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d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
mo
b
ilit
y
w
ith
cu
s
to
miz
ed
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
d
r
ive
n
b
y
g
e
n
etic
… (
S
e
n
th
il K
u
ma
r
S
ee
n
i
)
877
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
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o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
t
o
c
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a
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g
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t
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w
a
y
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s
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h
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cs
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r
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d
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s
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g
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d
f
r
o
m
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o
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e
-
s
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z
e
-
f
it
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l
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e
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d
t
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h
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m
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s
o
n
a
l
is
e
d
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
l
e
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
is
t
o
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
u
s
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
p
p
r
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a
c
h
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s
b
y
u
t
i
li
s
in
g
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
t
o
s
i
f
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
h
u
g
e
a
r
r
a
y
o
f
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
i
s
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
,
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
b
y
ta
i
l
o
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
ic
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
a
n
a
t
o
m
ic
a
l
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
o
l
o
g
ica
l
c
h
a
r
a
ct
e
r
is
t
i
cs
o
f
e
a
c
h
u
s
e
r
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
ai
m
s
t
o
d
ev
e
l
o
p
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
y
g
e
n
et
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
t
h
et
i
c
d
es
i
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
I
t
w
i
ll
al
s
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
v
i
a
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
u
s
e
r
in
p
u
t
.
O
n
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
a
v
e
n
u
e
f
o
r
a
s
s
is
t
a
n
c
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
al
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
at
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
ti
c
s
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
a
i
m
i
s
t
o
i
n
it
i
a
t
e
a
n
ew
e
r
a
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
as
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
d
e
v
i
c
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
wi
t
h
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
ti
c
d
e
s
i
g
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
t
o
u
s
e
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
is
e
d
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
i
l
l
r
a
d
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
lt
e
r
t
h
e
f
ie
l
d
o
f
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
ic
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
B
y
a
d
o
p
t
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
t
h
e
a
i
m
i
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
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s
s
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
u
s
e
r
a
n
d
p
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o
v
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d
e
a
m
p
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t
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e
s
w
it
h
p
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t
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cs
t
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at
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n
h
a
n
c
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t
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f
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a
n
d
r
es
t
o
r
e
t
h
ei
r
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
[
8
]
.
E
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
ain
t
s
:
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
ze
d
m
o
d
e
ls
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
is
t
t
w
e
a
k
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
ic
l
i
m
b
d
e
s
i
g
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
h
a
s
w
o
r
k
e
d
,
b
u
t
it
s
l
a
c
k
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
at
i
o
n
g
e
n
e
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al
l
y
y
ie
l
d
s
p
o
o
r
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u
t
c
o
m
es
.
M
a
n
u
a
l
f
i
tt
i
n
g
t
a
k
es
t
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m
e
a
n
d
d
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p
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d
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
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s
t
h
et
is
t'
s
s
k
il
l
,
w
h
ic
h
m
i
g
h
t
v
a
r
y
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
a
l
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
s
i
s
m
a
y
n
o
t
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
'
s
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
es
.
C
u
s
t
o
m
p
r
o
s
t
h
es
is
d
e
s
i
g
n
u
s
i
n
g
3
D
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
m
a
r
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
a
r
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
l
a
t
es
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
De
s
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
s
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
,
d
es
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
,
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
s
is
r
e
m
ai
n
s
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
.
P
r
o
s
t
h
e
ti
c
d
u
r
a
b
i
l
it
y
,
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
a
n
d
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
li
t
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
i
s
s
u
e
i
s
r
e
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
u
s
e
r
s
'
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
i
o
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies:
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
'
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
esig
n
an
d
b
io
m
ec
h
an
ical
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Ge
n
etic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
o
b
o
tic
lim
b
m
o
v
em
en
ts
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
n
atu
r
al
an
d
ef
f
icien
t.
Pr
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
n
ew.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
o
als
lik
e
weig
h
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ath
er
th
an
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
s
ev
er
al
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tech
n
iq
u
e
m
ay
b
alan
ce
s
ev
er
al,
s
o
m
etim
es
co
n
tr
ad
icto
r
y
g
o
als
in
clu
d
i
n
g
co
m
f
o
r
t,
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
u
tili
ty
.
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ay
ex
p
l
o
r
e
a
lar
g
e
d
esig
n
s
p
ac
e
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
th
a
n
h
u
m
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
er
h
a
p
s
f
in
d
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
U
s
i
n
g
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
,
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
s
e
c
ti
o
n
2
.
S
e
ct
i
o
n
3
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
’
s
r
o
l
e
in
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
d
es
i
g
n
a
n
d
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
i
n
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
ic
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
.
T
h
e
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
is
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
5
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ca
m
e
a
s
ea
ch
an
g
e
in
th
is
f
ield
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
o
r
g
an
ized
a
n
d
ex
ac
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
leg
lin
k
s
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
n
av
i
g
atin
g
co
m
p
lex
is
s
u
es
in
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
non
-
d
o
m
in
ate
d
s
o
r
tin
g
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
NSGA)
,
wh
ich
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
ab
o
v
e
o
t
h
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
9
]
.
I
ter
ativ
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
clu
d
in
g
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
GA)
,
s
im
u
lated
an
n
ea
lin
g
(
SA)
,
an
d
p
a
r
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
,
as
well
as
g
r
ad
ien
t
-
b
ased
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
all
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
10
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t
ex
p
licit
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
,
tr
ain
e
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
m
o
d
els
m
ay
p
r
ed
ict
s
tem
s
h
ield
in
g
.
Star
tin
g
with
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
an
al
y
s
is
,
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
m
ay
f
in
d
t
h
e
in
p
u
ts
th
at
k
ee
p
th
e
p
atien
t'
s
f
em
u
r
i
n
th
e
d
ea
d
z
o
n
e.
Fo
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
g
eo
m
etr
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
u
tili
zin
g
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
L
SV
m
ig
h
t
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
r
em
o
v
in
g
it
is
n
'
t
s
tr
i
ctly
ess
en
tial
[
11
]
.
T
h
e
am
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
a
lim
b
o
r
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
a
lim
b
is
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
ea
r
lie
s
t
s
u
r
g
ical
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
.
U
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
a
n
d
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
v
ar
iab
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
b
en
ig
n
a
n
d
m
alig
n
an
t
b
o
n
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
n
atu
r
al
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
es,
tr
a
f
f
ic
ac
cid
en
ts
,
b
ir
th
a
b
n
o
r
m
alities
,
an
d
p
er
i
p
h
er
al
v
ascu
lar
illn
ess
es,
ar
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
c
e
o
f
lo
wer
e
x
tr
em
ity
am
p
u
tati
o
n
s
[
12
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
er
v
asiv
en
ess
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
life
,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
is
e
v
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ed
ib
le
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
alter
in
g
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tially
er
ad
icatin
g
lo
n
g
-
s
tan
d
in
g
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
im
p
ac
ted
th
o
s
e
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies.
A
g
r
o
win
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
eo
p
le
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
ea
g
er
to
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
ciety
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
o
r
m
a
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
,
e
x
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
s
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ev
en
ts
[
13
]
.
Var
io
u
s
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
s
tr
o
k
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
an
y
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
alter
ed
an
d
h
en
ce
p
r
ev
en
ted
a
r
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
lik
e
s
m
o
k
in
g
an
d
h
ea
lth
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
lik
e
h
ig
h
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
d
iab
etes.
So
m
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
at
r
ial
f
ib
r
illatio
n
,
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t
is
ch
em
ic
ep
is
o
d
es,
ar
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
h
av
e
a
h
er
ed
itar
y
b
asis
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
p
r
ev
en
te
d
[
1
4
]
.
An
ex
citin
g
n
ew
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
OA
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
m
ed
i
cin
e
an
d
g
e
n
o
m
ics,
wh
ich
m
a
y
o
n
e
d
ay
allo
w
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ized
tr
ea
tm
en
t p
lan
s
b
ased
o
n
p
atien
ts
'
u
n
iq
u
e
tr
aits
an
d
g
en
etic
m
ak
eu
p
.
R
e
ce
n
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
g
en
o
m
ics
an
d
b
io
m
ar
k
er
r
esear
ch
h
a
v
e
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ized
th
e
th
er
a
p
y
o
f
k
n
ee
ar
th
r
itis
b
y
allo
win
g
d
o
cto
r
s
t
o
p
i
n
p
o
in
t
wh
ich
p
atien
ts
wo
u
ld
r
ea
p
th
e
m
o
s
t
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
in
d
iv
id
u
al
th
er
ap
ies,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
er
a
p
eu
tic
r
esu
lts
[
15
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
b
u
t
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
lo
n
g
way
to
g
o
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
ass
is
tiv
e
d
is
p
lay
s
ca
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
8
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
2
5
:
8
7
6
-
8
8
6
878
m
atch
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
esu
lts
o
f
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
g
o
o
d
ey
esig
h
t.
A
v
is
u
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
is
p
r
esen
t
in
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ices,
m
ak
in
g
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
tr
an
s
m
it
v
is
u
al
d
ata
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
m
a
k
in
g
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
an
d
ac
tin
g
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
to
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
way
s
to
s
elec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
lem
en
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
v
is
u
al
d
ata
[
16
].
T
o
d
is
co
v
er
s
h
ar
ed
tr
aits
a
cr
o
s
s
all
h
u
m
an
s
,
s
ev
er
al
s
cien
tis
ts
h
av
e
tr
ied
to
m
er
g
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
with
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
f
u
zz
y
lear
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
a
n
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
E
x
o
s
k
eleto
n
s
m
ay
n
o
w
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
m
a
n
y
wa
y
s
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
b
ec
au
s
e
to
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
o
m
ak
e
e
lectr
o
m
y
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
(
E
MG
)
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l,
t
h
ese
em
er
g
in
g
class
if
ier
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e
ess
en
tial [
17
]
.
On
e
way
to
r
esto
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
a
d
am
ag
ed
o
r
m
is
s
in
g
lim
b
is
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
o
s
th
esis
.
Patien
ts
with
l
im
b
am
p
u
tatio
n
s
m
ay
s
o
o
n
b
e
ab
le
to
en
jo
y
m
o
r
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ities
b
ec
au
s
e
to
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
p
r
o
s
th
eses
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
o
f
a
lo
wer
lim
b
am
p
u
tee'
s
p
r
o
s
th
esis
ar
e
th
e
s
o
ck
et,
th
e
p
y
lo
n
,
an
d
th
e
f
o
o
t.
T
h
e
s
o
ck
et,
wh
ich
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
r
esid
u
al
lim
b
to
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
s
th
esis
,
i
s
an
ess
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
s
e
t
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
i
s
b
u
ilt
lay
er
b
y
lay
er
u
s
in
g
cu
s
to
m
izab
le
b
lo
ck
s
,
with
an
ex
tr
a
s
ea
r
ch
ab
le
ar
ea
ad
d
ed
o
n
to
p
o
f
ea
c
h
f
ix
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
m
ay
s
ea
m
less
ly
ad
ap
t
to
v
ar
io
u
s
m
u
ltimo
d
al
d
atasets
to
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
u
lt
im
o
d
al
d
ee
p
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
9
]
b
y
iter
ativ
ely
u
s
in
g
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
An
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
h
ea
lth
an
d
h
ap
p
i
n
e
s
s
m
ay
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
ass
is
t
iv
e
d
ev
ice,
wh
ich
a
llo
ws
th
em
to
k
ee
p
o
r
r
eg
ain
t
h
eir
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Peo
p
le
wh
o
h
av
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
u
s
in
g
th
eir
u
p
p
er
lim
b
s
,
wh
o
m
i
g
h
t
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
s
th
etics,
will
f
in
d
th
is
q
u
ite
h
elp
f
u
l.
E
v
er
y
d
ay
ac
tiv
ities
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
with
d
is
ab
ilit
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
ir
u
p
p
er
lim
b
s
.
As
th
e
am
p
u
tatio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e,
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
el
r
is
es [
2
0
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
b
r
ain
-
c
o
m
p
u
ter
in
ter
f
ac
es
(
B
C
I
s
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
m
ajo
r
f
o
r
ce
in
th
e
m
eteo
r
ic
r
is
e
o
f
th
e
f
ield
wh
er
e
r
o
b
o
tics
m
ee
ts
n
eu
r
o
s
cien
ce
.
New
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
f
p
eo
p
le
with
s
ev
er
e
m
o
to
r
ic
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
th
a
n
k
s
to
th
ese
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
wh
ich
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
b
r
ain
ac
tiv
ity
in
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
v
ices [
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
m
an
y
ar
ea
s
o
f
m
ed
icin
e
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
o
b
o
ts
in
b
io
m
ed
ical
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
last
s
ev
er
al
d
ec
ad
es.
Me
d
ical
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
m
u
s
t
k
ee
p
u
p
w
ith
th
e
latest
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
b
io
m
e
d
ical
r
o
b
o
t
ics
if
th
ey
wan
t
to
r
ea
lize
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
'
s
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
in
th
is
ar
ea
[
2
2
]
.
A
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
h
e
u
r
is
tic
s
ea
r
ch
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
GA
m
im
ics
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
n
atu
r
e.
Fo
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
is
s
u
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
it
is
ex
t
en
s
iv
ely
em
p
l
o
y
ed
.
T
h
e
GA
alg
o
r
ith
m
em
p
lo
y
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
o
p
er
ato
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
elec
tio
n
,
m
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
,
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
O
n
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
n
d
q
u
ick
ly
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
a
r
ea
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
m
e
d
ical
m
ec
h
atr
o
n
ics
is
r
o
b
o
tic
ex
o
s
k
eleto
n
s
.
An
y
p
h
y
s
ical
im
p
air
m
e
n
t
th
at
h
in
d
er
s
o
n
e'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
tak
e
p
a
r
t
in
o
r
d
o
ce
r
tai
n
ac
tiv
ities
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
h
an
d
icap
.
T
h
e
k
in
d
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
th
e
m
o
s
t
ar
e
th
o
s
e
t
h
at
m
ay
d
r
asti
ca
lly
lo
w
er
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
2
4
]
.
A
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
tech
n
ical
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
co
n
t
r
o
l
th
eo
r
y
,
m
ater
ials
s
cien
ce
,
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
d
e
s
ig
n
,
g
o
in
t
o
m
ak
in
g
wea
r
a
b
le
r
o
b
o
ts
[
2
5
]
.
Gen
e
th
e
r
ap
y
is
a
g
am
e
-
ch
an
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
tr
ea
tin
g
ca
n
ce
r
an
d
o
th
er
h
er
ed
itar
y
illn
ess
es
th
at
wer
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
h
av
e
n
o
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
es
(
C
NT
s
)
f
o
r
g
en
e
d
eliv
er
y
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
th
is
f
ield
.
T
h
e
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
C
NT
s
m
ak
es
th
em
a
v
er
s
atile
n
an
o
-
s
ca
le
p
latf
o
r
m
;
th
e
y
ca
n
b
i
n
d
to
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ch
em
icals,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
eir
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
g
en
etic
m
ater
ials
an
d
o
th
er
b
i
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
co
v
alen
t
attac
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
NT
s
to
m
o
lecu
les
o
f
d
eo
x
y
r
i
b
o
n
u
cleic
ac
id
(
DNA)
is
f
ac
ilit
ate
d
b
y
v
a
n
d
e
r
W
aa
ls
f
o
r
ce
s
,
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
n
an
o
s
ca
le
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
th
at
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
e
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
g
en
etic
m
ater
ial
[
2
6
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
s
y
s
tem
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
,
th
e
ca
n
e
r
o
b
o
t
u
s
ed
m
o
d
el
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
a
s
er
ies
o
f
im
p
ed
an
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ad
ju
s
ted
u
s
in
g
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
f
o
r
ce
/to
r
q
u
e
r
estrictio
n
s
.
As th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
eo
p
le
a
g
ed
6
5
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
co
n
tin
u
es
to
clim
b
,
n
ew
s
o
cial
d
if
f
icu
lties
h
av
e
e
m
er
g
e
d
,
an
d
m
an
y
n
atio
n
s
ar
e
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
to
co
p
e
with
th
em
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
h
er
e
d
itar
y
lim
itatio
n
s
,
ag
in
g
-
r
elat
ed
m
u
s
cu
lo
s
k
eleta
l
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
an
d
s
p
in
al
co
lu
m
n
-
r
elate
d
n
er
v
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
o
r
th
o
p
ed
ic
s
u
r
g
er
y
is
th
e
way
to
g
o
.
Or
th
o
p
ed
ic
s
u
r
g
er
y
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
a
lo
t
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
h
av
e
ch
an
g
ed
th
e
way
p
atien
ts
ar
e
ca
r
ed
f
o
r
[
2
8
]
.
Usi
n
g
h
eu
r
is
tic
an
d
m
eta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
,
it
i
s
es
s
en
tial
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
est
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
f
o
r
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
w
ith
f
lo
wsh
o
p
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
lo
o
r
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
m
ak
es
p
an
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
ab
o
v
e.
I
n
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
C
am
p
b
ell
,
Du
d
ek
,
a
n
d
S
m
ith
(
C
DS)
Alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
as
a
h
eu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
h
en
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
u
tco
m
es o
r
a
n
s
wer
s
,
m
e
ta
-
h
eu
r
is
tics
lik
e
th
e
T
ab
u
Sear
ch
Alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
th
e
Gen
etic
Alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
u
s
ed
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
u
s
es
th
e
GA
au
to
m
ated
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ated
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
as
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
lo
y
s
a
d
ir
ec
t
lea
r
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
t
h
at
co
n
tex
tu
alize
s
th
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
a
n
d
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
ex
p
er
im
en
t
with
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
o
g
et
clo
s
er
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
i
d
ea
l,
GA
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
r
elies
o
n
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
g
en
er
atin
g
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
[
3
1
]
.
Am
p
u
tatio
n
is
th
e
lead
in
g
ca
u
s
e
o
f
lim
b
lo
s
s
,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
r
em
ed
ied
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
p
r
o
s
th
esis
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
g
ical
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
a
lim
b
o
r
o
th
er
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
is
k
n
o
wn
as
am
p
u
tatio
n
.
T
r
a
u
m
ati
c
in
cid
en
ts
(
s
u
c
h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
mo
b
ilit
y
w
ith
cu
s
to
miz
ed
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
d
r
ive
n
b
y
g
e
n
etic
… (
S
e
n
th
il K
u
ma
r
S
ee
n
i
)
879
a
f
all
,
cr
u
s
h
in
g
,
o
r
ex
p
l
o
s
io
n
)
,
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
ea
s
es
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
cir
cu
lato
r
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
th
e
am
p
u
tatio
n
,
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
ev
ices a
r
e
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
in
s
o
m
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
r
ate
a
m
o
n
g
p
eo
p
le
with
d
is
ab
i
liti
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
to
f
in
d
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
th
at
wo
r
k
.
On
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
th
at
m
ay
h
elp
th
e
s
e
p
eo
p
le
r
eg
ain
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
q
u
ality
o
f
lif
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
m
with
ass
is
tiv
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
s
th
etic
h
an
d
s
[
3
3
].
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
L
is
t
o
f
diff
er
ent
t
y
pes
o
f
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Sta
nd
a
rd
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
(
SG
A)
T
h
is
is
th
e
b
asic
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
elec
tio
n
,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
,
a
n
d
m
u
t
atio
n
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
.
Or
ig
in
atin
g
i
n
g
en
etics
an
d
th
e
n
at
u
r
al
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
SGA
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
o
p
u
lar
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
e
ith
er
a
ter
m
in
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
atis
f
ied
,
o
r
a
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
.
An
im
m
ed
iate
ce
n
te
r
co
o
r
d
i
n
ate
is
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
ev
er
y
ten
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
d
r
i
v
in
g
a
n
g
le,
wh
ich
is
ch
o
s
en
a
s
th
e
th
ig
h
f
lex
io
n
an
g
le.
Yo
u
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
f
lo
wch
ar
t
3
.
1
.
2
.
B
ina
ry
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
hm
(
B
G
A)
I
n
th
is
v
ar
ian
t,
th
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
b
in
ar
y
s
tr
in
g
s
.
I
t'
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
wh
en
d
ea
lin
g
with
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wh
er
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
as
b
in
ar
y
v
alu
es.
Usi
n
g
g
en
etics
an
d
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
n
atu
r
al
s
elec
tio
n
,
th
e
B
GA
)
is
a
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
eith
er
a
ter
m
in
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
atis
f
ied
,
o
r
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
d
is
co
v
er
ed
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
ca
n
p
r
o
p
er
ly
o
p
er
ate
th
e
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
ev
ice
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
th
at
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
s
th
etic
ar
m
a
n
d
h
o
w
th
ey
m
ay
c
o
o
p
er
ate.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
d
escr
ib
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
s
th
etic
ar
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
8
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
2
5
:
8
7
6
-
8
8
6
880
3
.
1
.
3
.
Rea
l
-
co
ded g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
hm
(
RCG
A)
Un
lik
e
b
in
ar
y
GA,
R
C
GA
u
s
es
r
ea
l
-
v
alu
ed
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es.
T
h
is
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
A
p
o
ten
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
r
ea
l
-
co
d
ed
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
R
C
GA)
f
in
d
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
ield
s
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
c
o
m
p
licated
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
was
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
r
eh
ab
ilit
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
ty
p
ical
tr
ea
tm
en
t
p
ar
ad
ig
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
ev
i
d
e
n
ce
q
u
ality
a
n
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Am
p
u
tatio
n
s
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
k
n
ee
:
p
r
o
s
th
esis
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
.
W
ea
k
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
,
p
o
o
r
e
v
id
en
ce
.
Stro
n
g
en
d
o
r
s
em
en
t in
f
av
o
r
.
Po
o
r
ev
i
d
en
ce
3
.
1
.
4
.
M
ulti
-
o
bje
ct
iv
e
g
enet
i
c
a
lg
o
rit
hm
(
M
O
G
A)
MO
GA
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
m
u
lt
ip
le
co
n
f
lictin
g
o
b
jectiv
es
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
I
t
m
ai
n
tain
s
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es.
On
e
f
lex
i
b
le
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
r
eso
lv
in
g
is
s
u
es
with
co
m
p
etin
g
g
o
als
is
th
e
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
o
r
MO
GA.
W
h
ile
SOO
f
o
cu
s
es
on
o
p
tim
izin
g
a
s
in
g
l
e
g
o
al
at
a
tim
e,
MO
GA
h
an
d
les
m
an
y
tar
g
ets
at
o
n
ce
.
I
t
was
al
s
o
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
eh
ab
ilit
atio
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Yo
u
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
q
u
ality
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
tio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
s
u
m
m
e
d
to
g
et
h
er
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gu
i
d
elin
es f
o
r
p
r
o
s
t
h
esis
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
in
b
elo
w
-
k
n
ee
am
p
u
tatio
n
s
.
Stro
n
g
en
d
o
r
s
em
en
t in
f
av
o
r
.
Po
o
r
ev
id
e
n
ce
3
.
1
.
5
.
Niching
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
hm
Nich
in
g
GAs
m
ain
tain
m
u
lti
p
le
s
u
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
t
o
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
p
r
em
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
m
u
ltimo
d
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
On
e
s
p
ec
ialized
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
at
m
ay
tack
le
m
u
ltimo
d
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
es,
wh
er
e
f
in
d
in
g
m
an
y
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
th
e
aim
,
is
th
e
n
ich
in
g
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
NGA)
.
NGAs
s
ee
k
to
d
is
co
v
er
an
d
s
u
s
t
ain
s
ev
er
al
d
is
tin
ct
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
ca
lled
n
ich
es,
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
as o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
wh
ich
ce
n
ter
o
n
f
in
d
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
mo
b
ilit
y
w
ith
cu
s
to
miz
ed
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
d
r
ive
n
b
y
g
e
n
etic
… (
S
e
n
th
il K
u
ma
r
S
ee
n
i
)
881
a
s
in
g
le
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
.
T
o
g
et
a
b
etter
g
r
asp
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
e
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
it
er
ativ
ely
co
n
tin
u
es
u
n
til
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
q
u
a
lity
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
n
ic
h
es
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
f
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
lo
wer
-
lim
b
am
p
u
tatio
n
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
lo
wer
-
lim
b
am
p
u
tatio
n
s
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
On
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
to
es
o
r
a
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
ef
o
o
t
m
ig
h
t
b
e
am
p
u
tated
in
a
to
e
o
r
p
ar
tial
f
o
o
t
am
p
u
tatio
n
.
3
.
1
.
6
.
Study
s
t
re
ng
t
hs
a
nd
li
m
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
m
a
y
cu
t
p
r
o
s
th
es
is
d
esig
n
an
d
f
itti
n
g
tim
e
an
d
ex
p
en
s
e.
Au
to
m
ati
n
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
lets
y
o
u
r
ap
i
d
ly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
d
test
d
esig
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
s
th
esis
.
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ay
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
d
esig
n
as
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ata
a
r
e
g
ath
er
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Acc
u
r
ate
u
s
er
an
ato
m
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
r
iter
ia
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
to
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
'
s
s
u
cc
es
s
.
Gen
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
,
b
u
t th
ey
d
em
an
d
a
lo
t
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
p
o
w
er
,
wh
ich
m
ay
lim
it
th
eir
u
s
ag
e.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
Ma
jo
r
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
lo
wer
lim
b
am
p
u
tatio
n
3
.
1
.
7
.
Unex
pect
ed
re
s
ults a
n
d su
m
m
a
ry
I
n
itial
test
in
g
r
ev
ea
led
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
th
at
d
if
f
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
ty
p
ical
d
esig
n
s
y
et
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
in
u
s
er
test
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
im
p
ly
th
at
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ay
d
ev
elo
p
u
n
u
s
u
al
b
u
t
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ize
p
r
o
s
th
esis
d
esig
n
.
C
u
s
to
m
is
ed
p
r
o
s
th
esis
d
esig
n
s
g
u
i
d
ed
b
y
g
en
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ay
b
u
ild
p
e
r
s
o
n
alis
ed
p
r
o
s
th
eses
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
f
o
r
t
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
an
d
u
s
er
h
a
p
p
i
n
ess
.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
r
o
s
th
esis
cr
ea
tio
n
m
ig
h
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
liv
es
o
f
li
m
b
less
p
eo
p
le.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Ste
a
dy
-
s
t
a
t
e
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
hm
Un
lik
e
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
g
en
er
at
io
n
al
GA
wh
er
e
th
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
r
ep
lace
d
in
ea
c
h
g
en
er
atio
n
,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
GA
r
ep
lace
s
o
n
ly
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
an
d
allo
win
g
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ev
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fo
r
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
is
s
u
es
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
g
en
e
r
a
tio
n
s
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
g
en
er
atio
n
,
a
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
class
ic
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lled
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
SS
GA)
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
.
W
h
er
ea
s
m
u
tatio
n
g
en
er
ates
r
an
d
o
m
ch
an
g
es
to
p
r
eser
v
e
v
ar
iety
,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
m
ix
es
g
en
etic
m
ater
ial
f
r
o
m
ch
o
s
en
p
ar
en
ts
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
ew
o
f
f
s
p
r
in
g
.
An
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
tack
lin
g
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
is
s
u
es
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
co
n
tin
u
es u
n
til
a
s
u
itab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
d
is
co
v
er
ed
o
r
a
ter
m
in
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
atie
n
t
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
an
d
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Patien
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
(
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
weig
h
t,
an
d
h
eig
h
t
)
g
iv
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
w
h
ile
am
p
u
tatio
n
s
ev
er
ity
,
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
c
h
o
s
en
p
r
o
s
th
etic
t
y
p
e
illu
m
in
ate
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
Par
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
b
y
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
is
in
g
p
r
o
s
th
esis
d
esig
n
in
clu
d
e
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize,
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
r
ate.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
p
atien
t
d
ata
with
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
,
p
r
o
s
th
etic
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
m
ay
b
e
f
in
e
-
tu
n
ed
to
ea
ch
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
lead
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
o
f
m
o
v
em
en
t a
n
d
less
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t.
4
.
2
.
Una
ns
wer
ed
qu
estio
ns
a
nd
f
uture
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
b
u
t
leav
es
m
an
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Ho
w
ca
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
s
er
i
n
p
u
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
?
Ho
w
ca
n
h
ig
h
ly
cu
s
to
m
ized
p
r
o
s
th
esis
af
f
ec
t
h
ea
lth
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
v
er
tim
e?
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ig
h
t
u
s
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
ater
ials
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
s
th
esis
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
r
o
b
o
tic
p
r
o
s
th
etics'
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ig
h
t
lead
to
n
ew
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
8
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
2
5
:
8
7
6
-
8
8
6
882
4
.
3
.
Ada
ptiv
e
g
enet
ic
a
lg
o
ri
t
hm
(
AG
A)
Ad
ap
tiv
e
GAs
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
t
th
eir
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
r
ate,
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
An
a
d
v
an
ce
d
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
AGA
ch
an
g
es
it
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
as
it
o
p
tim
is
es.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
it
co
n
s
tan
tly
ad
ju
s
ts
to
th
e
is
s
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
o
p
tim
is
ati
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
At
f
ir
s
t,
AGA
cr
ea
tes
a
p
o
o
l
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
s
wer
s
to
th
e
is
s
u
e.
T
h
an
k
s
to
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
AGA
ca
n
tack
le
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
ch
allen
g
es,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
v
alu
a
b
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
tack
lin
g
c
o
m
p
licat
ed
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
is
s
u
es.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
tailo
r
e
d
p
r
o
s
th
etics
d
r
iv
en
b
y
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
o
v
em
en
t
f
o
r
lim
b
less
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
ese
p
o
wer
f
u
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
g
en
er
ate
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ized
p
r
o
s
th
esis
u
s
in
g
g
en
etic
an
d
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
d
ata.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
er
f
ec
t
f
it,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ef
in
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
as
d
ata
b
ec
o
m
es
av
ailab
le.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
s
th
esis
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
u
s
er
s
'
q
u
ality
o
f
lif
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Patien
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
T
ab
le
1
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
m
o
b
ilit
y
with
cu
s
to
m
ized
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
d
r
iv
en
b
y
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
A
sp
e
c
t
R
o
l
e
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Ta
i
l
o
r
p
r
o
st
h
e
t
i
c
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
t
o
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
n
e
e
d
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
d
a
t
a
.
I
n
c
r
e
a
ses
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
n
d
u
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
u
ser f
a
t
i
g
u
e
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
o
mf
o
r
t
.
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
b
e
t
t
e
r
ma
t
c
h
t
h
e
u
ser's
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
s
t
y
l
e
.
A
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
A
d
j
u
st
d
e
si
g
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
d
y
n
a
mi
c
a
l
l
y
a
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
p
r
o
c
e
ss
n
e
w
d
a
t
a
.
En
h
a
n
c
e
s l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss,
a
c
c
o
mm
o
d
a
t
i
n
g
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
u
ser's
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
u
s
e
r
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
t
o
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
e
si
g
n
.
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
S
t
r
e
a
m
l
i
n
e
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
ses.
R
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
i
me
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
f
i
t
t
i
n
g
.
R
a
p
i
d
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
ma
t
e
d
man
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
d
r
i
v
e
n
b
y
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
s.
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
-
e
d
g
e
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
u
sers w
i
t
h
d
u
r
a
b
l
e
,
l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
s.
U
t
i
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
l
a
t
e
st
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
b
i
o
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
se
n
s
o
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
u
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
4
.
4
.
P
a
ra
llel
g
enet
ic
a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
ar
allelize
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ca
n
d
i
d
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ty
p
ically
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
lly
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
An
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
t
h
at
u
s
es
p
ar
allel
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
to
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
o
p
tim
u
m
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
is
th
e
p
ar
allel
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
PGA)
.
I
ts
b
asic
id
e
a
is
to
u
s
e
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
o
r
th
r
ea
d
s
to
s
ep
ar
atel
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
u
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
ea
r
ch
th
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
p
ac
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
u
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
an
d
s
h
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
an
k
s
to
its
p
ar
all
eliza
tio
n
,
PGA
ca
n
tack
le
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
is
s
u
es
o
n
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
a
n
d
m
ak
e
g
o
o
d
u
s
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
g
o
o
d
f
it
f
o
r
HPC
s
e
ttin
g
s
.
T
ab
le
2
d
etail
s
th
e
p
r
o
s
th
etic
lim
b
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
atien
t,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
am
p
u
tatio
n
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
th
e
k
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m
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it
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cr
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d
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ay
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it in
d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
mo
b
ilit
y
w
ith
cu
s
to
miz
ed
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
d
r
ive
n
b
y
g
e
n
etic
… (
S
e
n
th
il K
u
ma
r
S
ee
n
i
)
883
T
ab
le
2
.
Pro
s
th
etic
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
P
a
t
i
e
n
t
I
D
A
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
P
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
p
r
o
st
h
e
t
i
c
t
y
p
e
1
B
e
l
o
w
K
n
e
e
A
c
t
i
v
e
C
a
r
b
o
n
F
i
b
e
r
2
A
b
o
v
e
K
n
e
e
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
H
y
d
r
a
u
l
i
c
3
B
e
l
o
w
K
n
e
e
A
c
t
i
v
e
B
i
o
n
i
c
4
A
b
o
v
e
K
n
e
e
Lo
w
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
5
B
e
l
o
w
K
n
e
e
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
H
y
d
r
a
u
l
i
c
4
.
5
.
E
v
o
lutio
na
r
y
s
t
ra
t
e
g
ies (
E
S)
E
S
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
elf
-
ad
a
p
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
u
tatio
n
r
ates
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
t d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
GAs
in
its
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
u
ta
tio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
.
O
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ta
k
e
th
eir
c
u
es
f
r
o
m
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
n
atu
r
e
a
r
e
k
n
o
wn
as
ES
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
E
S
d
o
es
n
o
t
aim
to
d
ir
ec
tly
ev
o
lv
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
b
u
t
r
ath
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
'
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
A
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
ca
lled
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
is
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
u
p
d
ate
d
b
y
p
e
r
tu
r
b
i
n
g
t
h
eir
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
in
g
tacti
cs
lik
e
m
u
tatio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
eith
er
a
ter
m
in
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
atis
f
ie
d
,
o
r
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
d
is
co
v
er
ed
.
W
h
en
o
p
tim
izin
g
co
m
p
licated
,
h
i
g
h
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
E
S
s
h
in
es
wh
er
e
o
th
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
f
a
il.
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
g
en
etica
lly
cu
s
to
m
ized
p
r
o
s
th
etics
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
d
esig
n
s
o
p
tim
ize
p
r
o
s
th
eses
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
e
r
s
o
n
u
s
in
g
g
en
etic
d
ata.
Ma
n
ag
in
g
d
ata
in
teg
r
ity
,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
p
r
ices,
an
d
u
s
er
ac
ce
p
tab
ilit
y
o
f
h
ig
h
-
tech
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
ch
allen
g
es.
Des
p
ite
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
p
r
ec
is
e
cu
s
to
m
izatio
n
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
v
er
ti
m
e
m
ak
e
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ef
u
l
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
u
s
er
s
with
well
-
f
itted
an
d
ad
j
u
s
tab
le
p
r
o
s
th
ese
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izin
g
m
o
b
i
lity
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
ized
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
s
d
r
iv
en
b
y
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
A
sp
e
c
t
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
a
t
a
I
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
En
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
o
f
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
d
a
t
a
.
H
i
g
h
f
i
d
e
l
i
t
y
i
n
c
u
s
t
o
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
si
g
n
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
t
o
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s.
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
M
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
a
n
d
l
a
r
g
e
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
s
.
En
a
b
l
e
s s
o
p
h
i
st
i
c
a
t
e
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
r
o
s
t
h
e
t
i
c
s
w
i
t
h
d
y
n
a
mi
c
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
u
ser
n
e
e
d
s.
C
o
s
t
H
i
g
h
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
st
s.
Lo
n
g
-
t
e
r
m s
a
v
i
n
g
s
o
n
a
d
j
u
s
t
me
n
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
m
a
k
e
s.
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
a
l
o
v
e
r
t
i
me
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
f
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
.
U
ser A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
O
v
e
r
c
o
mi
n
g
s
k
e
p
t
i
c
i
sm
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
u
ser
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
n
d
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
.
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
s
su
c
c
e
ss s
t
o
r
i
e
s
p
r
o
l
i
f
e
r
a
t
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
g
r
o
w
s.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
On
e
p
o
te
n
tial
way
to
h
el
p
a
m
p
u
tees
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
s
u
ch
d
if
f
i
cu
lties
is
to
u
s
e
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
p
r
o
s
th
esis
d
esig
n
.
I
ter
ativ
e
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
is
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
h
o
we
v
er
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
en
ter
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
th
at
m
a
y
ar
is
e
d
u
r
in
g
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
cu
s
to
m
is
atio
n
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
.
N
o
twith
s
tan
d
in
g
th
es
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
am
p
u
tees
with
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
u
s
ef
u
l,
an
d
p
leasan
t
p
r
o
s
th
etics.
Fu
tu
r
e
p
lan
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
d
ata
co
llectin
g
,
an
d
m
u
ltid
i
s
cip
lin
ar
y
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
ex
is
tin
g
lim
its
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ak
e
c
u
s
to
m
is
ed
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
ev
ices
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
lo
o
k
at
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
li
k
e
3
D
p
r
in
tin
g
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
e
n
d
,
we
wan
t
am
p
u
tees
to
h
av
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
q
u
ali
ty
o
f
life
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
we'
r
e
g
o
in
g
t
o
k
ee
p
p
u
s
h
in
g
th
e
lim
its
o
f
p
r
o
s
th
etic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
o
s
th
etic
d
esig
n
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
atien
t
f
ac
to
r
s
p
atien
t
d
ataset
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
a
r
an
d
o
m
5
-
s
am
p
le
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
:
ag
es
3
2
–
6
8
,
weig
h
t
6
5
–
9
0
,
h
ei
g
h
t
1
5
5
–
1
8
0
,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
r
ate
0
.
6
–
0
.
9
,
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate
0
.
0
5
–
0
.
2
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
7
0
–
1
2
0
,
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
3
0
–
6
0
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
P
.
M
a
n
i
k
a
n
d
a
n
,
S
.
R
.
N
a
r
a
n
i
,
S
.
K
a
r
t
h
i
k
e
y
a
n
a
n
d
N
.
M
o
h
a
n
k
u
m
a
r
,
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
sk
i
n
m
e
l
a
n
o
ma
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
d
e
r
m
o
sc
o
p
i
c
i
ma
g
e
s
i
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
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h
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a
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o
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tac
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t
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m
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h
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rsh
it
h
a
g
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iate
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rsity
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a
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h
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r
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se
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su
r
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d
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b
y
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n
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Un
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r
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n
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.
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p
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m
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h
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se
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o
f
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ti
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k
.
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h
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s
g
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u
m
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ro
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s
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s
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rials,
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n
d
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g
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t
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u
n
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r
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n
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ters
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in
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
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ra
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ra
m
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n
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il
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ra
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th
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g
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l
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d
in
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.
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is
p
re
se
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tl
y
wo
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s
As
so
c
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ro
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o
r
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s m
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field
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se
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rc
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p
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p
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rs
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n
S
CI
/
S
CI
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S
COPUS
in
d
e
x
e
d
j
o
u
rn
a
ls.
Also
,
h
e
h
a
s a
u
th
o
re
d
0
1
b
o
o
k
.
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h
a
s
p
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sh
e
d
0
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p
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ten
t
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
v
e
n
k
a
t
.
a
lt
e
ra
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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