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3
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e
r
g
y
g
en
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
in
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
d
is
p
atch
ab
le
DGs
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
lan
ts
h
as
b
ee
n
h
in
d
er
e
d
b
y
ir
r
eg
u
lar
ities
in
th
e
tim
in
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
as
s
tated
b
y
Das
e
t a
l
.
[
1
5
]
.
On
an
I
E
E
E
3
3
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
u
tli
n
ed
by
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
au
t
h
o
r
s
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
0
]
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
an
d
te
s
ted
.
I
n
an
attem
p
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
waste
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
u
tili
ty
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
S
Ss
)
ar
e
n
o
w
b
ein
g
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
s
o
lar
f
a
r
m
s
,
au
th
o
r
s
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
B
E
SS
s
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
m
o
u
n
t
ed
o
n
b
u
s
es
to
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
ick
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
ex
tr
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
an
d
to
r
e
d
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
lo
s
s
es.
W
h
ile
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elem
en
ts
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
AC
/DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
i
n
th
e
p
ast
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
litt
le
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
aid
to
wh
er
e
E
SS
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
ese
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
'
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
d
d
i
n
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
lik
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
,
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
cr
ea
tes
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
an
d
in
ter
m
itten
c
y
i
n
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile,
wh
ich
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
h
ig
h
er
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es in
th
e
p
ast.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
im
ize
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
ta
k
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
d
em
an
d
p
r
o
f
iles
,
a
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ed
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
o
p
tim
al
lo
c
atio
n
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ities
f
o
r
E
SS
.
2.
O
P
T
I
M
AL
P
L
ACE
M
E
NT
O
F
B
AT
T
E
RY
E
N
E
RG
Y
S
T
O
RAG
E
S
YS
T
E
M
US
I
NG
ANN
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
ar
c
h
ety
p
e
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
d
etail
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t'
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t
Simscap
e
lib
r
ar
y
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
it.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
g
iv
e
th
e
s
cien
tific
co
m
m
u
n
ity
a
to
o
l
an
d
a
d
ee
p
e
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
MG
an
d
all
o
f
its
co
n
s
ti
tu
en
t
p
ar
ts
,
as
well
as th
eir
co
llectiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
with
NN
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
p
r
io
r
itized
1
2
b
u
s
es
in
to
ta
l,
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ea
l
s
lack
b
u
s
th
at
was
alr
ea
d
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
an
E
SS
as d
ep
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
an
d
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
b
u
s
-
8
was
th
e
id
ea
l
lo
ca
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
n
ew
E
SS
in
s
tallatio
n
,
an
d
th
at
0
.
1
8
6
4
3
7
MW
was
th
e
id
ea
l
E
SS
s
ize.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
u
s
-
1
was
th
e
least
s
u
itab
le
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
a
n
ew
E
SS
in
s
tallatio
n
.
T
h
e
b
ig
g
est
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
b
u
s
-
1
an
d
b
u
s
-
8
was
th
at
b
u
s
8
'
s
SP
ESS
v
alu
e
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
lar
g
er
th
an
b
u
s
1
'
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
SP
ESS
v
al
u
es
b
etwe
en
b
o
th
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
to
ch
an
g
es
in
all
lo
ad
s
was
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t;
n
o
n
eth
el
ess
,
b
u
s
1
n
ee
d
s
an
E
SS
with
a
n
u
n
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
ly
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
ity
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
er
ate
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
(
VM
S
)
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
lo
ad
c
h
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
ten
tial
lo
ca
ti
o
n
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
s
u
b
jecte
d
t
o
h
o
u
r
l
y
B
E
SS
s
iz
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es:
a.
Simu
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
r
ANN
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
B
E
SS
.
b.
An
in
itialized
I
E
E
E
1
2
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
in
d
icatin
g
p
o
ten
tial BESS lo
ca
tio
n
s
is
in
p
lace
.
c.
Sto
r
ed
ar
e
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
B
E
SS
allo
ca
tio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
to
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
tima
l p
la
ce
men
t o
f e
n
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
in
h
yb
r
id
A
C
/DC
micro
g
r
id
to
en
h
a
n
ce
…
(
P
a
g
id
ela
Ya
mu
n
a
)
197
d.
Usi
n
g
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
tep
(
c)
,
th
e
B
E
SS
s
izin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
tar
ted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t h
o
u
r
o
f
th
e
tim
e
p
er
io
d
.
e.
B
u
s
es a
r
e
in
itialized
to
r
ep
r
esen
t p
o
ten
tial BESS si
zin
g
.
f.
T
h
e
r
am
p
r
ate
f
o
r
n
et
lo
a
d
is
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
k
ep
t w
ith
in
th
e
r
am
p
.
g.
T
h
e
L
o
ad
s
h
o
f
f
e
r
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
s
izin
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
w
h
ich
is
r
u
n
in
Simu
lin
k
.
h.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
is
th
en
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
o
r
Ob
jF.
i.
New
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
o
p
tim
al
b
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
B
E
SS
s
ize
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ev
is
ed
.
j.
Up
u
n
til
th
e
allo
tted
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
was
r
ea
ch
ed
,
r
ep
ea
t
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
s
tep
s
(
f
)
to
(
i)
.
k.
Sto
r
ed
is
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
id
e
al
s
izin
g
alo
n
g
with
th
e
m
atch
in
g
B
E
SS
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
tep
(
c)
.
R
ep
ea
ted
s
tep
s
(
e)
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
j)
.
l.
Up
d
ates
ar
e
m
a
d
e
to
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
t
h
e
b
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
o
r
B
E
SS
.
Un
til
th
e
allo
tted
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
is
r
ea
ch
e
d
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
s
tep
s
(
c)
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
l
)
is
r
e
p
ea
ted
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
T
h
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
(
DC
MG
)
b
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
two
o
p
p
o
s
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
a
m
a
x
d
e
m
an
d
s
tate
an
d
a
m
in
im
al
d
em
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
h
e
PV1
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
p
ath
way
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPPT)
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wo
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
e
(
m
ax
d
e
m
an
d
)
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
AC
MG
s
er
v
es
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
d
e
v
ice
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
p
ac
ity
.
W
h
en
th
e
PV
-
1
s
y
s
tem
is
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
e,
o
r
lo
west
am
o
u
n
t
d
e
m
an
d
,
n
o
p
o
wer
is
g
en
er
ated
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
AC
MG
#
2
to
t
h
e
DC
MG
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
AC
/DC
VSC
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
e
n
ab
l
es e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
lo
ad
in
th
e
B
E
SS
#
1
f
o
r
DC
s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
195
-
203
198
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
ANN
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
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g
g
ested
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eth
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t
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th
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ite
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th
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er
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ch
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th
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m
icr
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p
r
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iv
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cr
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r
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ilit
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with
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ized
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lly
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m
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o
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r
d
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th
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t
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r
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atin
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eter
m
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h
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o
m
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en
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ato
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tr
ateg
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ay
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u
s
e
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ately
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3
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s
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u
r
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ig
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ase
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[
1
]
T.
T.
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3
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A
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