I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
~
1
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
4
.
i
1
.
pp
1
-
1
0
1
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Dig
ital twin
so
ft
w
a
re prov
ider:
key
play
ers, ranking
s
and
trends
L
utz
So
m
m
er
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
A
l
b
s
t
a
d
t
-
S
i
g
marin
g
e
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
A
l
b
st
a
d
t
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
1
7
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
2
7
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
2
5
,
2
0
2
4
Cu
rre
n
t
stu
d
ies
a
b
o
u
t
d
ig
it
a
l
twi
n
s
(DT)
g
e
n
e
ra
ll
y
p
ro
v
i
d
e
li
tt
le
su
p
p
o
rt
t
o
in
tere
ste
d
p
a
rti
e
s
in
se
lec
ti
n
g
s
u
it
a
b
le
p
ro
v
i
d
e
rs.
Th
e
a
im
o
f
t
h
e
p
re
se
n
t
stu
d
y
is,
o
n
th
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
t
o
a
sk
wh
e
th
e
r
e
x
isti
n
g
ra
n
k
in
g
s
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
se
d
to
d
e
riv
e
a
q
u
ick
,
c
o
st
-
e
fficie
n
t
d
e
c
isio
n
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
it
is
to
b
e
q
u
e
stio
n
e
d
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
m
a
rk
e
t
is
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
th
e
stu
d
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
o
n
1
0
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ra
n
k
i
n
g
s
o
f
DT
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
o
n
d
e
tailed
re
se
a
rc
h
o
f
n
=
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
wa
s
in
c
lu
d
e
d
fo
r
a
d
e
tailed
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
tren
d
s.
T
h
e
fo
ll
o
wi
n
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
we
re
o
b
tain
e
d
:
i
)
T
h
e
se
lec
te
d
t
op
1
0
ra
n
k
in
g
s
c
a
n
se
rv
e
a
s
a
fa
st,
c
o
st
-
e
fficie
n
t
se
lec
ti
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
p
ro
v
id
e
r
s
;
ii
)
th
e
DT
m
a
rk
e
t
is
d
o
m
i
n
a
ted
b
y
e
sta
b
l
ish
e
d
,
larg
e
t
op
p
ro
v
i
d
e
rs
with
No
rth
Am
e
rica
n
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
s;
a
n
d
ii
i
)
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
0
t
h
e
re
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
tren
d
in
t
h
e
fo
rm
o
f
a
d
isp
r
o
p
o
rti
o
n
a
tely
larg
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
e
w p
ro
v
i
d
e
rs.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital twin
Ma
r
k
et
R
an
k
in
g
So
f
twar
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
T
r
en
d
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
L
u
tz
So
m
m
er
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Alb
s
tad
t
-
Sig
m
ar
in
g
e
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
J
ak
o
b
s
tr
ass
e
1
-
6
,
7
2
4
5
8
Alb
s
tad
t,
Ger
m
an
y
E
m
ail:
s
o
m
m
er
@
h
s
-
alb
s
ig
.
d
e
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
ain
tex
t
f
o
r
m
at
d
i
g
ital
twin
s
(
DT
)
ar
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
-
r
elate
d
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
also
co
m
p
letely
n
ew
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
an
ies
d
ea
lin
g
w
ith
DT
is
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
.
Sales
o
f
€
1
8
3
b
illi
o
n
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
b
y
2
0
3
1
[
1
]
.
B
u
t
s
cien
ce
is
also
wo
r
k
in
g
in
ten
s
iv
ely
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic.
A
“state
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
d
ig
ital
twin
s
”
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
is
t
o
p
ic
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
esp
ec
ially
in
C
h
in
a,
USA
,
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
[
2
]
.
T
o
p
u
t
it
s
im
p
ly
,
DT
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
v
ir
tu
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
o
b
jects,
p
r
o
c
ess
es
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
as
we
ll
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
3
]
.
W
ith
th
is
v
ir
tu
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
o
n
e
is
ab
le
to
m
o
d
el,
s
im
u
late,
m
o
n
ito
r
,
an
al
y
z
e
,
an
d
o
p
tim
iz
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
]
.
Ov
er
all,
o
n
e
ca
n
s
ay
th
at
b
o
th
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
co
m
p
an
ies
a
r
e
in
ter
ested
in
th
is
to
p
ic.
B
u
t
wh
o
ar
e
t
h
e
k
e
y
p
lay
e
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
lier
s
id
e?
;
W
h
at
is
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
?
;
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
tr
en
d
g
o
in
g
?
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
an
s
wer
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
it
m
u
s
t
f
i
r
s
t
b
e
clar
i
f
ied
w
h
at
a
d
ig
ital
twin
is
in
d
etail
.
T
h
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
s
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
ir
tu
al
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
t
o
d
ig
ital
co
p
ies
o
f
a
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
tem
to
a
v
ir
tu
a
l
m
o
d
el
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
.
W
eb
er
an
d
Gr
o
s
s
er
[
6
]
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
:
“
a
d
i
g
ital
twin
is
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
ject
u
s
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
d
ata
a
n
d
o
th
er
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
en
a
b
le
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
ject.
T
h
is
co
v
er
s
th
e
f
u
ll
s
co
p
e
f
r
o
m
a
life
cy
cle
p
h
ase
to
th
e
co
m
p
lete
p
r
o
d
u
ct
life
cy
cle.
T
h
e
m
atu
r
ity
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
twin
is
d
e
f
in
ed
as
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
an
d
th
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
s
tan
d
a
r
d
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ig
ital
t
win
a
n
d
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
ject.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
r
e
f
lects th
e
m
o
d
e
lin
g
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
d
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
”
[
6
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
er
iv
e
a
“
d
ig
ital
twin
m
atu
r
ity
m
o
d
el
”
[
6
]
,
wh
ic
h
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
as
well
as
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
in
r
elatio
n
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
[
6
]
:
“
i
)
R
ep
r
esen
tativ
e:
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
an
y
k
in
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
j
ec
t
an
d
t
h
e
v
ir
t
u
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
1
-
1
0
2
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
;
ii
)
Simu
lato
r
:
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al,
i.e
.
,
it
is
lim
ited
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
ject
to
th
e
v
ir
tu
a
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
;
iii
)
M
o
n
ito
r
:
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
er
v
es
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
j
ec
t
an
d
tr
av
els
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
b
ject
to
th
e
v
ir
tu
a
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
ar
e
v
is
u
alize
d
f
ir
s
t
an
d
f
o
r
em
o
s
t;
iv
)
Sm
ar
t
m
o
n
i
to
r
:
s
m
ar
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
is
an
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
lev
el
an
d
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
lin
k
in
g
o
f
r
e
ce
iv
ed
d
ata
an
d
e
n
r
ich
in
g
th
e
s
e
d
ata
to
g
ain
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
(
s
m
ar
t
d
ata)
an
d
t
o
v
is
u
alize
th
em
;
v
)
Dig
ital
twi
n
:
at
th
e
d
ig
ital
twin
lev
el,
a
d
d
itio
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tr
a
v
els
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ic
al
o
b
ject,
i.e
.
,
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
at
co
n
tr
o
l
s
(
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le)
an
ac
tu
ato
r
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
co
llecte
d
s
m
ar
t
d
ata.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
ject”
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
a
DT
a
n
d
its
lev
el
o
f
m
atu
r
ity
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
class
if
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
co
llected
v
ar
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
n
d
an
aly
z
ed
DT
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
class
if
icatio
n
ter
m
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
class
if
icatio
n
ter
m
s
co
u
ld
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
[
3
]
:
i
)
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
lev
el
,
ii
)
life
-
cy
cle
p
h
ase
,
iii
)
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
s
e
,
an
d
iv
)
d
ata
ty
p
e/d
ata
f
lo
w
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
3
7
m
an
if
e
s
tatio
n
s
o
r
v
ar
ian
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
class
if
icatio
n
is
lar
g
e
an
d
m
ay
co
n
tin
u
e
to
g
r
o
w
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
g
r
o
wth
ca
n
also
b
e
s
e
en
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
DT
[
7
]
.
I
n
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
,
au
th
o
r
s
co
m
p
ar
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
ec
to
r
s
,
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
[
8
]
:
i
)
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
ii
)
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
iii
)
r
em
o
te
ac
ce
s
s
,
iv
)
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
v
)
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
vi
)
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
au
th
o
r
s
id
en
tif
y
1
3
x
r
elev
an
t
s
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
DT
[
8
]
:
i
)
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
an
d
ae
r
o
n
au
tics
,
ii
)
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
,
iii
)
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
,
iv
)
en
er
g
y
,
v
)
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
,
v
i
)
o
il
an
d
g
as
,
v
ii
)
s
m
ar
t
city
,
v
iii
)
m
in
in
g
,
ix
)
m
ar
itime
,
x
)
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
x
i
)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
x
ii
)
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
x
iii
)
r
etail
.
T
h
is
ass
es
s
m
en
t
is
also
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
lis
t
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
th
e
lo
g
is
tics
s
ec
to
r
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
DT
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
u
s
ed
in
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies th
at
h
av
e
a
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
c
h
ar
a
cter
.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
av
ailab
le
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
ex
ten
s
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
DT
in
g
en
er
al.
Def
i
n
itio
n
s
,
class
if
icatio
n
s
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
ec
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
r
esear
ch
ed
.
Sp
ec
ial
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
n
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
,
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
r
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
[
1
6
]
a
s
well
as
m
ar
k
et
an
a
ly
s
es
ca
n
o
f
ten
o
n
ly
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
s
p
ec
ial
i
n
ter
n
et
p
o
r
tals
,
h
o
m
ep
a
g
es
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
7
]
.
T
r
e
n
d
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
to
p
ic
“
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
”
,
c
an
o
f
ten
o
n
ly
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
with
g
r
ea
t
ef
f
o
r
t
b
y
r
esear
ch
in
g
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
h
o
m
ep
ag
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
r
,
i
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
b
y
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ar
e
s
u
b
ject
to
a
f
ee
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
ea
lt
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
with
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
,
class
if
icatio
n
s
,
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
ec
to
r
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
es
o
f
DT
,
th
ey
lack
d
etailed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
v
en
d
o
r
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
an
d
m
a
r
k
et
tr
e
n
d
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
t
u
d
ies
,
an
d
r
eg
i
o
n
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
a
r
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
f
r
ee
ly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
ith
s
p
ec
ial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
o
f
DT
an
d
t
o
cr
ea
te
a
m
eta
-
r
a
n
k
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
th
at
allo
w
s
p
o
ten
tial
b
u
y
er
s
a
n
d
s
cien
tis
ts
to
g
et
an
in
itial
o
v
er
v
iew
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
th
eir
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
as we
ll a
s
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
(
R
Q)
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
:
RQ
-
1
:
A
r
e
th
er
e
en
o
u
g
h
f
r
ee
l
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
t
h
at
e
n
a
b
le
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
a
n
d
wh
at
ar
e
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
an
ies?
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
H
-
1
.
1
.
: I
t is p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
er
iv
e
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l m
eta
-
r
a
n
k
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
.
H
-
1
.
2
.
:
T
h
e
t
o
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
ar
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
s
im
ilar
ities
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
ize,
ar
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licat
io
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
h
ea
d
q
u
ar
te
r
s
.
T
o
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
tr
en
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
,
th
e
m
eg
a
-
tr
e
n
d
“
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
a
b
ilit
y
”
will
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as a
n
ex
am
p
le:
H
-
1
.
3
.
:
All
to
p
DT
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
f
er
s
o
lu
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
f
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
as
well
as
f
o
r
th
e
m
eg
a
tr
en
d
“
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
i
lity
/en
er
g
y
”
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
will
ex
am
in
e
to
wh
at
ex
ten
t
th
e
ab
o
v
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
co
in
c
id
e
with
a
m
o
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
n
=1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
d
r
aw
r
elev
an
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
f
r
o
m
a
d
em
a
n
d
o
r
s
cien
tific
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
RQ
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
:
RQ
-
2
:
Do
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
DT
o
f
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
m
atch
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
=
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
an
ies
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
o
r
i
g
in
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
i
ze
,
tim
e
o
f
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
?
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
RQ
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
late
d
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dig
ita
l tw
in
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
p
r
o
vid
er
:
ke
y
p
la
ye
r
s
,
r
a
n
kin
g
s
a
n
d
tr
e
n
d
s
(
Lu
tz
S
o
mme
r
)
3
H
-
2
.
1
.
:
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
n
=1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
at
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
o
f
DT
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
am
p
le
i
n
cr
ea
s
es p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
all
y
.
H
-
2
.
2
.
:
T
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
n
=1
5
3
DT
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
at
ely
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
USA.
H
-
2
.
3
.
:
T
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
n
=1
5
3
DT
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
ar
e
lar
g
e
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
.
H
-
2
.
4
.
:
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
n
=1
5
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
o
f
DT
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
at
least
9
o
u
t
o
f
1
3
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
-
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
Sin
g
h
et
a
l.
[
8
]
,
wer
e
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
in
th
e
s
am
p
le.
H
-
2
.
5
.
:
T
h
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
n
=
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
m
eg
a
tr
en
d
s
lik
e
“
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
i
lity
/en
er
g
y
”
ca
n
b
e
also
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
in
th
e
s
am
p
le.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
RQ
-
1
an
d
R
Q
-
2
t
o
o
k
p
lace
b
a
s
ed
o
n
liter
atu
r
e
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
in
ter
n
et
r
esear
ch
.
Stu
d
ies
an
d
jo
u
r
n
als
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
r
esear
ch
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
t
en
r
an
k
in
g
s
lis
ted
f
o
llo
w
.
RQ
-
1
:
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
te
n
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
R
Q
-
1
,
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
All
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
th
at
wer
e
n
am
ed
in
at
least
3
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
a
n
k
in
g
.
D
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ev
alu
atio
n
cr
iter
ia
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
r
an
k
in
g
s
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
is
lim
ited
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
an
k
in
g
in
d
icate
s
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
ed
d
ig
ital twin
r
an
k
in
g
s
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
s
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
1
:
B
e
st
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
i
n
2
0
2
2
[
1
8
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
2
:
T
o
p
1
0
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
c
o
mp
a
n
i
e
s i
mp
a
c
t
i
n
g
I
4
.
0
.
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
2
0
2
1
[
1
9
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
3
:
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
o
p
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
i
n
2
0
2
2
[
2
0
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
4
:
T
op
1
0
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
2
0
2
0
[
2
1
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
5
:
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
mar
k
e
t
si
z
e
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
2
0
2
5
[
2
2
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
6
:
T
h
e
b
e
st
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
2
0
2
2
[
2
3
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
7
:
K
e
y
p
l
a
y
e
r
s i
n
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
mar
k
e
t
[
2
4
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
8
:
T
o
p
5
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
mar
k
e
t
[
2
5
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
9
:
T
o
p
1
0
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
v
e
n
d
o
r
s fo
r
2
0
1
9
[
2
6
]
Ra
n
k
i
n
g
1
0
:
T
op
1
0
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
2
0
2
2
[
2
7
]
RQ
-
2
:
T
h
e
ten
r
an
k
in
g
s
wer
e
also
u
s
ed
t
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
a
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
with
n
=1
5
3
.
T
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
m
en
ti
o
n
s
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
an
k
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
p
o
r
tal
So
u
r
ce
f
o
r
g
e
[
2
8
]
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
DT
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
latf
o
r
m
th
at
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
“
o
u
r
b
u
s
in
ess
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ir
ec
to
r
y
lis
ts
o
v
er
7
9
,
0
0
0
s
o
f
twar
e
titl
es,
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
ls
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
er
v
ice
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
an
d
b
u
y
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
B
2
B
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als to
co
m
p
ar
e
s
o
f
twar
e
a
n
d
s
er
v
ice
s
b
y
p
r
ice,
u
s
er
r
e
v
i
ews,
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
,
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
r
e
g
io
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
,
an
d
m
o
r
e”
[
2
8
]
.
Un
d
er
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
te
r
m
“d
ig
ital
t
win
”,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
r
etu
r
n
ed
1
0
7
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
n
in
e
r
an
k
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
ed
r
a
n
k
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
alb
eit
less
d
etailed
.
Miss
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
d
ate,
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ize,
lo
ca
tio
n
-
in
s
o
f
ar
as
th
is
was
n
o
t
av
ailab
le
v
ia
th
e
ten
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
-
was
r
esear
ch
ed
v
ia
th
e
h
o
m
ep
a
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
r
v
ia
th
e
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
C
r
u
n
c
h
b
ase
[
2
9
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
I
n
re
s
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
n
RQ
-
1
-
m
et
a
r
a
nk
ing
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
H
-
1
.
1
.
co
n
s
id
er
ed
is
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
a
m
e
ta
-
r
an
k
in
g
(H
-
1
.
1
.
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
a
b
le
2
,
1
0
r
an
k
in
g
s
o
f
DT
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
wer
e
an
aly
z
ed
in
a
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
2
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
a
m
eta
-
r
a
n
k
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
wh
i
ch
th
e
m
en
tio
n
i
n
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
an
k
in
g
was
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
as
a
s
u
m
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
alu
e
was
1
0
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
m
e
n
tio
n
s
,
i.e
.
a
p
r
o
v
id
er
was
n
a
m
ed
“
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
”
in
1
0
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
r
an
k
in
g
s
-
1
0
o
f
1
0
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
was
1
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
m
en
tio
n
s
,
i.e
.
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
was
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
in
at
least
1
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
r
an
k
in
g
s
-
1
o
f
1
0
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
k
in
g
th
at
was
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
in
a
f
ew
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
1
0
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
d
id
n
o
t
d
ef
in
e
a
r
a
n
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
s
1
-
1
0
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
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n
t J Ad
v
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p
l Sci
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l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
1
-
1
0
4
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
eta
-
r
an
k
in
g
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
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o
mi
n
a
t
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o
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1
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i
e
me
n
s
7
o
f
1
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2
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n
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i
c
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e
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a
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C
i
s
c
o
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s
t
e
ms
/
D
a
ss
a
u
l
t
S
y
st
e
ms
3
o
f
1
0
N
o
t
e
.
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
r
e
s
u
l
t
s a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
1
–
1
0
(
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
Ta
b
l
e
1
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
1
.
2
.
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
im
ilar
ities
o
f
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i
)
9
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
lar
g
e
co
m
p
an
ies
(
=e
x
ce
p
tio
n
Ak
s
elo
s
)
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
“
2
4
9
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
o
r
o
v
er
5
0
m
illi
o
n
eu
r
o
s
in
s
ales
”
[
3
0
]
;
ii
)
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
a
s
tar
t
-
u
p
;
iii
)
P
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
N
o
r
th
Am
er
ican
co
m
p
an
ies;
iv
)
T
h
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
ese
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e,
i.e
.
in
clu
d
e
at
least 9
o
u
t o
f
1
3
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
[
8
]
;
a
n
d
v
)
T
h
e
tr
en
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
is
u
s
u
ally
o
f
f
e
r
ed
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
H
-
1
.
3
.
tr
y
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
wh
eth
er
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
f
o
llo
w
co
m
m
o
n
tr
en
d
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
(
M)
,
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
ilit
y
(
S)
,
an
d
/o
r
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
E
)
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
t
o
p
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
–
ag
ain
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
A
k
s
elo
s
–
f
o
cu
s
th
eir
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
ea
s
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
ese
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
clu
s
iv
ely
ass
ess
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
'
web
s
i
tes.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
b
ased
o
n
r
an
k
i
n
g
s
1
to
1
0
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
1
an
d
th
e
C
r
u
n
ch
b
ase
[
2
9
]
d
atab
ase
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Deta
iled
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
t
o
p
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
R
a
n
k
i
n
g
F
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
S
i
z
e
S
e
c
t
o
r
s
S
i
e
me
n
s
1
1
8
4
7
G
ER
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
A
n
sy
s
2
1
9
7
0
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
M
i
c
r
o
s
o
f
t
A
z
u
r
e
2
1
9
7
5
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
B
o
s
c
h
2
1
8
8
6
G
ER
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
I
B
M
3
1
9
1
1
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
O
r
a
c
l
e
3
1
9
7
7
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
P
TC
3
1
9
8
5
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
G
E
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
4
2
0
1
5
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
A
k
sel
o
s
5
2
0
1
2
C
H
E
M
e
d
i
u
m
S
A
v
e
v
a
5
1
9
6
7
UK
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
-
E
C
i
sc
o
S
y
s
t
e
ms
5
1
9
8
4
U
S
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
D
a
ssau
l
t
S
y
s
t
e
ms
5
1
9
8
1
F
R
A
La
r
g
e
M
+
S
+
E
N
o
t
e
.
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
1
–
1
0
(
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
Ta
b
l
e
1
a
n
d
C
r
u
n
c
h
b
a
se
[
2
9
]
)
3
.
2
.
Res
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
n
RQ
-
2
–
det
a
iled a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
n=
1
5
3
pro
v
ider
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
1
.
is
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
an
d
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
n
=
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
.
I
f
o
n
e
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
,
o
n
e
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
“
t
im
elin
e
o
f
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
a
DT
”
[
3
1
]
as
a
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
to
ch
ec
k
wh
eth
e
r
th
er
e
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
in
ts
in
tim
e
f
o
r
u
n
u
s
u
al
g
r
o
wth
[
3
1
]
:
i
)
1
9
7
0
:
DT
co
n
ce
p
t
a
p
p
ea
r
e
d
f
ir
s
t
tim
e;
ii
)
2
0
0
3
:
DT
co
n
ce
p
t
th
eo
r
izatio
n
;
iii
)
2
0
1
0
:
DT
f
ir
s
t
d
ef
in
itio
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
;
an
d
i
v
)
2
0
1
6
:
DT
c
o
n
s
o
lid
ates.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
“
T
im
elin
e
o
f
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
”
[
3
1
]
an
d
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
d
ates
o
f
th
e
n
=1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
:
i
)
I
n
th
e
p
er
io
d
u
p
to
1
9
7
0
,
o
n
ly
1
4
o
f
th
e
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ex
am
in
ed
h
a
d
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
ed
,
with
th
e
co
r
p
o
r
ate
g
o
al
“
d
ig
ital
twin
”
was
n
o
t
in
f
o
cu
s
;
ii
)
Up
u
n
til
2
0
1
0
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
s
h
o
wed
a
lin
ea
r
tr
en
d
;
an
d
iii
)
Fro
m
2
0
1
0
o
n
war
d
s
,
th
e
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
r
elate
d
to
DT
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
t
o
2
0
2
2
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
an
i
es
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
n
=1
5
3
alm
o
s
t
d
o
u
b
led
f
r
o
m
7
8
to
1
5
3
.
T
h
is
co
in
cid
e
s
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
twin
b
y
NASA
in
2
0
1
0
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
,
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
o
r
ig
in
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
–
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
2
.
-
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
le
n
=1
5
3
s
h
o
w
t
h
at,
at
4
4
.
4
%,
a
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
at
ely
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
USA,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
H
o
wev
er
,
if
o
n
e
o
n
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
af
ter
th
e
“
DT
co
n
ce
p
t c
o
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
”
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
“
t
im
elin
e
o
f
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ef
in
iti
o
n
o
f
a
DT
”
[
3
1
]
-
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
6
,
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ictu
r
e
em
er
g
es
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dig
ita
l tw
in
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
p
r
o
vid
er
:
ke
y
p
la
ye
r
s
,
r
a
n
kin
g
s
a
n
d
tr
e
n
d
s
(
Lu
tz
S
o
mme
r
)
5
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
d
ate
o
f
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
–
b
ased
o
n
r
an
k
in
g
1
t
o
1
0
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
an
d
C
r
u
n
ch
b
ase
[
2
9
]
)
with
th
e
tim
elin
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
DT
[
3
1
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
v
id
er
DT
,
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
wn
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
–
b
ased
o
n
r
a
n
k
in
g
1
to
1
0
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
an
d
C
r
u
n
ch
b
ase
[
2
9
]
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
v
id
er
DT
,
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
wn
b
y
r
e
g
io
n
–
b
ased
o
n
r
an
k
in
g
1
t
o
1
0
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
an
d
C
r
u
n
ch
b
ase
[
2
9
]
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
is
m
o
r
e
o
r
less
eq
u
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
No
r
th
Am
er
ica,
E
u
r
o
p
e
,
an
d
Asi
a.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
n
=1
5
3
,
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
1
-
1
0
6
Am
er
ican
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
o
r
i
g
in
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
3
.
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ize
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
E
U
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
[
3
0
]
an
d
th
e
tim
e
o
f
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
cr
it
er
ia
g
iv
es
an
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
ten
d
s
to
b
e
a
clas
s
ic
s
tar
t
-
u
p
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
in
s
ig
h
t
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
v
id
er
DT
,
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
wn
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
ize
[
2
0
]
an
d
y
ea
r
o
f
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
an
k
in
g
1
to
1
0
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
an
d
C
r
u
n
ch
b
a
s
e
[
2
9
]
)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
3
6
lar
g
e
c
o
m
p
an
ies
te
n
d
ed
to
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
0
0
an
d
th
u
s
ten
d
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
m
o
r
e
estab
lis
h
ed
c
o
m
p
an
ies.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
7
5
s
m
all
co
m
p
an
ies
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
ed
in
2
0
1
0
o
r
later
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
eir
s
m
all
s
ize.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
t
h
ese
co
m
p
an
ies
h
av
e
a
s
tar
t
-
up
ch
ar
ac
ter
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
4
.
is
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
eth
er
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
e
x
am
in
e
d
co
r
r
e
late
h
ig
h
ly
with
t
h
e
a
r
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
DT
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
r
ele
v
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
r
to
p
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
(
H
-
2
.
4
.
)
.
Du
e
to
a
la
r
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
id
e
n
tical
o
r
s
im
ilar
ter
m
s
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
c
o
llectiv
e
ter
m
s
h
a
d
t
o
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
(
=t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
te
r
m
s
ar
e
in
b
r
ac
k
ets).
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as f
o
llo
ws b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
an
k
in
g
1
-
1
0
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
T
a
b
le
4.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
i
d
en
tifie
d
n
ew
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
(
s
ec
to
r
s
)
D
T
S
e
c
t
o
r
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
S
i
n
g
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
8
]
D
T
S
e
c
t
o
r
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
n
=
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
1
-
10
(
see
T
a
b
l
e
1)
C
o
mm
e
n
t
s
1
.
A
e
r
o
s
p
a
c
e
/
A
e
r
o
n
a
u
t
i
c
s
A
e
r
o
sp
a
c
e
2
.
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
3
.
A
u
t
o
m
o
t
i
v
e
A
u
t
o
mo
t
i
v
e
(
M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
)
4
.
S
m
a
r
t
C
i
t
y
C
i
t
y
5
.
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
(
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
/
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
/
S
m
a
r
t
H
o
me)
D
e
f
e
n
s
e
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
6
.
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
7
.
En
e
r
g
y
En
e
r
g
y
& P
o
w
e
r
P
l
a
n
t
s
F
a
sh
i
o
n
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
F
i
n
a
n
c
e
&
I
n
su
r
a
n
c
e
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
8
.
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
(
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
D
e
v
i
c
e
s)
Li
f
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
/
P
h
a
r
ma
/
F
o
o
d
)
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
9
.
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
(
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
s/
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
)
1
0
.
M
a
r
i
t
i
m
e
M
a
r
i
n
e
(
S
h
i
p
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
)
1
1
.
M
i
n
i
n
g
M
i
n
i
n
g
(
M
e
t
a
l
)
1
2
.
O
i
l
a
n
d
G
a
s
O
i
l
a
n
d
G
a
s
1
3
.
R
e
t
a
i
l
R
e
t
a
i
l
&
L
o
g
i
st
i
c
s (
Tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
)
R
o
a
d
s
a
n
d
H
i
g
h
w
a
y
s
(
Tr
a
v
e
l
/
H
o
sp
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
)
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
S
a
f
e
t
y
& S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
W
e
a
t
h
e
r
/
C
l
i
ma
t
e
/
W
a
t
e
r
)
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
Te
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
M
e
d
i
a
)
N
e
w
S
e
c
t
o
r
N
o
t
e
.
n
e
w
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
s
o
u
r
c
e
:
T
a
b
l
e
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dig
ita
l tw
in
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
p
r
o
vid
er
:
ke
y
p
la
ye
r
s
,
r
a
n
kin
g
s
a
n
d
tr
e
n
d
s
(
Lu
tz
S
o
mme
r
)
7
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
=1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
s
h
o
w
d
ev
iatio
n
s
b
e
twee
n
th
e
s
tu
d
ies/
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
r
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
1
3
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
ex
am
in
ed
in
s
am
p
le
9
a
d
d
f
u
r
th
er
a
r
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
4
.
A
lo
o
k
at
th
e
n
ewly
ad
d
e
d
s
ec
to
r
s
m
ak
es
it
clea
r
th
at
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
n
ew
ar
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
ar
e
e
m
er
g
in
g
alo
n
g
s
id
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
5
.
d
ea
lt
with
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
et
h
er
th
e
a
r
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
l
icatio
n
“
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
”
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
4
]
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
m
o
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ex
am
in
ed
(
s
am
p
le
n
=1
5
3
)
.
B
ased
o
n
T
a
b
le
1
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Selecte
d
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
s
ec
to
r
s
)
,
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
wn
b
y
o
p
tio
n
s
A,
B
,
an
d
C
b
ased
o
n
r
an
k
in
g
1
–
1
0
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
1)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
8
6
o
f
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
f
er
e
d
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
a
r
ea
a
n
d
5
7
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
ar
ea
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
f
DT
s
till
s
ee
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ar
ea
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
–
o
p
tio
n
C
–
is
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
4
5
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
'
web
s
ite
s
,
it
is
n
o
t
clea
r
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
“
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
”
o
f
f
er
is
a
co
o
r
d
in
ated
s
o
f
twar
e
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
wh
eth
e
r
it
is
a
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
two
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
k
ey
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
i
ze
d
as
f
o
llo
ws.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
DT
v
e
n
d
o
r
s
co
r
r
e
lates
with
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
m
en
tio
n
in
s
ev
er
al
r
an
k
in
g
s
,
as
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
en
t
io
n
ed
v
en
d
o
r
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
i
ze
d
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eta
-
r
an
k
in
g
m
eth
o
d
ten
d
e
d
to
s
h
o
w
an
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
h
ig
h
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
lar
g
e,
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
No
r
th
Am
er
ican
co
m
p
an
ies,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
m
ar
k
et
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
b
y
th
ese
co
m
p
an
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
Ak
s
elo
s
,
a
s
m
aller
co
m
p
a
n
y
,
was
a
n
o
tab
le
ex
ce
p
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
lead
in
g
v
en
d
o
r
s
co
r
r
elate
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
with
th
e
tr
en
d
to
p
ic
s
o
f
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
ese
ar
ea
s
ar
e
h
o
lis
tically
in
teg
r
ated
is
n
o
t c
o
n
clu
s
iv
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
av
a
ilab
le
d
ata.
W
h
en
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
er
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
e
latio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
tim
e
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
twin
co
n
ce
p
t
an
d
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
d
ates
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
.
T
h
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
aly
s
is
f
o
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n
d
th
at
Am
er
ican
p
r
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s
in
itially
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ile
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s
t
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2
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6
lan
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d
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tr
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m
p
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ies
in
No
r
th
Am
er
ica,
E
u
r
o
p
e
,
an
d
Asi
a.
I
n
ad
d
itio
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,
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
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led
th
at
lar
g
er
co
m
p
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ies
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en
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ally
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o
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d
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m
p
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ies
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
em
er
g
ed
af
ter
2
0
1
0
.
T
h
e
ap
p
lica
tio
n
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
twi
n
v
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d
o
r
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ar
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lar
g
ely
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with
ex
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o
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ied
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Ho
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,
m
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ab
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m
ain
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4.
DIS
CU
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.
1
.
H
y
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RQ
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DT
with
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h
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m
eta
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k
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H
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1
.
1
.
is
co
n
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m
e
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,
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tain
p
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m
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T
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p
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m
o
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tly
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g
er
c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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8
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I
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t J Ad
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,
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1
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Ma
r
c
h
2
0
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5
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1
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8
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t,
in
ter
n
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al
b
u
s
in
ess
m
ac
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es
(
I
B
M
)
,
an
d
g
e
n
e
r
al
elec
tr
ic
(
GE
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
co
n
s
id
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in
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th
at
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m
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ies
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e
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cc
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f
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cts
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m
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y
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r
s
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n
th
is
r
esp
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th
e
DT
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th
e
l
o
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ical
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n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
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s
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ess
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ities
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p
lain
s
t
h
e
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o
m
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an
ce
o
f
th
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c
o
m
p
an
i
es
in
th
e
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k
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g
.
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eg
ar
d
i
n
g
H
-
1
.
2
.
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
a
r
o
s
e
as
to
wh
eth
er
ce
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n
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en
d
s
-
s
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ch
as
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
as
an
ar
ea
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
am
o
n
g
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
s
wer
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
y
es,
i.e
.
with
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
,
all
o
f
th
em
h
ad
t
h
e
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p
p
licatio
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“
m
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ab
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th
eir
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lio
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p
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ted
b
y
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
li
ter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
T
o
s
u
m
u
p
,
t
h
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
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h
et
h
er
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r
r
en
t tr
en
d
s
ca
n
also
b
e
m
ap
p
ed
i
n
th
is
way
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em
ain
s
u
n
an
s
wer
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W
ith
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e
RQ
-
2
,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
t
o
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wer
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m
p
ar
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h
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e
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o
m
th
e
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am
p
le
n
=1
5
3
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o
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er
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ch
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k
wh
eth
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n
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atio
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icien
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aw
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s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
ar
k
et
o
f
DT
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
1
.
co
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
,
i.e
.
s
in
ce
2
0
1
0
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
DT
h
as
ac
t
u
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
.
Fro
m
2
0
1
0
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
alm
o
s
t
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o
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b
led
f
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o
m
7
8
to
1
5
3
.
I
n
th
is
r
esp
ec
t,
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
i
n
th
e
DT
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
2
.
c
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
Of
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
ex
am
in
e
d
,
6
8
wer
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
USA,
in
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
a
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
y
o
u
o
n
l
y
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aly
ze
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
en
ter
ed
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
DT
s
in
ce
2
0
1
6
,
it
is
n
o
ticea
b
le
th
at
th
ese
-
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
N
o
r
th
Am
e
r
ica,
E
u
r
o
p
e
,
an
d
Asi
a
n
o
lo
n
g
er
p
r
im
a
r
i
ly
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
No
r
t
h
Am
er
ica.
Alth
o
u
g
h
3
7
%
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
s
till
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
USA,
6
3
%
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
f
r
o
m
E
u
r
o
p
e
an
d
Asi
a.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
3
.
d
ea
lt
with
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
iz
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
,
i.e
.
7
5
o
f
th
e
1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ex
am
in
e
d
ar
e
s
m
aller
,
y
o
u
n
g
co
m
p
a
n
ies
with
a
s
tar
t
-
u
p
ch
a
r
ac
ter
.
On
ly
3
6
co
m
p
an
ies
wer
e
class
ic
lar
g
e
co
m
p
an
ies.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
clea
r
t
h
at
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
f
DT
is
in
a
s
ta
te
o
f
u
p
h
ea
v
al,
wh
ich
is
a
ls
o
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
n
ew
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
All in
all,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
a
s
with
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
a
r
e
lar
g
e
co
m
p
an
ies.
A
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
lo
o
k
at
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
4
.
in
d
i
ca
tes
a
ch
an
g
e
o
r
b
r
o
ad
e
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
er
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
ar
e
as
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DT
id
en
tifie
d
1
3
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
f
DT
ex
am
in
e
d
was
a
b
le
to
id
en
tify
9
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
b
ased
o
n
a
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
1
-
1
0
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
1
:
i
)
d
e
f
en
s
e
,
ii
)
f
ash
io
n
,
iii
)
f
in
an
ce
an
d
in
s
u
r
an
ce
,
i
v
)
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
,
v
)
life
s
cien
ce
ch
em
ical/p
h
ar
m
a/f
o
o
d
,
v
i
)
r
o
a
d
s
an
d
h
ig
h
way
s
,
an
d
v
ii
)
s
af
e
ty
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
s
u
m
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
tated
th
at
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
2
.
4
.
co
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
.
On
th
e
o
n
e
h
an
d
,
in
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ca
s
es,
th
e
n
=1
5
3
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
d
id
n
o
t
f
o
r
m
9
o
f
1
3
ar
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
9
o
th
e
r
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
wer
e
ad
d
e
d
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
last
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
H
-
2
.
5
.
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
o
f
DT
m
ap
t
h
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
“
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
”
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
s
elec
ted
o
p
t
io
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
o
p
tio
n
A
-
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
-
is
o
f
f
er
e
d
b
y
th
e
v
en
d
o
r
s
in
5
6
.
2
%
o
f
all
ca
s
e
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
o
p
tio
n
B
-
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
in
o
n
ly
3
7
.
3
%
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
A
an
d
B
is
p
r
esen
t in
2
9
.
4
%
o
f
ca
s
es.
4
.
2
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
n a
nd
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
et
o
f
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
an
d
s
am
p
le
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
DT
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lim
it
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
ln
ess
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
:
i
)
T
h
e
lim
ited
s
am
p
le
s
ize
with
n
=1
5
3
a
n
d
th
e
lack
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
s
in
ce
th
e
1
5
3
s
elec
ted
co
m
p
a
n
ies
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
eta
-
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
1
0
r
a
n
k
in
g
s
ex
am
in
ed
.
T
h
is
lim
ited
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
-
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
tio
n
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
;
ii
)
T
h
e
lack
o
f
s
u
b
d
iv
is
io
n
o
r
clea
r
d
em
a
r
c
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
o
f
DT
b
etwe
en
s
o
f
twar
e
o
n
th
e
o
n
e
h
an
d
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
p
o
s
es a
ch
allen
g
e
in
ac
cu
r
ately
ass
es
s
in
g
m
ar
k
et
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
an
d
in
-
d
ep
th
r
esear
ch
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
eir
v
alid
ity
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
DT
m
a
r
k
et.
4
.
3
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
k
ey
t
r
en
d
s
an
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
d
ig
ital
twin
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
an
d
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
ev
o
lv
in
g
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
u
s
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
b
r
o
ad
er
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
o
f
DT
s
o
f
twar
e
v
er
s
u
s
co
m
p
lete
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
E
x
am
in
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
v
er
s
u
s
in
cu
m
b
en
ts
in
th
e
DT
s
p
ac
e
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
s
h
ed
lig
h
t o
n
m
ar
k
et
d
y
n
am
ics.
Pr
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
/en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
to
g
ain
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
v
en
d
o
r
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
an
d
m
ar
k
et
n
ee
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dig
ita
l tw
in
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
p
r
o
vid
er
:
ke
y
p
la
ye
r
s
,
r
a
n
kin
g
s
a
n
d
tr
e
n
d
s
(
Lu
tz
S
o
mme
r
)
9
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
W
ith
r
eg
ar
d
t
o
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
R
Q
-
1
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
d
r
awn
:
i
)
Yes,
it
is
ea
s
ily
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
eta
-
r
an
k
in
g
with
av
ailab
le
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
o
s
e
co
m
p
an
ies
h
av
e
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
ii
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
eta
-
r
an
k
in
g
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
th
at
cu
r
r
en
tly
d
o
m
i
n
ate
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
ese
ar
e
lar
g
er
US
co
m
p
an
ies
o
r
th
eir
s
u
b
s
id
iar
ies
with
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
tiv
e
in
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
an
d
,
i
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
r
ef
lect
im
p
o
r
tan
t tr
en
d
s
.
RQ
-
2
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
DT
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
ar
k
et
m
ap
p
in
g
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
y
o
u
r
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
-
wh
eth
er
y
o
u
ar
e
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
DT
o
r
s
cien
tis
ts
–
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
:
i
)
Fro
m
a
cu
s
t
o
m
er
'
s
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew,
a
lo
o
k
at
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
o
f
co
m
p
an
ies
th
at
o
f
f
er
at
least
9
o
u
t
o
f
1
3
ar
ea
s
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
h
av
e
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
r
ef
lect
r
elev
an
t
tr
en
d
s
an
d
,
d
u
e
to
th
eir
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
ize,
b
r
in
g
a
lo
w
r
is
k
to
t
h
e
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esp
ec
t,
th
e
to
p
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
ca
n
b
e
a
u
s
ef
u
l
o
r
ien
tatio
n
f
o
r
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
l
o
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
DT
;
ii
)
Fro
m
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
o
f
a
s
cien
tis
t,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
ese
t
op
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
as
a
g
u
id
e
to
d
ep
ictin
g
th
e
m
a
r
k
et
an
d
its
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
also
r
e
f
lecte
d
i
n
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
s
in
ce
4
o
u
t
o
f
5
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
s
am
p
l
e
n
=1
5
3
:
H
-
2
.
1
.
(
m
ar
k
et
g
r
o
wt
h
)
,
H
-
2
.
3
.
(
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ize)
,
H
-
2
.
4
.
(
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
)
a
n
d
H
-
2
.
5
.
(
tr
e
n
d
s
)
;
iii
)
Pro
d
u
ctio
n
-
r
elate
d
DT
d
o
m
in
ate
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
m
ar
k
et;
a
n
d
iv
)
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
co
m
b
in
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
o
r
DT
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ject
FLE
X4
FAC
T
wh
ich
i
s
co
-
f
in
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
Ho
r
iz
o
n
E
u
r
o
p
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
an
t a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
No
.
1
0
1
0
5
8
6
5
7
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
a
r
t
n
e
r
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
“
Emer
g
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s:
r
e
v
e
n
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
s,”
G
a
r
t
n
e
r
,
I
n
c
.
A
c
c
e
sse
d
:
A
p
r
.
1
5
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
g
a
r
t
n
e
r
.
c
o
m/
e
n
/
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
s
/
4
0
1
1
5
9
0
[
2
]
K
.
Y
.
H
.
Li
m,
P
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
-
H
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
A
s
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
t
h
e
-
a
r
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
:
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
l
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
b
u
si
n
e
ss
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
,
”
J
.
I
n
t
e
l
l
.
M
a
n
u
f
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
3
–
1
3
3
7
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
8
4
5
-
0
1
9
-
0
1
5
1
2
-
w.
[
3
]
S
.
R
.
N
e
w
r
z
e
l
l
a
,
D
.
W
.
F
r
a
n
k
l
i
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
a
i
d
e
r
,
“
5
-
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
c
r
o
ss
-
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
mo
d
e
l
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
w
i
n
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