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I
r
an
.
Sev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
also
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
MG
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
29
]
-
[3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
e
lectr
icity
in
jectio
n
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
s
elf
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
er
s
is
t
in
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
lim
itin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
4
]
,
[3
5
].
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
th
e
ME
NA
r
eg
io
n
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
r
o
m
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
b
as
ed
o
n
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es,
o
f
f
e
r
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
in
v
esto
r
s
b
y
g
en
er
alizin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
o
th
er
r
e
g
io
n
s
with
in
th
e
ME
NA
ar
ea
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
em
o
v
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
b
s
id
ies
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
elec
tr
icity
r
ates
o
n
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
in
s
elec
ted
ME
NA
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
tr
ateg
ies.
W
e
ad
d
r
ess
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
(
E
Vs)
in
to
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
(
HR
E
S)
in
th
e
ME
NA
r
eg
io
n
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
im
a
r
ily
an
al
y
ze
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
HR
E
S
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
e
v
alu
ates
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
es
e
s
y
s
tem
s
to
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices
an
d
s
u
b
s
id
y
p
o
licies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
tec
h
n
ical
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
u
n
iq
u
ely
tailo
r
ed
to
r
eg
io
n
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
g
o
al,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
task
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
tak
en
:
−
C
o
n
d
u
ct
a
tech
n
ical
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
−
Ass
es
s
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
g
r
i
d
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
.
−
Per
f
o
r
m
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
es to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices a
n
d
s
u
b
s
id
y
p
o
licies.
−
Pro
p
o
s
e
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
HR
E
S a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
ME
NA
r
e
g
io
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
(
i)
Data
co
llectio
n
an
d
in
p
u
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ete
o
r
o
lo
g
ical,
lo
a
d
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ata;
(
ii)
Simu
latio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
u
s
in
g
HOM
E
R
g
r
id
s
o
f
twar
e
to
ev
alu
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
;
a
n
d
(
iii)
Sen
s
itiv
ity
a
n
aly
s
is
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
r
eg
io
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles in
th
e
ME
NA
r
eg
io
n
.
Giv
en
th
at
E
V
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
s
till
in
its
b
eg
in
n
in
g
in
th
e
ME
NA
r
eg
io
n
[3
6
]
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
te
ch
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
s
ev
er
al
MG
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
E
V.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
with
tech
n
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
i
za
tio
n
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
I
t
co
m
b
in
es
g
r
id
,
W
T
,
PV
p
an
els,
an
d
a
b
atter
y
b
an
k
to
m
ee
t
a
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
lo
ad
a
n
d
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
E
n
er
g
y
co
s
t,
n
et
p
r
esen
t c
o
s
t
(
NPC
)
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile,
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
ex
am
in
e.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
s
o
,
th
e
HOM
E
R
g
r
id
s
o
f
twar
e
is
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
d
p
lan
MG
s
y
s
tem
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
id
ea
l
s
ize
o
f
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
tech
n
ical
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
u
al
HOM
E
R
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
[
21]
.
2
.
1
.
I
np
ut
da
t
a
Fo
r
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
,
HOM
E
R
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
i
v
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
o
f
d
ata:
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ica
l
d
ata,
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile,
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics,
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
d
ata.
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
et
eo
ro
lo
g
ic
a
l da
t
a
T
o
b
eg
i
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
s
i
d
er
s
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
g
i
v
en
in
to
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
as
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
d
ata.
HOM
E
R
u
s
es
th
i
s
in
p
u
t
d
ata
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
an
d
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
'
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ea
ch
ca
p
ital
o
f
th
e
ME
NA
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
in
O
u
jd
a
city
f
o
r
M
o
r
o
cc
o
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
L
o
a
d
pro
f
ile
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
a
ty
p
ical
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
d
aily
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
elec
tr
icity
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
2
8
.
8
8
k
W
h
an
d
1
.
2
k
W
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
,
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
584
-
598
586
o
u
tp
u
t
was
2
.
2
6
k
W
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
r
eg
i
o
n
'
s
ar
id
clim
ate,
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
h
ig
h
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
win
te
r
th
an
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
m
m
er
m
o
n
t
h
s
(
h
e
atin
g
d
em
an
d
at
lo
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
es).
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
est
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
h
o
u
r
is
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lo
w
d
e
m
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
(
s
u
m
m
er
)
a
n
d
th
e
h
ig
h
d
em
a
n
d
s
ea
s
o
n
(
win
ter
)
[
3
7
]
.
Alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lo
a
d
,
th
e
M
G
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
E
V
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
1
.
3
k
W
an
d
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
2
2
.
4
k
W
h
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es a
r
e
an
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
m
o
s
t p
o
p
u
lar
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et
[
3
8
]:
−
2
0
% L
ea
f
with
6
.
6
k
W
m
ax
a
n
d
1
5
k
W
h
o
n
av
er
a
g
e
−
2
0
% T
esla
m
o
d
el
X
with
1
7
.
2
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I
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I
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.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
584
-
598
588
2
.
1
.
5
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l da
t
a
HOM
E
R
r
eq
u
ir
es sp
ec
if
ic
tec
h
n
ical
d
ata
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t to
s
im
u
late
th
e
MG
s
s
y
s
tem
s
(
T
ab
le
4
)
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
d
ata
th
at
r
ef
lect
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
icr
o
g
r
id
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
PV
p
a
n
els,
b
atter
ies,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tak
es
r
eg
io
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t to
o
p
tim
ize
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
co
s
t.
T
h
e
PV
ef
f
icien
cy
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
g
o
o
d
,
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
in
teg
r
ate
well.
B
u
t,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
atter
y
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
liv
es
an
d
r
e
p
lacin
g
PV
p
an
els
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
r
esil
ien
t
o
n
es
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
MG
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
V
a
l
u
e
P
V
P
a
n
e
l
S
l
o
p
e
35°
G
r
o
u
n
d
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
n
c
e
2
0
%
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
t
2
5
°C
2
1
%
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
-
0
.
4
1
%/
°
C
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
B
u
s
DC
Li
f
e
t
i
me
2
5
y
e
a
r
s
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
1
0
0
%
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
st
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
2
0
%
D
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
mi
t
3
0
%
N
o
mi
n
a
l
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
.
7
V
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
B
u
s
DC
W
i
n
d
T
u
r
b
i
n
e
H
u
b
H
e
i
g
h
t
2
5
m
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
B
u
s
AC
Li
f
e
t
i
me
2
5
y
e
a
r
s
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
9
6
%
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
B
u
s
A
C
/
D
C
Li
f
e
t
i
me
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
2
.
2
.
H
O
M
E
R
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n pro
ce
du
re
On
ce
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
is
lo
ad
ed
in
to
HOM
E
R
,
as
ex
p
lain
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
,
th
e
id
ea
l
s
izes
o
f
th
e
MG
s
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
in
two
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
in
cl
u
d
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
a
nd
o
ptim
i
za
t
io
n
Op
tim
izatio
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es a
r
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
ea
c
h
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
r
th
e
to
tal
NPC
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
k
ep
t,
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
es
m
in
u
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
r
ev
e
n
u
es.
T
h
e
co
s
ts
in
clu
d
e
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
,
th
e
in
itial
in
v
estm
en
t,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
r
ep
lace
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
R
ev
en
u
es
ar
e
ea
r
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ale
o
f
elec
tr
ic
ity
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
R
estrictio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
a
ctio
n
s
with
th
e
g
r
id
.
A
v
iab
le
MG
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
p
o
w
er
b
alan
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
at
ea
ch
tim
e
s
tep
.
Fin
ally
,
p
o
s
s
ib
le
M
G
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
s
o
r
ted
b
y
m
in
im
u
m
NPC
,
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t d
esig
n
h
av
in
g
t
h
e
s
m
allest NPC
an
d
th
u
s
b
ein
g
r
e
g
ar
d
e
d
as th
e
b
est s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
las
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
n
et
p
r
esen
t c
o
s
t
(
NPC
(
$
)
)
o
f
an
in
v
estme
n
t c
a
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lat
ed
as f
o
llo
ws
[4
7
]
:
=
(
,
)
(
1
)
wh
er
e
T
AC
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
to
tal
an
n
u
alize
d
co
s
t,
C
R
F f
o
r
ca
p
ital
r
ec
o
v
er
y
f
ac
to
r
,
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
ject
d
u
r
atio
n
(
y
ea
r
s
)
,
an
d
i f
o
r
r
ea
l a
n
n
u
al
in
ter
est r
a
te
(
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
)
th
at
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
d
is
c
o
u
n
t r
ate
a
n
d
th
e
in
f
latio
n
r
ate.
T
h
e
(
2
)
[4
8
]
is
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
C
R
F:
(
,
)
=
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
−
1
(
2
)
T
h
e
lev
elize
d
co
s
t o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
L
C
OE
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
3
)
[4
8
]
.
=
+
(
3
)
E
p
is
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
to
m
ee
t
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lo
a
d
,
an
d
E
ev
is
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
ated
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
E
V
lo
ad
.
An
o
th
er
c
r
itical
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
is
th
e
Net
Pre
s
en
t
W
o
r
th
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
s
y
s
tem
Si
(
)
wh
ich
is
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
to
o
l
u
s
ed
t
o
an
al
y
ze
th
e
p
r
o
ject'
s
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
a
g
iv
e
n
p
r
o
ject
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
(
4
)
[
49
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
r
ev
iew
o
f th
e
tech
n
ica
l
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f p
ers
o
n
a
l e
lec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
…
(
S
a
id
a
K
a
r
mich
)
589
=
−
(
4
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
NPC
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
t
em
Si,
an
d
is
th
e
NPC
f
o
r
a
r
ef
er
en
tial
s
y
s
tem
.
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
ject
is
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
f
ea
s
ib
le,
wh
ile
a
n
eg
ativ
e
v
alu
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
it
is
n
o
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
[5
0
]
:
2
=
44
12
∗
∗
∗
(
5
)
wh
er
e
2
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
C
O
2
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
is
f
u
el
q
u
an
tity
(
L
iter
s
)
,
is
th
e
f
u
el
h
ea
tin
g
v
alu
e
(
MJ/L)
,
is
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
(
to
n
ca
r
b
o
n
/TJ)
,
an
d
is
th
e
o
x
id
iz
ed
ca
r
b
o
n
f
r
ac
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Sens
it
iv
it
y
a
na
ly
s
is
A
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
id
ea
l
s
ce
n
ar
io
'
s
r
esu
lts
to
b
e
g
en
er
alize
d
to
o
th
er
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
ME
NA
r
e
g
io
n
o
th
e
r
th
a
n
l
ar
g
e
cities,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
clim
ate
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
u
n
an
d
win
d
.
Alo
n
g
with
r
eg
io
n
a
l
ch
an
g
es
in
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata,
th
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
co
n
tin
u
es
to
f
lu
ctu
ate
f
r
o
m
y
ea
r
to
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tag
es
ar
e
r
e
p
ea
ted
f
o
r
t
h
ese
two
u
n
ce
r
tain
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
n
ew
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
d
ata
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
th
ese
u
n
c
er
tain
p
ar
am
eter
s
af
f
ec
t th
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
b
est s
y
s
tem
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
s
ev
er
al
MG
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
q
u
alities
,
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
NPC
m
etr
ic
s
,
s
u
ch
as
P
V
an
d
W
T
ca
p
ital,
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
ass
u
m
es
th
at
th
e
g
r
id
m
ee
ts
all
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
d
em
an
d
.
3
.
1
.
E
co
no
m
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
o
u
r
r
e
v
iew,
we
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
ix
MG
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
1
6
ME
NA
co
u
n
tr
ies,
ex
a
m
in
in
g
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
an
d
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
L
C
OE
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
,
f
o
r
r
eg
io
n
s
with
lo
w
elec
tr
icit
y
p
r
ices,
s
u
ch
as Da
m
ascu
s
,
K
u
wait,
an
d
Ma
n
am
a,
th
e
b
asic g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
wer
NPC
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
alter
n
ativ
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
r
r
eg
io
n
s
with
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices,
s
u
ch
as San
a’
a,
B
eir
u
t,
an
d
T
u
n
is
,
h
y
b
r
i
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
li
k
e
So
lar
-
Gr
id
s
y
s
tem
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
m
o
r
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le
NPC
.
Ap
p
en
d
ix
s
h
o
ws
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
ix
s
y
s
t
em
s
:
b
ase
ca
s
e,
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
,
s
o
lar
-
s
to
r
ag
e
:
L
I
ASM
-
g
r
id
,
s
o
lar
-
win
d
-
g
r
i
d
,
s
o
lar
-
win
d
-
s
to
r
ag
e
:
L
I
ASM
-
g
r
id
,
an
d
win
d
-
g
r
id
f
o
r
1
6
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
th
e
ME
NA
r
eg
io
n
.
T
o
m
ee
t
t
h
e
lo
a
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject'
s
en
tire
life
(
2
5
y
ea
r
s
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was f
o
u
n
d
t
o
n
e
ed
4
7
.
3
MWh
/y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
co
s
ts
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
atis
f
y
th
is
n
ee
d
ar
e
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t
o
f
ea
c
h
co
u
n
tr
y
(
T
a
b
le
2
)
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
c
h
ar
g
es
f
o
r
th
e
b
ase
ca
s
e
ca
n
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
1
8
5
0
to
5
8
6
0
0
$
.
T
h
e
NPC
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
elec
tr
icity
ch
ar
g
es
f
o
r
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ce
all
th
e
en
er
g
y
is
s
atis
f
ied
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
o
n
ly
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
b
asic
s
ce
n
ar
io
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
o
u
n
tr
y
,
we
n
o
tice
th
at
th
e
lo
wer
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
s
t/k
W
h
,
th
e
lo
wer
th
e
NPC
(
th
e
lo
wes
t
NP
C
is
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
city
o
f
DAM
AS
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
c
f
o
r
th
e
city
o
f
T
u
n
is
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
ice
is
lo
w,
it
i
s
n
o
ticea
b
le
t
h
at
th
e
b
asic
s
y
s
tem
(
g
r
id
o
n
ly
)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
f
o
r
Dam
ascu
s
,
K
u
wait,
Ma
n
am
a,
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
R
iy
ad
h
,
T
r
i
p
o
li,
Do
h
a,
Mu
s
ca
t,
an
d
C
air
o
,
t
h
e
b
asic
s
y
s
tem
'
s
NP
C
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
alter
n
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Du
e
t
o
th
e
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
en
er
g
y
co
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies,
h
o
wev
er
,
f
o
r
th
e
cities
o
f
San
a'
a,
B
eir
u
t,
Alg
er
,
Ab
u
Dh
a
b
i,
Am
m
an
,
Ou
j
d
a
a
n
d
T
u
n
is
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
elec
tr
icity
is
h
ig
h
er
,
th
e
NPC
o
f
th
e
b
asic
s
y
s
tem
(
g
r
id
o
n
l
y
)
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
alter
n
ativ
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
ticea
b
le
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
T
ab
le
2
)
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
th
e
o
th
er
alter
n
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e.
I
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
s
tu
d
ies b
y
Kh
em
ar
iy
a
et
a
l.
[
27
]
a
n
d
R
az
m
jo
o
et
a
l.
[2
8
]
,
o
u
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
th
eir
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
th
at
s
o
lar
-
b
a
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
m
o
s
t c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
with
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
u
r
an
aly
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ile
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
lly
b
en
ef
icial,
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
as
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
ia
b
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
p
ital
co
s
ts
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
as
n
o
ted
in
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
Qo
lip
o
u
r
et
a
l.
[3
0
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
lo
west
NPC
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
all
cities
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
ch
ar
g
es,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
t
h
at
s
ells
th
e
m
o
s
t
elec
tr
icity
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
r
id
is
s
o
lar
-
win
d
-
s
to
r
ag
e
-
g
r
id
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
cu
m
u
lates
th
e
m
o
s
t
m
o
n
ey
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
i
ties
b
y
s
ellin
g
th
em
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
,
b
u
t d
esp
ite
t
h
is
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
em
ain
s
less
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
r
eliab
le
g
iv
en
th
e
h
i
g
h
c
ap
ital o
f
th
e
t
u
r
b
in
e
(
h
ig
h
er
NPC
)
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
NPW
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
NPW
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
itab
le
th
e
p
r
o
ject.
T
h
e
win
d
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
is
n
o
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
g
iv
en
th
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
W
T
a
n
d
th
e
win
d
d
ep
o
s
it
(
NPW
<0
)
.
T
h
e
lo
west
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
to
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
(
l
o
west
L
C
OE
)
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
r
eliab
le
s
y
s
tem
in
th
is
r
eg
io
n
is
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
.
Oth
er
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
b
e
m
o
r
e
f
in
an
cially
p
r
o
f
itab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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4
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t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
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Ma
r
c
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20
2
5
:
584
-
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590
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ca
p
ital
an
d
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail
in
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Giv
en
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
elec
tr
icity
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
we
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
NPC
,
NPW
,
an
d
L
C
OE
)
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
B
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
f
r
o
m
2
0
%
to
1
0
0
%
f
o
r
Mo
r
o
c
co
,
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
as
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
NPC
an
d
L
C
OE
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
p
r
o
f
itab
le.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
NPW
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es a
s
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
ab
le
5
.
E
c
o
n
o
m
ic
m
etr
ics o
f
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
(
PV
-
g
r
id
)
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lev
el
o
f
u
tili
ty
r
ates f
o
r
Mo
r
o
cc
o
0%
2
0
%
4
0
%
6
0
%
8
0
%
1
0
0
%
N
P
C
(
$
)
1
8
5
2
9
1
6
2
3
0
1
5
6
8
2
1
5
1
0
6
1
4
5
0
9
1
3
8
9
2
N
P
W
(
$
)
3
8
5
0
9
5
2
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1
5
.
6
6
4
1
7
1
.
2
7
6
1
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4
.
8
8
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1
5
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.
4
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LC
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0
1
3
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.
0
1
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0
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0
1
2
0
.
0
1
2
3
.
2
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
Mo
r
o
cc
o
was
ch
o
s
en
to
test
t
h
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
W
h
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
So
lar
-
W
in
d
-
Sto
r
ag
e
-
Gr
id
s
y
s
tem
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
th
e
least
p
o
llu
tin
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
em
itti
n
g
o
n
ly
6
.
4
m
et
r
ic
to
n
s
o
f
C
O
2
p
er
y
ea
r
,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
’
s
1
1
.
7
m
etr
ic
to
n
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Deb
o
u
za
et
a
l.
[3
1
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asized
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
h
ig
h
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
in
MG
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
lo
w
em
is
s
io
n
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
it
d
iv
er
g
es
f
r
o
m
W
u
et
a
l.
[3
2
]
,
wh
o
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
win
d
-
d
o
m
in
ated
s
y
s
tem
s
co
u
ld
ac
h
iev
e
g
r
ea
ter
C
O
2
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
wi
th
o
p
tim
ized
b
atter
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Ou
r
an
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
,
r
ath
er
th
an
win
d
al
o
n
e,
o
f
f
e
r
s
th
e
b
est
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
c
o
s
t e
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
a
ct
f
o
r
ea
ch
MG
s
y
s
tem
3
.
3
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
Mo
r
o
cc
o
was
ch
o
s
en
to
test
th
e
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
alter
n
ativ
e
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
t
o
test
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
'
elec
tr
ici
ty
to
m
ee
t
to
tal
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
(
5
6
.
8
p
e
r
ce
n
t p
r
im
ar
y
lo
ad
,
4
3
.
2
p
er
ce
n
t E
V
lo
ad
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
'
s
en
tire
lo
ad
o
f
1
8
5
4
9
KW
h
/y
ea
r
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
)
.
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
g
r
i
d
-
PV
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
is
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
PV
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
was
esti
m
ated
at
4
0
0
0
3
KW
h
/y
ea
r
.
7
3
.
6
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
PV
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
f
r
ac
tio
n
)
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ee
t
d
em
an
d
;
th
e
g
r
id
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
elec
tr
icity
was
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
1
4
,
4
1
7
k
W
h
p
e
r
y
ea
r
an
d
was so
ld
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
b
atter
ies
(
PV
-
b
atter
y
-
g
r
id
)
i
m
p
lies
a
s
in
g
le
b
atter
y
;
n
ev
er
t
h
eless
,
th
is
lim
ited
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
h
as
d
o
n
e
n
o
t
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
ly
a
v
er
ag
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
)
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
d
)
,
th
e
PV
-
W
in
d
-
Gr
id
s
y
s
tem
en
ab
les
a
h
ig
h
er
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
f
r
ac
tio
n
to
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
ad
th
an
th
e
two
p
r
io
r
s
y
s
tem
s
(
8
1
.
7
p
er
ce
n
t)
.
So
lar
PV
m
et
6
7
.
1
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
d
em
an
d
o
n
an
a
n
n
u
al
av
er
a
g
e,
wh
ile
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
es
m
et
1
4
.
6
%.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
b
atter
ies
as
an
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
o
p
t
im
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
a
s
in
g
le
b
atter
y
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
v
is
ib
le
in
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
e)
)
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
f
r
ac
tio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
to
8
2
.
1
p
er
ce
n
t,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
ee
t a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t o
f
d
e
m
an
d
r
ath
er
th
an
s
o
u
r
cin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
ly
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
W
in
d
-
Gr
id
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ep
icted
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
r
ev
iew
o
f th
e
tech
n
ica
l
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f p
ers
o
n
a
l e
lec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
…
(
S
a
id
a
K
a
r
mich
)
591
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
f
)
.
W
h
ile
9
1
9
5
KW
h
/y
ea
r
was
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
t
u
r
b
in
e,
4
3
.
1
p
e
r
ce
n
t
was
u
s
e
d
to
f
u
lf
il
d
em
an
d
(
r
en
ewa
b
le
f
r
ac
tio
n
)
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
was
s
o
ld
to
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
r
en
ewa
b
le
f
r
ac
tio
n
is
th
e
PV
-
b
atter
y
-
win
d
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
;
th
is
r
esu
lt
ex
p
lai
n
s
wh
y
t
h
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
'
s
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
wer
e
lo
wer
.
(a
)
(
b
)
(c
)
(d
)
(e
)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mo
n
th
ly
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
(
a)
b
ase
ca
s
e
(
b
)
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
,
(
c)
s
o
lar
-
s
to
r
ag
e
-
g
r
id
,
(
d
)
s
o
lar
-
win
d
-
g
r
i
d
,
(
e)
s
o
lar
-
win
d
-
s
to
r
ag
e
-
g
r
id
,
a
n
d
(
f
)
win
d
-
g
r
id
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MG
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
h
e
u
r
is
tic
r
eq
u
est
is
d
e
p
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
(
a)
an
d
6
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
PV
m
et
th
e
en
tire
d
em
an
d
;
u
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
ately
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
h
o
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
is
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
d
e
m
an
d
is
r
elativ
ely
l
o
w,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
lo
ad
is
g
r
ea
te
s
t
wh
en
r
ec
h
a
r
g
in
g
th
e
E
Vs.
I
t
is
p
lain
to
s
ee
th
at
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
t
r
icity
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
is
en
tire
l
y
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
,
with
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
s
o
ld
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
est
q
u
an
tity
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tain
e
x
ce
s
s
h
o
u
r
s
m
ay
b
e
s
ee
n
b
y
ad
d
in
g
a
b
atter
y
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c)
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
is
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
in
t
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
W
T
-
PV
-
Gr
id
s
y
s
tem
'
s
h
eu
r
is
tic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
d
)
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
icit
y
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
is
en
tire
ly
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
R
E
g
en
er
atio
n
.
An
y
elec
tr
icity
ex
ce
s
s
is
s
o
ld
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
wh
er
ea
s
p
u
r
ch
ases
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
n
ly
wh
e
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
u
n
a
v
ailab
le
at
a
g
iv
e
n
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
e
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
MG
'
s
r
ea
cti
o
n
is
also
ac
cu
r
ate
wh
en
ad
d
in
g
a
b
atter
y
t
o
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fin
al
ly
,
wh
en
an
al
y
zin
g
th
e
Gr
id
-
W
T
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
m
ic
r
o
-
g
r
i
d
is
s
till
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
elec
tr
icity
to
t
h
e
lo
a
d
f
ir
s
t
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
; t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
elec
tr
icity
is
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
584
-
598
592
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(f)
(
g
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ho
u
r
ly
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
(
a
)
b
ase
ca
s
e,
(
b
)
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
,
(
c)
s
o
lar
,
s
to
r
a
g
e,
an
d
g
r
id
,
(
d
)
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
an
d
g
r
i
d
,
(
e)
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
s
to
r
a
g
e,
an
d
g
r
i
d
,
a
n
d
(
f
)
win
d
,
g
r
id
3
.
4
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
A
s
e
n
s
it
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
w
a
s
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
p
r
i
c
e
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
t
h
e
N
P
C
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
b
y
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
V
a
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
c
o
s
t
s
.
B
y
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
'
s
c
o
s
t
l
o
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
(
c
a
p
i
t
al
c
o
s
t
m
u
l
t
i
p
li
e
r
<
1
)
,
t
h
e
N
PC
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
e
e
m
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
ls
'
co
s
t
.
I
n
d
e
e
d
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
P
V
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
es
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
e
N
PC
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
d
e
c
r
e
as
e
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
b
y
k
e
e
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
a
p
i
ta
l
o
f
t
h
e
PV
l
o
w
e
r
t
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