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ally
a
n
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
A
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
wh
ich
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
t
h
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
SEPI
C
an
d
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
n
d
also
th
e
T
HD
h
as b
ee
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
in
im
ized
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
PV
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
i
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
etr
ie
v
ed
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV
a
n
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
is
to
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
at
a
s
tab
le
m
o
d
e.
T
o
r
e
g
u
late
a
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
L
UO
co
n
v
er
t
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
n
o
p
tim
ized
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
.
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
r
e
n
e
wab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
DC
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
an
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
.
T
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
t
h
e
Ar
t
if
icial
B
ee
co
lo
n
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
.
I
t’
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
f
ac
ile
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
ew
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
wh
en
an
alo
g
ized
with
o
th
er
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
o
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
b
atter
y
is
co
u
p
led
with
PC
C
to
g
en
er
a
te
p
o
wer
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
lac
k
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
]
-
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
is
f
ed
to
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
an
a
lo
g
ized
with
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
l
tag
e
wh
ich
is
f
ix
ed
to
6
0
0
V.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
th
at
is
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
is
g
iv
en
to
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
an
d
it
is
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
o
b
tain
e
d
as
AC
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
.
I
t
i
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
DC
b
y
m
ak
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
a
PW
M
r
ec
tifie
r
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
ac
ts
as
a
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice.
W
h
e
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ex
a
g
g
er
ates
ab
o
v
e
5
6
0
V,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
will
s
tar
t
r
elea
s
ed
o
u
t
to
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
f
in
ally
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
e
r
ter
s
,
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
AC
an
d
it
is
f
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
DQ
th
eo
r
y
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
g
en
er
atin
g
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
HR
E
S with
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
3.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
M
E
T
H
O
D
L
UO
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ass
is
ts
to
lift
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
et
r
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
PV
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
cir
cu
it
elem
en
ts
m
in
im
izes th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
p
o
wer
.
L
UO
co
n
v
er
te
r
ac
q
u
ir
es
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
m
in
im
ized
r
ip
p
les
alo
n
g
with
g
o
o
d
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
L
UO
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Fro
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
tr
an
s
f
er
e
n
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
tu
r
n
o
f
f
m
o
d
e
an
d
af
ter
th
at,
ac
cu
m
u
lated
en
er
g
y
is
f
ed
to
lo
ad
wh
en
it
is
s
witc
h
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
if
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
Vc
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
o
ltag
e
Vo
,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
o
ltag
e
also
g
ets
m
ax
im
ized
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
witch
S
is
tu
r
n
ed
to
b
e
in
m
o
d
e
o
f
f
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
tar
ts
f
lo
win
g
v
ia
d
i
o
d
e
D.
I
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
n
o
t
r
ea
c
h
es
ze
r
o
b
e
f
o
r
e
tu
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
witch
ag
ain
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
erta
in
in
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
s
o
n
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f d
iffer
en
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter d
esig
n
s
fo
r
…
(
N
.
K
r
is
h
n
a
mo
o
r
th
y
)
433
T
h
is
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tate
is
s
aid
to
b
e
in
C
C
m
o
d
e
an
d
if
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
,
th
en
it
is
to
b
e
in
d
i
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t r
o
le
a
n
d
its
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
s
f
o
llo
ws
:
T
h
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t I
L
2
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
1
)
.
2
=
(
1
−
)
1
(
1
)
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
atio
n
as sh
o
wn
in
(
2
)
.
=
1
−
(
2
)
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
(
3
)
.
=
1
−
(
3
)
T
h
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
en
t is co
m
p
u
te
d
b
y
(
4
)
.
∇
1
=
1
(
4
)
Fro
m
(
4
)
,
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
v
alu
e
a
n
d
L
2
v
alu
e
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
1
=
∇
2
(
5
)
2
=
∇
2
(
6
)
T
h
e
ch
a
r
g
e
th
at
is
p
r
esen
t in
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
e
x
ag
g
e
r
ates d
u
r
i
n
g
o
f
f
m
o
d
e
b
y
I
L
2
an
d
m
in
im
i
ze
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
m
o
d
e
b
y
I
L
1
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
7
)
.
=
1
−
∇
1
1
(
7
)
T
h
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
o
u
tp
u
t
L
UO
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
,
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
2
ac
cu
m
u
lates
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
P
V
an
d
win
d
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
-
on
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
it
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
t
h
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
e
n
er
g
y
to
th
e
co
n
d
e
n
s
er
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
o
f
f
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
s
itiv
e
o
u
t
p
u
t L
UO
co
n
v
er
te
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Neg
ativ
e
o
u
tp
u
t L
U
O
co
n
v
er
ter
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
P
V
-
w
i
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
a
s
e
d
H
R
E
S
w
it
h
a
L
U
O
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
i
n
s
ti
g
a
t
e
d
i
n
M
A
T
L
AB
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
t
o
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
’
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
es
s
.
T
h
is
m
a
i
n
g
o
a
l
o
f
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
h
an
g
e
s
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
i
s
n
o
t
r
e
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
i
n
a
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
s
t
a
t
e
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
i
s
,
a
L
U
O
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
u
t
i
li
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
i
d
o
f
a
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
L
UO
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
T
h
e
DC
-
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
w
i
t
h
L
UO
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
A
B
C
is
d
is
p
l
ay
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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w
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
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N:
2088
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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8
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6
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4
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ased
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
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tig
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tio
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n
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th
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d
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p
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with
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le
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.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
R
.
A
l
b
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t
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
S
t
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2
.
[
2
]
K
.
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J
.
R
.
A
l
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t
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2
6
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5
8
.
[
3
]
T.
K
a
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n
n
a
n
,
J
.
R
.
A
l
b
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t
,
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.
M
.
B
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a
m,
a
n
d
P
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d
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u
mat
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i
,
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P
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Q
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2
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5
.
[
4
]
J.
R
.
A
l
b
e
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t
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
v
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ms,
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.
[
5
]
K
.
S
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,
M
.
D
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.
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u
mar,
a
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d
A
.
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.
R
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,
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R
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Ti
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.
[
6
]
K
.
V
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.
T
.
R
.
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.
[
7
]
S
.
K
.
R
a
mara
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l
.
,
“
D
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(
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)
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[
8
]
L.
T
h
a
n
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a
m
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h
u
,
J.
R
.
A
l
b
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r
t
,
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.
C
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d
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.
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,
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[
9
]
R
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
sam
y
,
V
.
G
o
v
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d
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J
.
R
.
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[
1
0
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J.
R
.
A
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b
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t
,
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