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c
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Vo
l
.
3
8
,
N
o
.
1
,
A
pr
i
l
20
2
5
,
pp.
22
~
31
IS
S
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
j
e
e
cs
.v
3
8
.
i
1
.
pp
22
-
31
22
Jou
r
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al
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e
page
:
ht
tp:
//
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cs
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C
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u
th
or
:
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d
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A
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b
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De
pa
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m
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E
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n
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F
a
c
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a
t
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udi
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s
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Ne
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S
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,
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n
do
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a
E
m
a
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l
:
w
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d
i
a
r
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b
o
wo
@
u
n
e
s
a
.
a
c
.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
P
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
bi
li
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y
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s
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bil
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y
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p
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to
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f
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i
n
o
pe
r
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
[
1]
-
[
3]
P
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
bi
li
t
y
i
s
ve
r
y
im
po
r
t
a
n
t
to
m
a
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t
a
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t
h
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a
v
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bil
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t
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c
i
t
y
s
upp
ly
t
o
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
[
4]
,
[
5]
.
Un
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
d
or
i
na
de
qua
t
e
l
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
d
i
s
t
ur
b
a
n
c
e
s
c
a
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
c
o
n
t
i
n
ue
d
d
i
s
t
ur
b
a
nc
e
s
,
l
o
s
s
o
f
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
,
e
x
c
e
s
s
i
ve
o
s
c
i
ll
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
o
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v
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c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
l
l
a
p
s
e
[
6]
-
[
8]
.
F
l
uc
tu
a
t
i
n
g
or
un
p
r
e
d
i
c
tabl
e
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
um
p
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
s
ud
de
n
c
h
a
n
ge
s
i
n
p
ow
e
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s
y
s
t
e
m
l
o
a
d
.
I
f
n
ot
m
a
n
a
ge
d
p
r
ope
r
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
e
l
oa
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f
l
uc
tua
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
c
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us
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a
n
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m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
odu
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
,
whi
c
h
c
a
n
di
s
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up
t
th
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s
tabi
l
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t
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f
s
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s
t
e
m
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
e
m
e
r
ge
n
c
y
s
i
tu
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
p
ow
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
ope
r
a
tor
s
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
l
o
a
ds
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
to
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
g
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
f
a
i
l
ur
e
.
T
hi
s
s
u
dd
e
n
d
r
op
i
n
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
um
p
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
a
f
f
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c
t
t
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f
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q
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c
y
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n
d
v
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t
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g
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s
t
a
b
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l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
f
n
ot
p
r
op
e
r
l
y
r
e
gul
a
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
us
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
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s
pon
s
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tec
h
n
o
l
o
gy
c
a
n
h
e
l
p
r
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gul
a
t
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
to
m
a
tch
p
ow
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
12
]
.
B
y
r
e
d
uc
i
n
g
or
d
e
l
a
y
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
pe
a
k
pe
r
i
o
ds
,
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
s
c
a
n
h
e
l
p
r
e
du
c
e
s
tr
e
s
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
owe
r
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
t
s
s
tabi
l
i
t
y
[
13]
,
[
1
4
]
.
P
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
bil
i
z
e
r
(
P
S
S
)
i
s
a
de
vi
c
e
us
e
d
in
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
po
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
o
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
d
y
na
mi
c
s
t
a
bi
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
I
t
s
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
o
pr
o
duc
e
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
h
a
t
i
s
a
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
to
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gu
l
a
t
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[
23]
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24]
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T
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2.
M
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HO
D
2.
1.
Hi
p
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am
u
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al
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−
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(
1)
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2.
1.
1.
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(
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x
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)
B
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(
2)
.
ℎ
=
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ℎ
−
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+
;
=
1
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I
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25
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[
25]
.
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26]
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go
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(
E
HO
)
Input: Population size (N), Maximum number of iteration (T), Number of dimension
1: procedure EHO
2: Initialize the parameters base
d (1).
3: Calculate of Fitness value
5: For t : t<T
6: Phase 1: The position of the hippos in the pond or river is updated (exploration)
7: For i=1 : N/2
8: Calculate the new position for i th using (2),(16),(6) (Proposed method)
9: Update Position of i
th population using(8),(9)
10: End For
11: Phase 2: Exploration
—
the hippos' defense mechanism against predators (exploration)
12: For i=1+ N/2:N
13: Generate Random Position For Predator using(10)
14: Calculate the new position for i th using (12)
15: End
For
16: Phase 3: Hippopotamus Evading the Predator (Exploitation)
17: Calculate the new bound based on (13)
18: For i=1:N
19: Generate Random Position For Population using(14)
20: End For
21: Save the best candidate solution found so far
23: End For
24:
return Best Soluton
25: End procedure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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N
:
2
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2
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52
In
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I
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52
E
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h
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t
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d
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ot
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r
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ppr
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s
,
t
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s
l
o
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g.
T
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bl
e
6
di
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
de
t
a
i
l
s
o
f
i
n
s
t
a
nc
e
2.
A
s
s
e
e
n
i
n
T
a
bl
e
6,
t
h
e
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
pr
o
duc
e
s
a
v
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l
o
c
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y
o
v
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r
s
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v
a
l
ue
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f
0.
01139,
whil
e
t
h
e
P
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HO
m
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t
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p
l
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w
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01498.
T
h
e
P
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a
ppr
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a
c
h
i
s
31.
51887621%
l
e
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c
a
p
a
bl
e
t
h
a
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e
t
h
o
d
s
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c
a
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s
t
ud
y
2.
T
h
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P
S
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HO
a
ppr
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a
c
h
o
f
f
e
r
s
t
h
e
be
s
t
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
otor
a
n
g
l
e
u
n
de
r
s
h
o
ot.
T
hi
s
v
a
l
ue
o
ut
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
-
b
e
s
t
PSS
-
HO
t
e
c
h
ni
que
by
27.
16170691%
.
T
h
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
a
s
e
3,
wh
e
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
a
s
s
i
g
n
e
d
85%
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
.
F
i
gur
e
4
di
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
pe
e
d
a
n
d
r
oto
r
a
n
g
l
e
.
F
i
gur
e
4(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
to
r
otor
s
pe
e
d
a
n
d
F
i
gur
e
4(
b
)
i
s
a
n
il
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
oto
r
a
n
g
l
e
.
T
h
e
c
a
s
e
3
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
di
s
p
l
a
y
e
d
i
n
T
a
bl
e
7.
T
h
e
P
S
S
-
E
HO
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
y
ie
l
d
s
t
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b
e
s
t
s
pe
e
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
v
a
l
ue
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
S
S
-
HO
m
e
t
h
o
d
c
o
m
e
s
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d.
T
h
e
a
bi
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
S
S
-
E
HO
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
s
31.
60886868%
hi
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
a
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
S
S
-
HO
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
t
i
m
e
,
t
h
e
P
S
S
L
e
a
d
-
l
a
g
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
t
h
e
wo
r
s
t
f
i
gur
e
f
o
r
r
oto
r
a
n
g
l
e
u
n
de
r
s
h
o
ot,
c
o
m
in
g
i
n
a
t
-
0
.
955.
T
h
e
P
S
S
-
E
HO
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h
y
i
e
l
d
s
t
he
hi
g
h
e
s
t
s
c
o
r
e
,
whi
l
e
t
h
e
P
S
S
-
HO
m
e
t
h
o
d
c
o
m
e
s
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d.
T
h
e
P
S
S
-
E
HO
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
o
u
t
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
P
S
S
-
HO
m
e
t
h
o
d
by
12.
06684257%
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
F
i
gur
e
3.
R
e
s
po
n
s
e
s
i
n
55%
o
f
l
o
a
d
(
a
)
s
pe
e
d
a
n
d
(
b
)
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
T
a
bl
e
6.
C
a
s
e
1
:
55
%
o
f
l
o
a
d
M
e
th
o
d
S
pe
e
d r
e
s
po
ns
e
R
o
t
o
r
A
ngl
e
r
e
s
p
o
ns
e
U
nde
r
s
h
oo
t
O
ve
r
s
h
oo
t
S
e
tt
li
ng
ti
m
e
(
s
)
U
nde
r
s
h
oo
t
S
e
tt
li
ng
ti
m
e
(
s
)
PSS
-
L
e
a
d
L
a
g
-
0.09059
0.04524
915
-
0.6184
911
PSS
-
HO
-
0.0723
0.01498
872
-
0.4121
976
PSS
-
E
H
O
-
0.07124
0.01139
807
-
0.3679
954
(
a
)
(
b
)
F
i
gur
e
4
.
R
e
s
po
n
s
e
s
i
n
85%
o
f
l
o
a
d
(
a
)
s
pe
e
d
a
n
d
(
b
)
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
do
n
e
s
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a
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E
l
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c
E
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&
C
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o
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1
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A
pr
i
l
20
2
5
:
22
-
31
28
T
a
bl
e
7.
C
a
s
e
1:
85
%
o
f
l
o
a
d
M
e
th
o
d
S
pe
e
d r
e
s
po
ns
e
R
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r
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PSS
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g
-
0.14
0.06992
951
-
0.955
999
PSS
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-
0.11
0.02315
896
-
0.6371
947
PSS
-
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H
O
-
0.11
0.01759
823
-
0.5685
899
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
h
e
pur
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
to
c
o
m
pa
r
e
th
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
H
i
ppo
pot
a
m
u
s
Opt
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
Al
go
r
i
t
hm
(
HO
)
a
n
d
to
c
o
n
duc
t
a
t
h
or
o
ugh
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w.
T
h
e
E
HO
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
i
s
t
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
i
s
to
t
e
s
t
o
n
a
s
i
n
g
le
m
a
c
hi
ne
i
n
o
r
de
r
to
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
da
m
pe
ni
ng
o
s
c
i
ll
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
po
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
o
u
t
pe
r
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
l
o
a
d
t
e
s
t
s
a
t
15%
,
55%
,
a
n
d
85%
.
P
S
S
wa
s
s
ubjec
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
E
HO
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
c
a
s
e
s
t
udi
e
s
1
a
n
d
2,
i
t
i
s
e
vi
d
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
un
de
r
s
h
o
ot
of
s
p
e
e
d
v
a
l
ue
us
i
ng
E
HO
h
a
s
l
o
we
r
e
d
by
26.
48%
,
27.
27%
,
a
n
d
a
ppr
o
xi
m
a
t
e
ly
27.
162%
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
ly
,
i
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
P
S
S
-
HO
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
.
I
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
t
i
m
e
,
th
e
P
S
S
-
E
HO
'
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
un
de
r
s
h
o
ot
o
f
r
otor
a
ng
l
e
dr
o
ppe
d
by
a
ppr
o
xi
m
a
t
e
l
y
12.
063%
i
n
C
a
s
e
S
t
udy
1,
12.
014%
i
n
C
a
s
e
S
t
ud
y
2,
a
n
d
12.
07%
i
n
C
a
s
e
S
t
ud
y
3.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
i
s
qu
i
t
e
f
l
e
xi
b
l
e
i
n
r
e
s
po
ns
e
to
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
l
o
a
d.
T
h
e
e
x
pe
r
i
m
e
n
t
'
s
us
a
ge
o
f
a
b
a
s
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
a
ke
s
t
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
l
a
we
d.
T
o
a
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d's
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
f
ur
t
h
e
r
,
i
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
t
e
s
t
e
d
o
n
m
o
r
e
i
n
t
r
i
c
a
t
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
l
i
ne
a
r
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
.
AP
P
E
ND
I
X
T
a
bl
e
1.
C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
HO
a
n
d
E
HO
F
unc
ti
o
n
HO
E
H
O
F1
B
e
s
t
1.13E
-
25
1.58E
-
26
M
e
a
n
6.01E
-
17
6.03E
-
19
W
o
r
s
t
2.53E
-
15
2.08E
-
17
S
td
3.60E
-
16
2.98E
-
18
R
a
nk
2
1
F2
B
e
s
t
8.73E
-
13
4.41E
-
15
M
e
a
n
4.85E
-
10
7.08E
-
11
W
o
r
s
t
4.53E
-
09
4.96E
-
10
S
td
8.27E
-
10
1.12E
-
10
R
a
nk
2
1
F3
B
e
s
t
2.00E
-
25
6.35E
-
26
M
e
a
n
2.79E
-
18
1.41E
-
18
W
o
r
s
t
5.59E
-
17
4.78E
-
17
S
td
1.02E
-
17
6.86E
-
18
R
a
nk
2
1
F4
B
e
s
t
4.62E
-
13
1.15E
-
13
M
e
a
n
5.49E
-
10
1.95E
-
10
W
o
r
s
t
9.12E
-
09
3.10E
-
09
S
td
1.57E
-
09
4.84E
-
10
R
a
nk
2
1
F5
B
e
s
t
2.82E
-
0
3
1.17E
-
04
M
e
a
n
0.4035
0.63469
W
o
r
s
t
2.5456
5.6249
S
td
0.53864
1.2763
R
a
nk
1
2
F6
B
e
s
t
6.56E
-
04
8.71E
-
05
M
e
a
n
0.13194
0.163
W
o
r
s
t
0.65795
0.59757
S
td
1.22E
-
01
1.45E
-
01
R
a
nk
1
2
F7
B
e
s
t
7.22E
-
05
9.05E
-
05
M
e
a
n
0.0026323
0.0023946
W
o
r
s
t
0.0080386
0.007547
S
td
0.0017992
0.001724
R
a
nk
2
1
F8
B
e
s
t
-
31972.6094
-
32695.8027
M
e
a
n
-
20443.7519
-
22396.5212
W
o
r
s
t
-
12569.042
-
12567.9501
S
td
4371.9892
5295.5387
R
a
nk
2
1
F9
B
e
s
t
0
0
M
e
a
n
0.00E
+
00
0.00E
+
00
W
o
r
s
t
0.00E
+
00
0.00E
+
00
S
td
0.00E
+
00
0.00E
+
00
R
a
nk
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
do
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
S
c
i
I
S
S
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
nhanc
e
d
hippopot
amus
opti
miz
ati
on
algor
it
hm
fo
r
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
tabi
li
z
e
r
s
(
W
idi
A
r
ibo
w
o
)
29
T
a
bl
e
1.
C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
HO
a
n
d
E
HO
(
c
onti
nue
d)
F
unc
ti
o
n
HO
E
H
O
F
10
B
e
s
t
8.26E
-
14
7.99E
-
15
M
e
a
n
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
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S
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r
ol
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
a
nd
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
ie
s
t
o
e
n
ha
nc
e
p
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w
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r
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Y
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V
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uma
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n
a
na
l
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ti
c
s
f
o
r
p
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w
e
r
s
y
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te
m
s
ta
bi
li
t
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
,”
in
I
nt
e
ll
i
ge
nt
D
at
a
-
D
r
iv
e
n
M
ode
ll
in
g
and
O
pt
imi
z
at
io
n
in
P
ow
e
r
and
E
ne
r
gy
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
B
oc
a
R
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to
n:
C
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ib
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bua
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ga
h,
D
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O
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v
a
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T
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z
i
li
,
A
.
S
a
bo
,
a
nd
H
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A
.
S
h
e
ha
de
h,
“
F
r
il
l
e
d
li
z
a
r
d
o
pt
im
i
z
a
ti
o
n
t
o
o
pt
im
i
z
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
pr
o
p
or
ti
o
na
l
in
t
e
gr
a
l
d
e
r
i
v
a
ti
ve
of
D
C
mo
t
or
,”
V
ok
as
i
U
ne
s
a B
ul
le
ti
n of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and A
ppl
ie
d Sc
ie
nc
e
, vo
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K
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is
hr
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M
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E
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ka
nda
r
i,
M
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H
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A
bba
s
i,
P
.
S
a
nj
e
e
v
kuma
r
,
J
.
Z
ha
ng,
a
nd
L
.
L
i,
“
A
de
ta
il
e
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
of
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
e
s
il
i
e
n
c
e
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
pi
ll
a
r
s
,”
E
le
c
tr
ic
P
ow
e
r
Sy
s
te
m
s
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
v
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M
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M
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M
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S
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K
a
nde
l,
S
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S
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K
a
da
h,
a
nd
M
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F
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K
o
tb
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
ta
bi
li
t
y
e
nha
n
c
e
me
nt
ut
il
i
z
in
g
pha
s
or
m
e
a
s
ur
e
me
nt
uni
ts
a
t
tr
a
ns
ie
nt
a
nd
s
te
a
d
y
s
ta
te
,”
M
ans
our
a
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
J
our
nal
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J
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S
ha
ir
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H
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L
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J
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u,
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X
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X
ie
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
ta
bi
li
t
y
is
s
ue
s
,
c
la
s
s
if
i
c
a
ti
o
ns
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
o
s
pe
c
ts
in
th
e
c
o
nt
e
xt
of
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gh
-
pe
n
e
tr
a
ti
o
n
of
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
s
a
nd
po
w
e
r
e
le
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
,”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
and
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
v
ie
w
s
,
vo
l.
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[
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N
.
H
a
tz
ia
r
g
y
r
i
o
u
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
e
f
in
i
t
i
o
n
a
nd
c
la
s
s
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
of
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
ta
bi
li
t
y
-
r
e
v
is
it
e
d
&
e
x
t
e
nd
e
d
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
P
o
w
e
r
Sy
s
te
m
s
, v
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l.
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J
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M
a
c
ho
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ki
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W
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B
ia
le
k,
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J
.
R
.
B
umb
y
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
D
y
na
mi
c
s
:
S
ta
bi
l
it
y
a
nd
C
o
nt
r
o
l,
”
in
P
o
w
e
r
Sy
s
te
m
D
y
nam
ic
s
:
St
abi
li
ty
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ont
r
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R
.
A
s
gha
r
,
F
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R
ig
a
nt
i
F
ul
gi
ne
i,
H
.
W
a
doo
d,
a
nd
S
.
S
a
e
e
d,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
of
l
o
a
d
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
c
o
nt
r
ol
s
c
h
e
me
s
d
e
pl
oy
e
d
f
o
r
w
in
d
-
in
te
gr
a
t
e
d p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
ms
,”
Sus
ta
in
abi
lity
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l.
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A
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ib
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“
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mpa
r
is
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n
s
tu
d
y
o
n
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
l
o
a
d
di
s
pa
tc
h
us
in
g
me
ta
he
ur
is
ti
c
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
,”
G
az
i
U
ni
v
e
r
s
it
y
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ou
r
nal
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f
Sc
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A
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G
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H
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K
l
in
ge
J
a
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bs
e
n,
C
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-
M
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B
e
r
ga
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nt
z
lé
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F
.
S
c
he
ll
e
r
,
a
nd
F
.
M
øl
le
r
A
nde
r
s
e
n,
“
V
a
r
ia
bi
li
t
y
in
e
le
c
tr
i
c
it
y
c
o
ns
umpt
i
o
n
b
y
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
of
c
o
ns
ume
r
:
T
h
e
im
pa
c
t
o
n
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
it
y
l
o
a
d
pr
of
il
e
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
le
c
t
r
ic
al
P
o
w
e
r
&
E
ne
r
gy
Sy
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te
m
s
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l.
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a
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[
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S
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S
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T
a
v
a
r
ov
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P
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M
a
tr
e
ni
n,
M
.
S
a
f
a
r
a
li
e
v
,
M
.
S
e
n
y
uk,
S
.
B
e
r
yoz
ki
na
,
a
nd
I
.
Z
i
c
ma
n
e
,
“
F
o
r
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
of
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
it
y
c
o
ns
umpt
i
on
b
y
ho
us
e
h
o
ld
c
o
ns
ume
r
s
us
in
g
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
gi
c
ba
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
de
ve
l
opme
nt
pl
a
n
of
th
e
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
th
e
R
e
pub
li
c
of
T
a
ji
ki
s
t
a
n,”
Sus
ta
in
abi
li
ty
, vo
l.
15, n
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e
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i:
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[
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A
.
A
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A
bda
ll
a
,
M
.
S
.
E
l
M
o
ur
s
i,
T
.
H
.
E
l
-
F
o
ul
y
,
a
nd
K
.
H
.
A
l
H
o
s
a
ni
,
“
A
nove
l
a
da
pt
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
m
oo
th
in
g
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
or
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V
po
w
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r
pl
a
nt
w
it
h
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
s
y
s
t
e
m
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
,
v
o
l.
14,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
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J
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2023, do
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T
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[
14]
K
.
J
o
ni
,
“
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
e
s
ti
ma
ti
o
n
of
ph
ot
ovo
lt
a
ic
ba
s
e
d
o
n
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ha
o
ti
c
e
l
it
e
m
o
unt
a
in
ga
z
e
ll
e
o
pt
im
i
z
e
r
,”
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ok
as
i
U
ne
s
a
B
ul
le
ti
n
o
f
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and A
ppl
ie
d Sc
ie
nc
e
, pp. 30
–
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2024, do
i:
10.26740/
v
ub
e
ta
.
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1i
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g
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ol
.
29,
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.
6
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3739,
O
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t.
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[
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o
l.
321,
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a
r
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e
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[
18
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.
31,
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o
.
1,
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–
146,
J
a
n.
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i:
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0.
[
19]
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20]
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. D
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[
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i:
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[
22]
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.2401003.
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23]
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24]
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41598
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3.
[
25]
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