
es a
n
d
in
te
r
-
c
h
an
n
el
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Simu
lated
p
o
wer
s
p
e
ctr
al
d
en
s
ity
(
PS
D)
o
f
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
4
.
3
.
P
AP
R
e
v
a
lua
t
io
ns
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
e
p
icts
th
e
C
DF
o
f
th
e
PAPR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
A
h
ig
h
er
PAPR
t
y
p
ically
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
d
co
s
tly
p
o
wer
am
p
lifie
r
s
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
p
ea
k
s
with
o
u
t
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
PAPR
i
s
d
esira
b
le
a
s
i
t
ca
n
lead
to
s
im
p
ler
an
d
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
m
itter
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
C
DF
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
a
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
(
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
PAPR
)
w
ill
tak
e
a
v
alu
e
less
th
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
v
alu
e.
As
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
th
e
OFDM
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
PAPR
f
o
r
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
its
cu
r
v
e,
wh
ich
im
p
lies
th
at
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
OF
DM
will
h
av
e
a
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
PAPR
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
tech
n
iq
u
es.
FB
MC
an
d
FF
T
-
FB
M
C
h
av
e
lo
wer
PAPR
s
th
an
s
tan
d
ar
d
OFDM.
FB
M
C
an
d
FF
T
-
FB
MC
cu
r
v
es
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
i
n
d
i
ca
tin
g
th
at
th
e
PAPR
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
ese
two
ar
e
s
im
ilar
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
u
s
in
g
I
PS
O
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
an
d
p
DFT
h
a
s
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies (
clo
s
er
to
1
o
n
th
e
C
DF)
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
DF o
f
th
e
PAPR
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t m
o
d
u
latio
n
4
.
4
.
B
E
R
ev
a
lua
t
io
ns
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
elec
ted
s
ch
e
m
es
at
v
ar
y
in
g
QAM
o
r
d
er
s
an
d
SNR
s
,
Fro
m
th
e
tab
le
it
clea
r
th
at
OFDM
g
en
er
ally
h
as
th
e
wo
r
s
t
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
ch
em
es
test
ed
,
esp
ec
iall
y
at
h
ig
h
er
QAM
o
r
d
er
s
an
d
SNR
s
.
FB
M
C
/OQ
AM
h
as
b
etter
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
an
OFDM,
b
u
t
is
s
till
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
FB
MC/QAM
w
ith
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
at
4
0
d
B
SN
R
an
d
1
0
2
4
QAM
,
FB
M
C
/OQAM
h
as
an
E
R
o
f
1
.
7
0
E
-
0
2
wh
ile
FB
MC/QA
M
with
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
h
as
a
n
E
R
o
f
3
.
9
6
E
-
0
3
.
FB
M
C
/QAM
w
ith
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
b
est
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
ev
alu
ated
.
Ad
d
in
g
I
PS
O
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
E
R
s
l
ig
h
tly
.
At
4
0
d
B
SNR
an
d
1
0
2
4
QAM
,
FB
M
C
/QAM
with
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
h
as
an
E
R
o
f
3
.
9
6
E
-
0
3
v
er
s
u
s
3
.
6
4
E
-
0
3
with
I
PS
O.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
QAM
o
r
d
er
g
e
n
er
ally
wo
r
s
en
s
th
e
E
R
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ch
em
es
f
o
r
a
f
ix
ed
SNR
lev
el.
S
im
ilar
ly
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
SNR
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
E
R
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
QAM
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
FB
MC/
QAM
with
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
,
esp
ec
ially
with
I
PS
O
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
d
eliv
e
r
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est er
r
o
r
r
ate
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
ev
al
u
ated
w
av
ef
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
76
-
87
84
T
ab
le
2
.
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
elec
ted
s
ch
em
es a
t v
ar
y
in
g
Q
AM
o
r
d
er
s
an
d
SNR
s
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
ms
Q
A
M
o
r
d
e
r
20
dB
30
dB
40
dB
O
F
D
M
64
2
.
5
0
E
-
02
4
.
7
5
E
-
03
1
.
0
3
E
-
03
O
F
D
M
2
5
6
6
.
1
5
E
-
02
1
.
4
1
E
-
02
2
.
9
7
E
-
03
O
F
D
M
1
0
2
4
1
.
1
8
E
-
01
3
.
8
2
E
-
02
1
.
0
0
E
-
02
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
64
2
.
5
4
E
-
02
5
.
1
0
E
-
03
1
.
5
3
E
-
03
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
2
5
6
6
.
3
3
E
-
02
1
.
6
8
E
-
02
5
.
6
8
E
-
03
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
1
0
2
4
1
.
1
8
E
-
01
4
.
4
1
E
-
02
1
.
7
0
E
-
02
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
64
1
.
3
5
E
-
02
2
.
2
7
E
-
03
3
.
6
9
E
-
04
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
2
5
6
3
.
6
6
E
-
02
6
.
7
9
E
-
03
1
.
1
1
E
-
03
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
1
0
2
4
8
.
1
4
E
-
02
2
.
1
1
E
-
02
3
.
9
6
E
-
03
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
&
I
P
S
O
64
1
.
1
9
E
-
02
1
.
9
7
E
-
03
3
.
2
4
E
-
04
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
&
I
P
S
O
2
5
6
3
.
4
1
E
-
02
6
.
0
4
E
-
03
1
.
0
4
E
-
03
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
f
i
l
t
e
r
&
I
P
S
O
1
0
2
4
7
.
5
7
E
-
02
1
.
9
8
E
-
02
3
.
6
4
E
-
03
At
6
4
QAM
,
ad
d
in
g
I
PS
O
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
1
2
-
1
3
%
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
SNR
l
ev
els.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
at
2
0
d
B
SNR
,
I
PS
O
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
b
y
1
2
%.
Fo
r
2
5
6
QAM
,
I
PS
O
g
en
er
ates
a
6
-
1
1
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
er
r
o
r
r
ate
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
SNR
.
At
4
0
d
B
SN
R
,
a
d
d
in
g
I
PS
O
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate
b
y
6
%.
W
ith
1
0
2
4
QAM
,
I
PS
O
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
6
-
8
%
er
r
o
r
r
ate
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
v
er
FB
MC/Q
AM
with
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
alo
n
e.
At
4
0
d
B
SNR
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
8
%
with
I
PS
O.
Gen
er
ally
,
I
PS
O
g
en
er
ates
a
6
-
1
3
%
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
e
r
r
o
r
r
ate
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
QAM
o
r
d
er
s
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
FB
MC/QAM
an
d
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
eq
u
aliza
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
g
ai
n
s
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
eg
ar
d
les
s
o
f
SNR
lev
el.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
I
PS
O
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
ju
s
t
F
B
MC/
QAM
an
d
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
in
g
alo
n
e.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
esp
ec
ially
n
o
ticea
b
le
at
h
ig
h
er
QAM
o
r
d
er
s
lik
e
1
0
2
4
QAM
.
4
.
5
.
B
it
ra
t
e
ev
a
lua
t
i
o
ns
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
b
it
r
ates
f
o
r
s
elec
ted
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
Her
m
ite
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
DFT
in
to
th
e
FB
MC
s
y
s
tem
,
o
n
e
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
b
it
r
ate
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
OFDM
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
FB
MC.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
b
it r
a
tes (
Mb
/s
)
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
e
m
es
5.
P
AP
R
CO
M
P
ARI
SO
NS
W
I
T
H
ST
A
T
E
-
OF
-
T
H
E
-
ART
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
S
FB
M
C
/OQAM
is
th
e
b
aselin
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
with
a
PAPR
o
f
7
.
1
5
d
B
.
I
t'
s
ty
p
ically
h
ig
h
e
r
b
ec
au
s
e
FB
M
C
/OQAM
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
ap
p
lied
an
y
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Par
tial
tr
an
s
m
it
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
with
d
is
cr
ete
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PTS
-
DPSO)
[
2
6
]
h
av
e
a
PAPR
o
f
6
.
2
2
d
B
,
wh
ich
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
we
r
th
an
th
e
b
aselin
e,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
PTS
-
DPSO
-
T
H
[
2
6
]
a
v
ar
ian
t
o
f
th
e
PTS
-
DPSO
m
eth
o
d
,
a
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
T
H)
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
PAPR
is
s
im
ilar
to
PTS
-
DPSO
at
6
.
2
3
d
B
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
g
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
PAPR
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
PTS
-
DPSO
m
eth
o
d
.
I
ter
ativ
e
clip
p
in
g
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
[
3
7
]
h
as
a
PAPR
o
f
6
.
1
0
d
B
,
wh
ich
is
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
F
B
MC
/O
QA
M:
H
ermite filte
r
a
n
d
DF
T
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
fo
r
P
A
P
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
A
n
u
p
r
iya
)
85
PTS
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
it
er
ativ
e
clip
p
in
g
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
r
e
d
u
ce
PAPR
,
lik
ely
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
ig
n
a
l d
is
to
r
tio
n
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
m
a
n
ag
ed
.
T
h
e
clip
p
in
g
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
wit
h
ch
an
n
el
n
u
ll
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t
(
C
FC
NC
)
[
3
8
]
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
a
P
APR
o
f
5
.
9
8
d
B
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t r
e
d
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
in
th
e
FB
MC
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
PAPR
is
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
o
5
.
9
5
d
B
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
n
o
tio
n
t
h
at
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PAPR
.
Als
o
,
wh
en
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
He
r
m
ite
f
ilter
with
th
e
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
PAPR
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
th
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
in
th
e
ta
b
le
at
5
.
8
3
d
B
.
T
h
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
ilter
d
esig
n
with
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
y
n
er
g
is
tica
lly
r
ed
u
ce
s
PAP
R
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
an
y
o
t
h
er
m
et
h
o
d
lis
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
c
lear
tr
en
d
:
as
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
o
s
e
tail
o
r
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
PAPR
in
F
B
MC/OQA
M
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
P
A
PR
v
alu
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ic
h
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
w
ith
th
e
I
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
b
est
PAP
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
l
e
3
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
FB
MC/OQ
A
M
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PAPR
,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
itical
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
in
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Peak
-
to
-
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
wer
r
atio
(
PAPR
)
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
m
u
lticar
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
ms
P
A
P
R
(
d
B
)
F
B
M
C
/
O
Q
A
M
7
.
1
5
P
TS
-
D
P
S
O
6
.
2
2
P
TS
-
D
P
S
O
-
TH
6
.
2
3
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
c
l
i
p
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
6
.
1
0
C
P
C
N
C
5
.
9
8
F
B
M
C
/
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
F
i
l
t
e
r
5
.
9
5
F
B
M
C
/
Q
A
M
w
i
t
h
H
e
r
mi
t
e
F
i
l
t
e
r
& I
P
S
O
5
.
8
3
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
Nu
m
er
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
co
m
p
le
ted
in
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
an
d
DFT
-
b
ased
p
r
ec
o
d
i
n
g
s
ch
em
e
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
PAPR
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
FB
MC/OQ
AM
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fro
m
th
es
e
r
esu
lts
,
s
o
m
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
co
n
c
er
n
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
s
u
c
h
p
a
r
am
eter
s
as
PAPR
,
B
E
R
,
P
SD,
an
d
b
it
r
ates.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
e
p
icted
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
g
i
v
e
less
PAP
R
v
alu
es
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
FB
M
C
/OQAM
an
d
o
th
er
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
Her
m
it
e
f
ilter
with
I
PS
O
p
r
o
v
id
es
PAPR
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
5
.
8
3
d
B
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
b
etter
r
esu
lts
th
an
PTS
-
D
PS
O
with
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
6
.
2
2
d
B
,
an
d
I
ter
ativ
e
C
lip
p
in
g
an
d
Fil
ter
in
g
,
wh
ich
h
as
R
ed
u
ce
d
PAPR
to
6
.
1
0
d
B
.
T
a
b
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
is
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
ile
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
Q
AM
o
r
d
er
s
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
atio
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
B
E
R
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FB
MC/Q
AM
with
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
i
s
b
etter
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
s
ch
em
e
s
at
all
SNR
lev
els
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
QAM
o
r
d
er
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
im
u
la
tio
n
o
f
4
0
d
B
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
a
d
io
a
n
d
1
0
2
4
QAM
e
n
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
to
h
av
e
an
o
v
er
all
B
E
R
o
f
3
.
I
t is
wo
r
th
to
m
en
tio
n
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
OFDM
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
ed
a
B
E
R
o
f
6
4
E
-
0
3
,
wh
ile
s
tan
d
ar
d
OFDM
s
y
s
tem
h
as B
E
R
1
.
00E
-
0
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
Si
m
u
lated
PS
D
o
f
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fro
m
th
e
PS
D
r
esu
lts
,
it c
an
b
e
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
,
th
at
is
th
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
in
g
an
d
p
DFT,
h
as
a
b
etter
s
p
ec
tr
al
co
n
f
in
em
e
n
t
th
an
OFDM
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
FB
MC.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
u
n
lik
e
o
th
er
f
ilter
s
u
s
ed
in
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
’
s
s
teep
r
o
ll
o
f
f
o
f
f
er
s
b
e
tter
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
els
an
d
m
in
im
al
o
u
t
o
f
b
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
o
f
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
in
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
in
ter
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
to
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
ch
a
n
n
el
s
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
b
ea
ts
o
th
er
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ec
au
s
e
it
attain
s
a
b
it
r
ate
o
f
9
.
1
8
Mb
p
s
,
th
is
ju
d
icio
u
s
r
ate
is
h
ig
h
er
f
r
o
m
OFDM
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
FB
MC.
Fro
m
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
Her
m
ite
f
ilter
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
with
p
DFT
p
r
ec
o
d
in
g
an
d
ac
c
o
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
I
PS
O
p
r
o
v
es
its
elf
to
b
e
a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
co
m
b
at
t
h
e
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
PAPR
in
FB
M
C
/O
QAM
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
PAPR
,
B
E
R
,
P
SD,
an
d
b
it
r
ate
in
tu
r
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
y
ield
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
g
en
er
atio
n
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
in
h
ig
h
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
lo
w
er
r
o
r
r
ate
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
lo
wer
s
th
e
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izes
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
all
at
h
ig
h
er
r
r
ates,
h
ig
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
d
ata
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
SCO
P
E
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
elv
es
in
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ca
n
p
o
ten
tially
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
h
o
w
we
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
.
O
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
u
n
iq
u
ely
i
n
teg
r
ates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.