I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
5
9
9
~
6
0
7
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
6
.
i1
.
p
p
5
9
9
-
607
599
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Dilig
ence ana
ly
sis
f
o
r micro g
rid
sy
stems in isla
nde
d
mo
de of
o
pera
tion with
op
tima
l switc
hing
c
o
ntrol o
f
co
nv
ert
e
r
P
rit
ha
G
up
t
a
1
,
M
a
hes
h Si
ng
h
2
,
Sh
im
py
Ra
lha
n
3
,
M
a
ng
a
l
Sin
g
h
4
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
& E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
h
r
i
S
h
a
n
k
a
r
a
c
h
a
r
y
a
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
a
mp
u
s,
B
h
i
l
a
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
s a
n
d
A
u
t
o
ma
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
y
m
b
i
o
si
s I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
P
u
n
e
C
a
m
p
u
s
,
S
y
m
b
i
o
si
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
(
D
e
e
me
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
)
,
P
u
n
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
& E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
h
r
i
S
h
a
n
k
a
r
a
c
h
a
r
y
a
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
a
mp
u
s,
B
h
i
l
a
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
E&T
C
,
S
y
m
b
i
o
s
i
s I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
P
u
n
e
C
a
m
p
u
s,
S
y
mb
i
o
si
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
(
D
e
e
me
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
)
,
P
u
n
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
5
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
7
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
2
6
,
2
0
2
4
To
o
p
e
ra
te
a
m
icro
g
ri
d
sy
ste
m
in
islan
d
e
d
m
o
d
e
,
it
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
in
teg
ra
tes
two
o
r
m
o
re
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
p
ro
v
i
d
in
g
a
p
ro
m
isin
g
so
lu
ti
o
n
fo
r
m
e
e
ti
n
g
e
n
e
rg
y
n
e
e
d
s
su
sta
in
a
b
l
y
.
C
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
a
tec
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
su
c
h
m
icro
g
ri
d
s
y
ste
m
s
is
c
rit
ica
l
to
m
a
x
imiz
in
g
th
e
e
fficie
n
t
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s.
T
h
e
sim
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
se
m
icro
g
ri
d
sy
ste
m
s a
re
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
u
sin
g
HO
M
ER
P
r
o
so
ftwa
re
,
w
h
e
re
v
a
ri
o
u
s
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
—
su
c
h
a
s
c
o
st
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
(COE),
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
n
e
t
p
re
se
n
t
c
o
st
(NPC),
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
issio
n
s,
f
u
e
l
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
rio
d
—
a
re
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
s.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
'
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
is
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
P
S
IM
s
o
ftwa
re
,
wh
ich
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
tes
o
p
ti
m
a
l
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
tro
l
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
a
re
fu
rt
h
e
r
v
a
li
d
a
ted
u
si
n
g
a
p
ro
t
o
t
y
p
e
h
a
rd
wa
re
se
tu
p
.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
t
h
e
P
V/
hy
d
r
o
sy
ste
m
with
N
P
C:
7
0
5
,
6
5
8
Rs
a
n
d
p
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
ri
o
d
:
9
.
6
5
y
e
a
rs
is
t
h
e
m
o
st
su
it
a
b
le
o
p
t
io
n
f
o
r
m
e
e
ti
n
g
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
r
u
ra
l
a
re
a
s
.
Also
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
t
ima
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
th
e
m
icro
g
ri
d
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
c
h
iev
e
d
is
se
v
e
n
lev
e
ls
a
n
d
h
a
rm
o
n
ic d
isto
rti
o
n
is 3
.
7
%
f
o
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
1
.
7
%
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
An
n
u
al
co
s
t
C
O2
e
m
is
s
io
n
C
o
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
C
OE
)
I
s
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
Net
p
r
esen
t c
o
s
t (
NPC
)
Op
tim
al
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Prith
a
Gu
p
ta
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
&
E
l
ec
tr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Sh
r
i Sh
an
k
ar
ac
h
a
r
y
a
T
ec
h
n
ical
C
am
p
u
s
B
h
ilai
4
9
1
0
0
1
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
p
r
ith
ag
u
p
ta.
2
5
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
u
r
al
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
ar
ea
s
,
h
as
b
ee
n
f
u
ele
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
s
ev
er
al
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
,
s
o
lar
a
n
d
win
d
,
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
m
eth
o
d
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
th
at
g
u
ar
a
n
tees a
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es,
i
s
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
as
it
en
ab
les
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
to
f
u
n
ct
io
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
r
esil
ien
ce
in
ar
ea
s
with
lim
ited
o
r
n
o
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e.
B
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
r
u
r
al
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
s
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
HOM
E
R
Pro
an
d
PS
I
M,
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
i
lity
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
h
ar
d
war
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
r
ac
tical
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
599
-
607
600
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
c
s
y
s
tem
,
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
ch
allen
g
es wit
h
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
2.
F
E
ASI
B
I
L
I
T
Y
AN
AL
Y
SI
S O
F
M
I
CRO
G
RID
SYS
T
E
M
(
CASE
S
T
UDY)
T
h
e
r
is
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
in
I
n
d
ia,
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lik
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
liv
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
h
as
lef
t
m
an
y
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
with
o
u
t
ad
eq
u
ate
en
er
g
y
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
en
d
u
a,
a
v
illag
e
in
th
e
B
alr
am
p
u
r
d
is
tr
ict
o
f
C
h
h
attis
g
ar
h
,
is
o
n
e
s
u
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
its
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
u
tili
zin
g
PV
/
h
y
d
r
o
an
d
PV/
d
iesel
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
HOM
E
R
Pro
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
es
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
ica
tio
n
[
6
]
.
2
.
1
.
Site
a
nd
re
s
o
urce
a
s
s
es
s
m
ent
A
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
T
e
n
d
u
a,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
an
d
av
ailab
le
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
l
ar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
h
y
d
r
o
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
Kan
h
ar
R
iv
er
,
an
d
win
d
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
NASA.
T
h
e
v
illag
e
h
as
1
0
0
h
o
u
s
es
with
a
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
5
0
0
,
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
an
esti
m
ated
lo
ad
o
f
1
0
k
W
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
2
k
W
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Mo
n
th
l
y
s
o
lar
r
ad
iat
io
n
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
an
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
5
.
9
8
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
,
with
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
s
o
lar
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
m
icro
g
rid c
o
n
f
ig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
im
u
lated
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
two
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
o
p
tim
ized
in
H
OM
E
R
Pro
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
ey
m
et
th
e
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
ts
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
et
ails
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
,
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
an
d
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
em
0
1
:
P
V
-
hy
dro
-
ba
t
t
er
y
-
co
nv
er
t
er
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
h
y
b
r
id
with
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
a
r
e:
-
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
a
n
els:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
1
0
k
W
o
f
PV
p
a
n
els,
lev
er
ag
in
g
s
o
l
ar
en
er
g
y
as
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
we
r
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
elec
tr
icity
.
-
Hy
d
r
o
ge
n
er
ato
r
:
A
9
8
k
W
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
er
ato
r
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
th
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wate
r
f
lo
w
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
eliab
l
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
-
B
atter
y
st
o
r
ag
e:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
5
2
s
tr
in
g
s
o
f
lead
-
ac
id
b
at
ter
ies
to
s
to
r
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
d
em
an
d
p
ea
k
s
o
r
lo
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
er
io
d
s
.
L
ea
d
-
ac
i
d
b
atter
ies ar
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
eir
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
.
-
C
o
n
v
er
ter
:
A
3
k
W
co
n
v
er
ter
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
t
o
m
an
ag
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
DC
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
p
an
els
an
d
b
atter
ies
in
to
AC
p
o
wer
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
u
s
e.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
co
m
p
a
tib
ilit
y
with
th
e
elec
tr
ical
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f t
h
e
lo
ad
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
em
0
2
:
P
V
-
dies
el
-
ba
t
t
er
y
-
co
nv
er
t
er
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
ir
r
o
r
s
Sy
s
tem
0
1
in
d
esig
n
b
u
t r
ep
lace
s
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
er
ato
r
with
a
9
8
k
W
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
-
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
a
n
els:
R
et
ain
s
th
e
1
0
k
W
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
r
elian
ce
o
n
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
f
u
els.
-
Diesel
g
en
er
ato
r
:
Su
b
s
titu
tes
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
with
a
9
8
k
W
d
iesel
g
en
e
r
ato
r
,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
is
ty
p
ically
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
wh
er
e
h
y
d
r
o
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
u
n
av
ailab
le
o
r
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
-
B
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e:
Similar
ly
in
teg
r
ates
5
2
s
tr
in
g
s
o
f
lea
d
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
-
C
o
n
v
er
ter
: A
3
k
W
co
n
v
er
ter
is
also
in
clu
d
ed
to
h
an
d
le
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
task
s
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n
a
nd
pu
rpo
s
e
o
f
s
im
ula
t
io
ns
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
s
im
u
latin
g
th
ese
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
is
to
:
-
Ass
es
s
th
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
two
s
y
s
tem
s
.
-
C
o
m
p
ar
e
th
eir
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
er
ati
o
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
-
An
aly
ze
th
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
tak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
r
eso
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dilig
en
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
fo
r
micro
g
r
id
s
ystem
s
in
is
la
n
d
ed
mo
d
e
o
f o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
…
(
P
r
ith
a
Gu
p
ta
)
601
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
th
r
en
ewa
b
le
(
s
o
lar
,
h
y
d
r
o
)
an
d
n
o
n
-
r
en
e
wab
le
(
d
iesel)
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
o
r
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
with
v
ar
y
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
wer
e
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
HOM
E
R
Pro
,
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticat
ed
to
o
l
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
ey
m
et
elec
tr
ical
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
s
ef
f
icien
tly
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
u
l
f
illi
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
,
ev
en
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
ea
k
p
er
i
o
d
s
,
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
L
C
OE
)
,
a
cr
u
cial
m
etr
ic
th
at
c
ap
tu
r
es
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
o
v
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
life
tim
e.
Deta
iled
co
s
t
an
aly
s
es
in
clu
d
ed
ca
p
ital
co
s
ts
f
o
r
in
s
tallatio
n
,
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
(
O
&
M)
co
s
ts
f
o
r
p
er
io
d
ic
s
er
v
ici
n
g
,
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
co
s
ts
f
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
b
atter
ies
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
f
u
el
co
s
ts
f
o
r
th
e
d
iesel
g
e
n
er
ato
r
in
Sy
s
tem
0
2
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
etails
o
f
ea
c
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
life
tim
e,
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
a
cc
u
r
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
.
R
eso
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
wate
r
f
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
,
a
n
d
d
iesel
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
'
f
ea
s
ib
il
i
ty
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
also
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
aim
in
g
to
m
in
im
ize
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
in
Sy
s
tem
0
2
.
Mu
ltip
le
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
ea
ch
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
two
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
PV
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
in
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
I
t
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
d
iesel
g
e
n
er
ato
r
in
ar
ea
s
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
h
y
d
r
o
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
tailo
r
ed
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
1
)
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
e
PV/d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
2
)
in
ter
m
s
o
f
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
1
7
,
9
0
0
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
1
6
,
7
0
0
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
f
r
o
m
MG
-
0
2
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
s
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
e
r
ato
r
,
wh
ich
ca
n
h
ar
n
ess
a
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
en
h
an
ce
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
o
u
t
p
u
t.
B
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
with
m
in
im
al
u
n
m
et
lo
ad
a
n
d
n
eg
lig
ib
le
ca
p
ac
ity
s
h
o
r
ta
g
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
et
th
e
1
0
k
W
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
er
io
d
s
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
MG
-
0
1
ex
h
ib
it
ed
a
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
e
x
ce
s
s
elec
tr
icity
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
MG
-
0
2
.
T
h
is
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
MG
-
0
1
h
as
a
g
r
ea
ter
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ca
le
u
p
t
o
m
ee
t
f
u
tu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
m
o
r
e
a
d
ap
tab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
g
r
o
win
g
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
in
r
u
r
al
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
MG
-
01
co
u
ld
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
teg
r
atin
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cle
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
p
o
wer
in
g
n
ew
co
m
m
u
n
ity
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
lev
er
ag
in
g
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
lik
e
P
V/h
y
d
r
o
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
m
ee
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
d
em
a
n
d
s
b
u
t
also
in
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
with
m
i
n
im
al
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
in
v
estme
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
-
01
(
PV/h
y
d
r
o
)
s
y
s
tem
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
-
02
(
PV/d
iesel)
s
y
s
tem
s
2
.
3
.
E
co
no
m
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
co
s
t
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
ed
m
etr
ics
lik
e
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
C
APEX
)
,
o
p
er
atin
g
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
OPEX
)
,
an
d
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
(
MG
-
0
1
)
an
d
PV/d
iesel
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
MG
-
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
1
)
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
h
ig
h
er
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
co
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
PV/d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
2
)
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
e
ca
p
ital
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
lif
esp
an
,
MG
-
0
1
p
r
o
v
ed
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
A
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
is
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ad
v
an
tag
e
is
th
e
ze
r
o
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
,
wh
ic
h
elim
in
ates
th
e
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
ex
p
en
s
e
ass
o
c
iated
with
d
iesel
p
r
o
c
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
in
MG
-
02.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
av
in
g
s
,
MG
-
0
1
'
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es
(
s
o
lar
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
)
en
s
u
r
ed
ze
r
o
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
s
u
p
er
io
r
alter
n
ativ
e.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
g
lo
b
al
ef
f
o
r
t
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
ts
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
clea
n
er
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
599
-
607
602
co
n
tr
ast,
MG
-
0
2
'
s
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
a
d
iesel
g
en
e
r
ato
r
led
to
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
u
el
co
s
ts
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
less
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
k
ey
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
th
e
two
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
:
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
1
)
an
d
PV/d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
m
etr
ics
in
T
ab
le
1
in
clu
d
e
(
a)
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
,
(
b
)
an
n
u
ali
ze
d
co
s
t,
(
c)
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
(
d
)
d
is
co
u
n
ted
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
1
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
with
a
d
is
co
u
n
ted
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
o
f
9
.
2
0
y
ea
r
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
h
o
r
ter
th
a
n
t
h
e
1
3
-
y
ea
r
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
th
e
PV/d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
(
MG
-
0
2
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
MG
-
0
1
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
ca
p
ital
c
o
s
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
er
at
o
r
'
s
in
s
tallatio
n
,
its
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
e
x
p
en
s
es,
ze
r
o
f
u
el
co
s
ts
,
an
d
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
en
h
an
ce
d
it
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
f
i
n
an
cial
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
al
R
ate
o
f
R
etu
r
n
(
I
R
R
)
f
o
r
MG
-
0
1
was
ca
lcu
lated
at
1
3
.
8
%,
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
ig
u
r
e
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
its
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
I
R
R
r
ef
lects
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
b
etter
r
etu
r
n
s
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
o
v
er
its
life
cy
cle
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
MG
-
0
2
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
MG
-
0
2
'
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
a
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
ed
to
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
f
u
el
co
s
ts
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
less
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le
i
n
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
.
O
v
er
all,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ad
v
an
tag
es,
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ci
n
g
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
r
u
r
al
ele
ctr
if
icatio
n
an
d
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
en
e
r
g
y
p
lan
n
in
g
.
2
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
ins
ig
hts
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
PV/h
y
d
r
o
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
,
an
d
PV/d
iesel
m
icr
o
g
r
id
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
.
W
ith
a
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
L
C
OE
)
o
f
1
2
.
5
2
/k
W
h
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
4
.
3
9
/
k
W
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
PV/d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
te
m
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
b
alan
ce
d
ch
o
ice.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
PV/h
y
d
r
o
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
ed
b
etter
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
with
o
u
t
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
T
e
n
d
u
a.
B
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
ef
f
icien
tly
m
et
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
with
m
in
im
al
ex
ce
s
s
elec
tr
icit
y
an
d
u
n
m
et
lo
ad
.
MG
-
0
1
s
h
o
wed
lo
wer
life
cy
cle
co
s
ts
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
s
,
d
esp
ite
h
ig
h
e
r
in
itial in
v
estme
n
t.M
G
-
0
1
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
n
o
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
alig
n
in
g
w
ith
g
lo
b
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
g
o
als.
T
ab
le
1
.
PV/h
y
d
r
o
(
MG
-
0
1
)
a
n
d
PV/d
iesel m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
MG
-
02)
P
V
/
h
y
d
r
o
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
(
M
G
-
01)
P
V
/
d
i
e
se
l
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
(
M
G
-
02)
N
P
C
7
0
5
,
6
5
8
R
s
N
P
C
6
3
,
8
5
0
R
s
A
n
n
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
s
t
5
4
,
2
9
8
R
s
A
n
n
u
a
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
s
t
4
,
9
3
9
R
s
D
i
sco
u
n
t
e
d
p
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
r
i
o
d
9
.
6
5
y
e
a
r
s
D
i
sco
u
n
t
e
d
p
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
r
i
o
d
1
3
y
e
a
r
s
C
O
2
e
mi
s
si
o
n
s
Ze
r
o
C
O
2
e
mi
s
si
o
n
s
2
0
7
,
0
7
6
k
g
/
y
e
a
r
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
k
ey
e
co
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
etr
ics f
o
r
th
e
two
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
: (
a)
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
,
(
b
)
an
n
u
alize
d
co
s
t,
(
c)
C
O2
e
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
(
d
)
d
is
co
u
n
ted
p
a
y
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
f
o
r
MG
-
0
1
&
MG
-
02
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dilig
en
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
fo
r
micro
g
r
id
s
ystem
s
in
is
la
n
d
ed
mo
d
e
o
f o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
…
(
P
r
ith
a
Gu
p
ta
)
603
3.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE A
NAL
YS
I
S (
P
SI
M
SI
M
U
L
A
T
I
O
N)
T
o
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
esp
ec
iall
y
m
ad
e
f
o
r
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
he
u
s
e
of
a
n
a
u
x
ili
ar
y
cir
c
u
it
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ar
ch
it
ec
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
s
t
an
d
ar
d
in
v
e
r
t
er
'
s
le
v
e
ls
a
r
e
e
x
te
n
d
e
d
,
r
esu
l
ti
n
g
in
a
s
e
v
e
n
-
le
v
el
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
a
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
l
e
d
r
o
p
i
n
t
o
ta
l
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
ti
o
n
(
T
H
D)
[
1
2
]
.
B
y
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
u
l
til
ev
el
in
v
er
t
e
r
’
s
le
v
el
,
T
HD
c
an
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
e
d
u
c
ed
.
Vo
lta
g
e
le
v
els
ar
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
a
n
d
T
HD
is
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
ed
u
c
e
d
wh
en
a
m
u
lti
le
v
el
i
n
v
er
te
r
is
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
at
ed
i
n
t
o
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
em
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
m
u
l
til
ev
el
i
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
p
r
o
f
il
e
o
f
t
r
a
d
it
io
n
al
in
v
e
r
t
er
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
T
HD
is
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
ll
y
d
ec
r
e
ase
d
b
y
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
le
v
el
c
o
u
n
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
ill
u
s
t
r
a
tes
h
o
w
PS
I
M
s
o
f
twa
r
e
was
u
s
e
d
to
s
i
m
u
la
te
t
h
is
s
u
g
g
est
ed
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
co
n
v
e
r
te
r
'
s
i
d
ea
l
s
wit
c
h
i
n
g
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
t
em
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
all
y
,
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
l
e
v
el
is
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
cl
o
s
e
t
o
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
al
w
it
h
th
e
ai
d
o
f
a
n
au
x
i
lia
r
y
ci
r
c
u
it
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
s
wi
tc
h
i
n
g
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
co
n
v
er
te
r
with
o
p
tim
al
s
witch
in
g
in
PS
I
M
T
ab
le
2
.
Switch
in
g
st
r
u
ctu
r
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
e
l
s (V
)
A
c
t
i
v
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
I
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
V
1
+
V
2
+
V
3
S
1
S
4
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
6
V
1
+
V
2
S
4
S
5
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
6
V1
S
4
S
6
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
0
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
5
S
6
-
V1
S
2
S
5
S
1
S
3
S
4
S
6
-
(
V
1
+
V
2
)
S
2
S
6
S
1
S
3
S
4
S
5
-
(
V
1
+
V
2
+
V
3
)
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
4
S
5
S
6
4.
P
RO
T
O
T
YP
E
H
ARDWA
R
E
SE
T
UP
(
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
ANA
L
YS
I
S)
A
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
to
r
ed
u
ce
a
2
3
0
V
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
to
1
2
V
an
d
2
4
V.
A
d
i
o
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
is
th
en
u
s
e
d
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
is
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
'
s
in
p
u
t
c
ir
cu
it
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
as
an
asy
m
m
etr
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
ab
le
3
lis
ts
th
e
p
ar
ts
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Har
d
war
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t d
etails
S
.
N
o
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
M
o
d
e
l
/
t
y
p
e
D
e
t
a
i
l
s
1
M
O
S
F
ET
I
R
F
6
3
0
F
P
-
2
S
t
e
p
-
d
o
w
n
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
-
0
-
12
V
,
5
mA
;
0
-
24
V
,
5
mA
3
D
i
o
d
e
I
N
4
0
0
7
-
4
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
-
1
0
0
0
μF
5
B
r
i
d
g
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
I
C
D
B
1
0
5
-
6
O
p
t
o
c
o
u
p
l
e
r
M
C
T2
E
-
7
R
e
si
st
o
r
s
-
1
kΩ
8
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
I
C
7
8
1
2
,
7
8
2
4
-
9
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
N
O
A
Tmeg
a
3
2
8
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
:
7
-
12
V
1
4
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
I
/
O
P
i
n
s
(
6
P
W
M
o
u
t
p
u
t
s)
6
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
n
p
u
t
s
32
k
f
l
a
s
h
mem
o
r
y
C
l
o
c
k
s
p
e
e
d
10
LED
-
2
.
0
-
2
.
5
V
,
5
0
mA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
599
-
607
604
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
co
n
v
er
te
r
with
o
p
tim
al
s
witch
in
g
in
PS
I
M
T
h
e
d
r
i
v
er
cir
c
u
it
p
r
im
a
r
ily
s
er
v
es
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
s
witch
in
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
ci
r
cu
it
an
d
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
c
ir
cu
it
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
ts
o
u
tp
u
t
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
ate
an
d
em
itter
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
An
M
C
T
2
E
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
el
ay
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
th
e
d
r
iv
er
c
ir
cu
it
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
s
etu
p
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
UNO,
wh
ich
g
en
er
ates PW
M
p
u
ls
es f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
5.
VALI
DAT
I
O
N
O
F
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
if
ied
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
was
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
PS
I
M,
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
o
wer
el
ec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
P
SIM
wa
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
u
n
d
er
o
p
tim
al
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
r
eliab
l
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices,
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
with
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
in
im
izes
lo
s
s
es,
r
e
d
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
lo
ad
is
s
u
p
p
lied
with
a
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
clo
s
ely
m
atch
in
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
p
ec
if
ic
atio
n
s.
As d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
a
n
d
s
tab
le
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
.
Similar
ly
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
,
wh
ic
h
is
s
m
o
o
th
a
n
d
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
's
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
wh
ile
en
h
an
ci
n
g
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
a
ll p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
(
a)
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
(
b
)
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dilig
en
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
fo
r
micro
g
r
id
s
ystem
s
in
is
la
n
d
ed
mo
d
e
o
f o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
…
(
P
r
ith
a
Gu
p
ta
)
605
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
h
ar
d
war
e
in
s
talled
in
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
I
n
C
h
an
n
els
1
(
C
H
-
1
)
an
d
2
(
C
H
-
2
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
DSO
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
wav
e
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
th
e
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
p
u
ls
atin
g
DC
an
d
th
at
th
e
s
ev
en
lev
el
v
o
ltag
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
attain
e
d
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
v
e
r
if
ied
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
es
8
an
d
9
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
3
.
7
%
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
1
.
7
%
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
L
o
ad
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t (
ex
p
er
im
en
tal)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
%
T
HD
an
aly
s
is
o
f
l
o
ad
v
o
lta
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
%THD
an
aly
s
is
o
f
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
599
-
607
606
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
T
en
d
u
a.
T
h
e
PV/
h
y
d
r
o
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
eliab
le
elec
tr
icity
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
cy
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
co
u
ld
p
lay
a
cr
itical
p
ar
t
in
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
I
n
d
ia'
s
r
u
r
al
en
er
g
y
ch
al
len
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ar
ea
s
with
ab
u
n
d
an
t
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
ten
tial.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
PS
I
M
s
o
f
twar
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
as
n
ea
r
to
s
in
u
s
o
id
al.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
also
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
a
r
d
war
e
s
etu
p
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
,
r
u
r
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
itiativ
es a
n
d
s
u
b
s
id
izin
g
in
itial c
o
s
ts
to
en
ab
le
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
D
w
i
v
e
d
i
a
n
d
Y
.
P
a
h
a
r
i
y
a
,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
f
e
a
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
st
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
P
V
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
ms
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
(
I
n
d
i
a
)
:
S
e
r
i
e
s
B
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
4
,
p
p
.
9
1
1
–
9
1
9
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
4
0
0
3
1
-
0
2
3
-
0
0
9
0
6
-
y.
[
2
]
M
.
J
.
K
h
a
n
,
A
.
K
.
Y
a
d
a
v
,
a
n
d
L.
M
a
t
h
e
w
,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
P
V
-
W
i
n
d
-
D
i
e
se
l
-
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
t
e
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
P
u
n
j
a
b
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
6
,
p
p
.
5
7
7
–
6
0
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
0
7
6
.
[
3
]
S
.
P
.
M
a
k
h
i
j
a
a
n
d
S
.
P
.
D
u
b
e
y
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
l
y
s
i
z
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
a
u
x
i
l
i
a
r
i
e
s
o
f
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
ma
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
u
n
i
t
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
s
e
l
f
u
e
l
p
r
i
c
e
s
e
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Am
b
i
e
n
t
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
–
2
7
2
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
1
4
3
0
7
5
0
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
0
8
6
6
8
0
.
[
4
]
D
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
s
h
a
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
l
i
ma
t
e
z
o
n
e
s
o
f
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
S
o
l
a
r E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
5
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
–
4
4
5
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
so
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
5
.
0
0
9
.
[
5
]
P
.
K
u
mar,
N
.
M
a
l
i
k
,
a
n
d
A
.
G
a
r
g
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
-
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
si
z
i
n
g
i
n
n
e
t
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
z
e
r
o
e
x
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
ms
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
p
p
.
4
1
–
5
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sd
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
5
.
0
0
8
.
[
6
]
M
.
B
a
n
e
s
h
i
a
n
d
F
.
H
a
d
i
a
n
f
a
r
d
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
d
i
e
sel
/
P
V
/
w
i
n
d
/
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
ms
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
a
r
g
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
su
mers
u
n
d
e
r
s
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
I
r
a
n
c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
–
2
4
4
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
9
.
0
0
8
.
[
7
]
F
.
O
d
o
i
-
Y
o
r
k
e
,
S
.
A
b
a
a
s
e
,
M
.
Ze
b
i
l
i
l
a
,
a
n
d
L.
A
t
e
p
o
r
,
“
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
so
l
a
r
P
V
/
b
i
o
g
a
s
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
st
e
m
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
G
h
a
n
a
,
”
C
o
g
e
n
t
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
2
3
3
1
1
9
1
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
0
3
4
3
7
6
.
[
8
]
B
.
K
.
D
a
s,
M
.
A
.
A
l
o
t
a
i
b
i
,
P
.
D
a
s,
M
.
S
.
I
sl
a
m,
S
.
K
.
D
a
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
H
o
ssa
i
n
,
“
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
/
W
i
n
d
/
D
i
e
se
l
/
B
a
t
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m:
A
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
En
e
rg
y
S
t
ra
t
e
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
p
.
1
0
0
6
7
3
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sr
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
0
6
7
3
.
[
9
]
F
.
R
i
n
a
l
d
i
,
F
.
M
o
g
h
a
d
d
a
mp
o
o
r
,
B
.
N
a
j
a
f
i
,
a
n
d
R
.
M
a
r
c
h
e
s
i
,
“
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
ms
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
P
e
r
u
,
”
C
l
e
a
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Po
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
1
–
7
4
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
0
0
9
8
-
0
2
0
-
0
1
9
0
6
-
y.
[
1
0
]
J.
Li
,
P
.
L
i
u
,
a
n
d
Z.
Li
,
“
O
p
t
i
ma
l
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
a
so
l
a
r
-
w
i
n
d
-
b
i
o
mass
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
r
e
mo
t
e
r
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
A
c
a
se
st
u
d
y
o
f
w
e
st
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
8
,
p
.
1
1
8
3
8
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
1
8
3
8
7
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
S
a
l
i
s
u
,
M
.
W
.
M
u
s
t
a
f
a
,
O
.
O
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
M
.
M
u
st
a
p
h
a
,
a
n
d
T.
A
.
J
u
ma
n
i
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
a
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
–
2
7
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
j
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
9
.
0
1
3
.
[
1
2
]
K
.
K
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
A
.
R
a
n
j
a
n
,
P
.
B
h
a
t
n
a
g
a
r
,
L.
K
.
S
a
h
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
J
a
i
n
,
“
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
c
o
u
n
t
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
–
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
0
5
0
1
2
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
P
.
G
a
u
t
a
m,
L.
K
u
m
a
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
“
H
y
b
r
i
d
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
s
y
mm
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
si
n
g
l
e
ss
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
”
I
ET
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
5
–
2
1
3
5
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
i
e
t
-
p
e
l
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
0
3
7
.
[
1
4
]
K
.
K
.
G
u
p
t
a
a
n
d
S
.
Ja
i
n
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
d
c
so
u
r
c
e
s,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
3
2
6
9
–
3
2
7
8
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
8
2
6
0
6
.
[
1
5
]
E.
B
a
b
a
e
i
,
S
.
La
a
l
i
,
a
n
d
Z
.
B
a
y
a
t
,
“
A
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
n
e
w
b
a
s
i
c
u
n
i
t
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
2
2
–
9
2
9
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
3
6
6
0
1
.
[
1
6
]
A
.
K
.
S
a
d
i
g
h
,
V
.
D
a
r
g
a
h
i
,
a
n
d
K
.
A
.
C
o
r
z
i
n
e
,
“
N
e
w
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
o
u
b
l
e
f
l
y
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
mu
l
t
i
c
e
l
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
i
t
s i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
6
8
–
6
5
8
0
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
8
7
0
6
6
.
[
1
7
]
A
.
D
w
i
v
e
d
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
st
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
P
V
sy
st
e
ms:
o
p
t
i
mi
z
i
n
g
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
w
i
t
h
u
l
t
r
a
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s,
”
L
i
b
r
a
ry
Pro
g
r
e
ss In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
8
1
6
5
/
b
a
p
a
s.
2
0
2
4
.
4
4
.
2
.
1
.
[
1
8
]
A
.
D
w
i
v
e
d
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
A
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
f
a
s
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
”
L
i
b
r
a
r
y
Pro
g
ress
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
8
1
6
5
/
b
a
p
a
s.
2
0
2
4
.
4
4
.
2
.
1
.
[
1
9
]
M
.
R
.
A
a
n
d
K
.
S
i
v
a
k
u
mar,
“
A
F
a
u
l
t
-
To
l
e
r
a
n
t
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
P
h
a
se
F
i
v
e
-
Le
v
e
l
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
G
r
i
d
-
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
P
V
S
y
st
e
ms,”
I
E
E
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
6
9
–
7
5
7
7
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
5
5
5
2
3
.
[
2
0
]
U.
-
M
.
C
h
o
i
,
K
.
-
B
.
Le
e
,
a
n
d
F
.
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
,
“
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
o
f
a
n
o
p
e
n
-
sw
i
t
c
h
f
a
u
l
t
f
o
r
T
-
T
y
p
e
t
h
r
e
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
sy
st
e
ms,
”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
ry
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
5
–
5
0
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
A
.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
6
9
5
3
1
.
[
2
1
]
S
.
K
.
C
h
a
t
t
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
a
n
d
C
.
C
h
a
k
r
a
b
o
r
t
y
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
se
a
s
y
m
met
r
i
c
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
b
r
i
d
g
e
(
1
6
:
4
:
1
)
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
9
8
3
–
5
9
9
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
2
4
1
9
1
.
[
2
2
]
A
.
D
w
i
v
e
d
i
a
n
d
Y
.
P
a
h
a
r
i
y
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
a
s
y
mm
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
5
–
3
0
3
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
2
8
3
5
-
0
2
1
-
0
0
8
1
4
-
5.
[
2
3
]
J.
R
o
c
a
b
e
r
t
,
A
.
Lu
n
a
,
F
.
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
,
a
n
d
P
.
R
o
d
r
í
g
u
e
z
,
“
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
i
n
A
C
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
3
4
–
4
7
4
9
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPE
L.
2
0
1
2
.
2
1
9
9
3
3
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Dilig
en
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
fo
r
micro
g
r
id
s
ystem
s
in
is
la
n
d
ed
mo
d
e
o
f o
p
era
tio
n
w
ith
…
(
P
r
ith
a
Gu
p
ta
)
607
[
2
4
]
S
.
S
h
r
i
v
a
s
t
a
v
a
,
B
.
S
u
b
u
d
h
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
a
s,
“
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
c
h
e
me
f
o
r
i
sl
a
n
d
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
‐
b
a
s
e
d
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
,
”
I
ET
S
m
a
r
t
G
ri
d
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
8
–
5
6
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
i
e
t
-
s
t
g
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
0
2
0
.
[
2
5
]
B
.
K
e
y
v
a
n
i
-
B
o
r
o
u
j
e
n
i
,
G
.
S
h
a
h
g
h
o
l
i
a
n
,
a
n
d
B
.
F
a
n
i
,
“
A
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
-
d
o
mi
n
a
t
e
d
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
w
i
t
h
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
i
n
g
b
i
f
u
r
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
e
d
i
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,
”
I
E
EE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
6
1
–
3
3
7
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JES
TPE.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
7
4
7
5
6
.
[
2
6
]
B
.
F
a
n
i
,
G
.
S
h
a
h
g
h
o
l
i
a
n
,
H
.
H
.
A
l
h
e
l
o
u
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
i
a
n
o
,
“
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
i
sl
a
n
d
e
d
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
e
-
Pri
m
e
-
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
.
1
0
0
0
6
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
i
me.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
0
6
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Prith
a
G
u
p
ta
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Bh
il
a
i
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
Du
r
g
,
Ch
h
a
tt
isg
a
r
h
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
a
B.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
with
first
c
las
s
(Ho
n
.
)
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
C
h
h
a
tt
isg
a
r
h
S
wa
m
i
Viv
e
k
a
n
a
n
d
a
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Bh
il
a
i,
In
d
ia
in
J
u
ly
2
0
1
0
,
s
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
fro
m
CS
VTU,
Bh
il
a
i,
I
n
d
ia.
i
n
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
m
a
n
y
re
s
e
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
re
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
rit
h
a
g
u
p
ta.2
5
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
Ma
h
e
sh
S
in
g
h
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ro
b
o
ti
c
s
a
n
d
Au
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
y
m
b
io
sis
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(De
e
m
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
)
,
P
u
n
e
,
I
nd
ia
.
He
h
o
ld
s
B.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
wit
h
Ho
n
o
rs
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
P
t.
Ra
v
i
S
h
a
n
k
a
r
S
h
u
k
la
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ra
ip
u
r,
In
d
ia
in
Au
g
u
st
2
0
0
4
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M.
Tec
h
.
wit
h
first
c
las
s
(Ho
n
.
)
fro
m
Ch
h
a
tt
isg
a
r
h
S
wa
m
i
V
iv
e
k
a
n
a
n
d
a
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Bh
il
a
i,
I
n
d
ia
in
J
u
ly
2
0
0
9
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
S
wa
m
i
Viv
e
k
a
n
a
n
d
a
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
,
Bh
i
lai
(C.
G
.
)
He
is
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
In
stit
u
te
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
(IE
).
He
h
a
s
a
u
t
h
o
re
d
p
a
p
e
rs
in
1
1
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
s
a
n
d
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
1
4
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
re
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
co
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sin
g
h
s
0
0
4
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
D
r
.
S
h
i
m
p
y
R
a
l
h
a
n
i
s
a
P
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
t
t
h
e
S
h
ri
S
h
a
n
k
a
r
a
c
h
a
r
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
Ca
m
p
u
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
s
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
2
3
y
e
a
r
s
.
H
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
ia
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
t
o
r
e
l
a
y
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
&
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
,
r
e
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
p
e
e
r
-
r
e
v
i
e
we
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
.
W
h
e
n
s
h
e
i
s
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
n
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
s
h
e
e
n
j
o
y
s
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
s
c
h
o
l
a
r
s
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
i
l
:
s
h
im
p
y
.
r
a
l
h
a
n
@
s
s
tc
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
Dr
.
M
a
n
g
a
l
S
i
n
g
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
As
s
o
c
ia
te
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
,
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
&
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
t
S
y
m
b
i
o
s
is
I
n
s
t
it
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
S
y
m
b
i
o
s
is
In
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
(De
e
m
e
d
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
ty
)
,
P
u
n
e
.
He
h
a
s
a
n
e
x
p
e
rie
n
c
e
o
f
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
2
2
y
e
a
r
s
in
t
h
e
fie
l
d
o
f
Tea
c
h
i
n
g
,
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ad
m
i
n
i
st
ra
t
i
o
n
.
He
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
h
is
g
ra
d
u
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
ics
a
n
d
Tel
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
f
r
o
m
Na
t
io
n
a
l
I
n
st
it
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
f
o
rm
a
l
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
G
E
C)
,
Ra
i
p
u
r
,
C
h
h
a
t
ti
s
g
a
r
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
i
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
Ja
d
a
v
p
u
r
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
y
,
K
o
l
k
a
ta
,
W
e
st
Be
n
g
a
l
.
D
r
S
i
n
g
h
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
h
i
s
Ph
.
D.
i
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
Na
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
s
ti
t
u
t
e
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
R
o
u
r
k
e
la,
O
d
is
h
a
.
He
h
a
s
se
r
v
e
d
a
s
As
s
o
c
ia
te
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r,
E
lec
tr
o
n
ics
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
I
n
s
ti
t
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Nirm
a
U
n
i
v
e
rs
it
y
,
A
h
m
e
d
a
b
a
d
a
n
d
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
,
E
lec
t
r
o
n
ics
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
C
h
h
a
t
ra
p
a
t
i
S
h
i
v
a
j
i
I
n
s
ti
t
u
t
e
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
D
u
r
g
,
C
h
h
a
t
t
is
g
a
r
h
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
is
h
e
d
se
v
e
r
a
l
re
s
e
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
i
n
t
h
e
a
re
a
si
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
t
i
o
n
s,
p
a
r
t
ic
u
la
rl
y
m
u
l
ti
-
c
a
r
rie
r
m
o
d
u
la
ti
o
n
(OF
DM
)
f
o
r
w
ire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
i
n
In
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
re
fe
re
e
d
/
p
e
e
r
-
re
v
iew
e
d
J
o
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
te
d
/
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
2
0
p
a
p
e
r
s
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
/I
n
t
e
r
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
s
/
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
.
He
h
a
s
3
I
n
d
ia
n
p
a
te
n
ts
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
a
n
d
o
n
e
A
u
s
tr
a
l
ia
n
p
a
te
n
t
g
ra
n
t
in
h
is
c
re
d
i
t.
He
h
a
s
g
u
id
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
P
G
/
P
h
D
d
i
ss
e
r
ta
ti
o
n
s
.
He
is
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IE
EE
a
n
d
l
ife
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
I
ET
E
a
n
d
IS
TE
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
i
l:
m
a
n
g
a
l.
e
tce
@
g
m
a
i
l
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.