I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
~
2
1
7
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SS
N:
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,
DOI
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.
v
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i
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pp
209
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1
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209
J
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a
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tatio
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m
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K
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w
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d
s
:
C
o
er
civ
ity
m
ater
ial
Har
d
n
ess
m
ater
ial
Ma
g
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
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e
No
n
-
d
estru
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test
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g
R
eg
r
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aly
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is
T
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s
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c
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a
rticle
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n
d
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Gilan
g
C
em
p
ak
a
Ku
s
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m
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R
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C
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Stre
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s
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So
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1
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o
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id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Stu
d
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of
s
tr
u
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p
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ater
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ly
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r
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tical
tech
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h
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m
ea
s
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em
en
t,
m
ec
h
an
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tes
tin
g
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an
d
o
t
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wis
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.
E
ac
h
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
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if
f
e
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e
n
t
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s
ig
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in
to
th
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m
ater
ial'
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p
r
o
p
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ties
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d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
r
elate
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to
v
ar
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n
s
in
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
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ch
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ac
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tics
.
Ass
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en
t
o
f
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ic
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p
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m
ater
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s
p
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ically
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o
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h
ar
d
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v
al
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p
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s
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tatio
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test
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g
s
u
ch
as
Vick
er
s
o
r
B
r
in
n
el
m
eth
o
d
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
in
d
en
tatio
n
test
in
g
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
d
e
f
in
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n
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th
e
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ec
h
a
n
ical
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ar
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ess
o
f
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m
ater
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,
it
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o
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ten
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
with
d
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aw
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s
with
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t
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ctin
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th
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s
tr
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r
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p
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m
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c
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[
3
]
.
On
th
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h
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,
w
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s
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r
in
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test
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ab
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tag
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co
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al
m
eth
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d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
u
tili
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[
4
]
.
Destru
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h
ar
d
n
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r
eq
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ir
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m
o
r
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a
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8
h
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am
p
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ttin
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s
tag
e
u
n
til
m
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s
co
p
e
a
n
aly
s
is
[
5
]
.
T
o
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co
m
e
t
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p
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o
b
lem
,
it
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n
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ev
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o
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test
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m
eth
o
d
t
h
at
is
r
ap
id
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d
also
h
ig
h
ly
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eliab
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f
o
r
th
e
tim
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d
co
s
t.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izin
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th
e
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ica
l
p
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p
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ties
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f
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ater
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b
y
ass
es
s
in
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th
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m
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p
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ties
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s
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in
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p
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m
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ap
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lev
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r
elatio
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s
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ip
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etwe
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s
p
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m
ater
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s
m
ag
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eh
av
io
r
an
d
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icr
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s
tr
u
ct
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r
al
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ical
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
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8
8
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I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
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,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
209
-
2
1
7
210
B
ar
k
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au
s
en
n
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at
o
cc
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r
s
wh
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th
e
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t
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m
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f
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p
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s
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o
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f
er
r
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m
a
g
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etic
m
ater
ial
an
d
th
en
v
alid
ated
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
h
ar
d
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ess
m
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s
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r
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en
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b
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ea
r
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eg
r
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to
o
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in
Nick
e
l
-
Mo
ly
-
C
h
r
o
m
(
2
2
NiMo
C
r
3
7
)
s
teel
a
s
a
test
in
g
s
p
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en
.
Fin
e
-
g
r
ain
ed
allo
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teel
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2
2
NiMo
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r
3
7
i
s
ty
p
ically
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s
ed
as
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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s
teel
in
p
r
ess
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r
e
v
ess
els
an
d
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
teel
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
weig
h
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
t
h
at
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
ass
iv
e
s
af
ety
[
7
]
.
Hea
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
u
ch
as
q
u
en
ch
in
g
o
r
tem
p
e
r
in
g
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
o
n
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
ca
m
s
h
af
t,
g
ea
r
,
an
d
b
ea
r
in
g
[
8
]
.
Gr
ain
r
e
f
in
e
m
en
t
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
s
teel
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
e
ase
in
y
ield
an
d
u
ltima
te
ten
s
ile
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
as
well
a
s
ch
an
g
es
in
t
o
tal
elo
n
g
atio
n
[
9
]
.
Fin
e
-
g
r
ain
ed
allo
y
s
te
el
g
en
er
ally
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
co
m
p
licated
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
clu
d
in
g
g
r
ain
s
ize
an
d
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
,
in
clu
s
io
n
s
,
d
is
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
s
ize
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
ar
ticles
,
an
d
o
th
er
lattice
d
ef
ec
ts
wh
ich
in
p
r
in
cip
le
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
m
at
er
ial.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
2
2
NiMo
C
r
3
7
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
2
2
NiMo
C
r
3
7
(
in
weig
h
t
%)
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Cr
Mo
Ni
0
.
2
0
.
2
4
0
.
7
1
0
.
0
0
7
0
.
0
0
9
0
.
4
2
0
.
6
5
0
.
8
6
V
Cu
Sn
Al
N
Co
Ta
Sb
0
.
0
1
0
.
1
8
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
6
0
.
0
1
1
0
.
0
1
8
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
0
5
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
h
ar
d
n
ess
o
f
a
m
ater
ial
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
its
a
b
ilit
y
to
r
esis
t
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
.
S
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ials
,
v
ar
iatio
n
in
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
[
1
0
]
.
Har
d
e
r
m
ate
r
ial
m
ay
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
r
ig
i
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
wh
ich
p
o
ten
tially
lead
s
to
b
etter
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
d
o
m
ain
s
w
h
ich
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
h
y
s
t
er
esis
lo
o
p
[
1
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
i
s
,
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
p
atter
n
h
as
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
b
ein
g
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
p
atter
n
ar
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
c
o
er
civ
ity
,
in
cr
em
e
n
t
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
ater
ial
m
ag
n
etic
r
em
an
en
ce
[
1
2
]
.
L
iter
ally
,
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
hy
st
r
o
m
eter
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
d
ata
,
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
v
alu
e
o
f
a
m
ater
ial
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
l
o
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
o
n
th
e
ab
s
ciss
a
ax
i
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
m
ass
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
test
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
s
tag
e
a
co
er
civ
ity
v
alu
e
r
ea
d
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
th
at
is
r
ap
id
a
n
d
h
as h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
n
ee
d
e
d
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
r
elate
d
to
th
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
test
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
p
an
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
g
r
a
p
h
ically
d
is
p
la
y
th
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
ch
a
r
g
e
-
co
u
p
led
ca
m
er
a
[
1
3
]
,
u
tili
zin
g
ed
d
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
h
ar
d
n
ess
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
s
h
o
t
p
ee
n
in
g
wo
r
k
[
5
]
,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
u
s
in
g
laser
-
in
d
u
ce
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
to
v
is
u
ali
ze
h
ar
d
n
ess
g
r
ad
ie
n
ts
[
1
4
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
r
esear
ch
in
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
ef
f
ec
t
h
as
b
e
en
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
ten
s
ile
s
tr
es
s
an
d
ca
s
e
d
ep
th
p
r
ed
ictio
n
i
n
m
ed
i
u
m
ca
r
b
o
n
s
teel
[
1
1
]
,
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
f
o
r
h
ar
d
n
ess
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
n
s
h
ee
t
m
etal
co
il
u
n
d
er
r
o
llin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
4
]
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
lo
o
p
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
m
icr
o
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
ch
an
g
e
o
n
m
ed
iu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
s
teel
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
is
s
u
es
wi
th
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
m
ater
ials
'
h
ar
d
n
ess
wh
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
r
a
p
id
h
a
r
d
n
ess
test
in
g
in
b
u
lk
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
o
r
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
f
in
e
-
g
r
ain
ed
l
o
w
allo
y
s
teel
to
em
p
ir
ically
an
aly
s
is
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
a
n
d
th
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
v
alu
e
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
en
h
an
c
e
test
in
g
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
is
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
r
ep
lace
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
h
ar
d
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
u
tili
ze
d
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t in
d
u
s
tr
y
wh
ich
u
s
es m
an
y
h
ig
h
-
s
tr
en
g
th
s
teels f
o
r
weig
h
t r
e
d
u
ctio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
test
in
g
o
b
ject
was a
llo
y
s
t
ee
l o
f
2
2
NiMo
C
r
3
7
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
im
en
s
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ar
e
s
e
v
en
p
iece
s
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
o
lid
c
y
lin
d
r
ical
s
h
ap
e
with
a
len
g
th
o
f
5
0
m
m
an
d
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
8
m
m
.
T
h
ese
s
ev
e
n
s
p
ec
im
en
s
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
wo
r
k
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
h
ea
t
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
,
th
u
s
v
ar
y
in
g
in
m
ate
r
ial
h
ar
d
n
ess
n
u
m
b
er
.
Sam
p
le
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
was
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
an
d
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
im
en
u
s
in
g
8
0
0
-
g
r
it
s
an
d
p
ap
er
a
n
d
th
en
p
o
lis
h
in
g
it
with
d
iam
o
n
d
p
aste
,
leav
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
clea
n
an
d
f
lat
.
T
h
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
p
ick
u
p
co
il
is
p
lace
d
n
ea
r
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
im
e
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ate
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
f
lu
x
ch
a
n
g
es
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial's
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
ick
ed
u
p
b
y
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
il
is
th
en
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
cir
cu
it
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
q
u
ality
b
ef
o
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
ef
f
ec
t
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
an
in
d
icato
r
to
o
l
wh
en
th
e
co
e
r
civ
ity
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
T
h
e
s
etu
p
th
at
f
o
llo
ws
is
ass
em
b
led
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
in
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ials
wh
ich
o
f
f
e
r
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
C
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
fin
e
g
r
a
in
ed
lo
w
a
llo
y
s
teel
2
2
N
iMo
C
r
3
7
b
y
ma
g
n
etic
B
a
r
kh
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
…
(
Ma
y
I
s
n
a
n
)
211
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
il
is
ty
p
ically
v
er
y
wea
k
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
ea
m
p
lif
ier
,
o
f
te
n
an
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
am
p
lifie
r
,
is
u
s
ed
to
am
p
lify
th
e
wea
k
s
ig
n
al
b
e
f
o
r
e
an
y
f
u
r
th
e
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tep
h
elp
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
ier
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
B
ar
k
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au
s
en
n
o
is
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
ten
c
o
n
tain
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
5
0
o
r
6
0
Hz,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
l
in
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
cy
)
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
as
well
as
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
a
p
p
lied
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
A
b
a
n
d
-
p
ass
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
tiv
ely
p
ass
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
ter
est
wh
il
e
atten
u
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
u
ts
id
e
th
at
r
an
g
e.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
is
o
late
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
u
n
wan
ted
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
is
s
et
t
o
av
o
id
aliasin
g
,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
o
ld
b
ac
k
in
to
lo
wer
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
ies
d
u
e
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
am
p
li
n
g
r
ates
d
u
r
i
n
g
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
i
tal
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
o
f
ten
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
Ny
q
u
is
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
p
lay
s
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
aliasin
g
d
u
r
in
g
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
th
at
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
ilter
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
an
atten
u
ate
d
am
p
litu
d
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
an
d
-
p
as
s
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
am
p
lifie
r
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
g
ain
to
b
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al'
s
am
p
litu
d
e
with
in
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
i
g
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
(
ADC).
T
h
is
am
p
lific
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
al
f
u
lly
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
ADC,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
.
M
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
is
in
d
ee
d
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
th
at
ar
is
es
in
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ials
wh
en
th
eir
m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
ex
p
er
ien
c
es
ab
r
u
p
t
c
h
an
g
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
d
o
m
a
in
walls
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
a
s
m
o
o
th
ly
v
ar
y
in
g
ex
ter
n
a
l
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
T
h
is
b
asic
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
lead
s
to
s
en
s
ib
le
asp
ec
ts
in
d
etec
tin
g
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
d
ev
iat
io
n
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
i
s
s
etu
p
an
d
s
ig
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
cir
cu
it,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
an
aly
z
e
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ials
u
n
d
er
ch
an
g
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
s
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
v
al
u
ab
le
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
te
r
izatio
n
,
q
u
ality
co
n
t
r
o
l,
an
d
non
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
test
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ar
r
a
n
g
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
tr
o
m
eter
a
p
p
ar
at
u
s
wh
i
ch
is
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
s
tr
o
m
eter
s
etu
p
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
with
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
Har
d
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
v
er
if
i
ca
tio
n
was
m
ad
e
b
y
Vick
er
s
m
icr
o
h
ar
d
n
ess
test
in
g
.
T
h
ese
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
tatic
f
o
r
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
o
n
a
d
iam
o
n
d
p
y
r
am
i
d
al
in
d
en
ter
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
ce
g
iv
en
leav
es
a
p
last
ic
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
im
en
,
wh
ich
is
th
en
ev
alu
ated
to
o
b
tain
th
e
m
ater
ial
h
ar
d
n
ess
n
u
m
b
er
[
3
]
.
Du
r
in
g
Vick
er
s
h
ar
d
n
ess
test
in
g
,
th
e
in
d
en
ter
a
p
p
lied
s
tatic
f
o
r
ce
an
d
th
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
r
ate
was
k
ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
e
in
d
e
n
ter
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
was
th
en
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
n
er
-
to
-
co
r
n
er
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
p
y
r
am
id
al
f
o
o
tp
r
in
ts
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
im
en
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
o
p
tica
l
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
o
b
tain
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
d
ata
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
o
it
ca
n
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
r
a
p
id
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
,
o
r
in
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
f
er
r
o
u
s
m
ater
ials
,
h
elp
in
g
to
lin
k
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
es to
m
ac
r
o
s
co
p
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
209
-
2
1
7
212
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
S
CU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
p
ec
im
en
,
wh
ich
is
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
cu
r
v
e
.
T
h
e
n
o
is
e
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
wh
en
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
v
alu
e
is
r
ea
ch
ed
.
I
n
th
e
m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
H
u
s
ed
was
5
0
A/cm
.
T
h
e
co
er
civ
ity
v
alu
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
wh
e
n
th
e
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
r
ea
c
h
e
s
its
m
ax
im
u
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Hy
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
a
n
d
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
o
f
test
s
p
ec
im
en
n
u
m
b
e
r
1
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
is
in
d
ee
d
b
ased
o
n
Far
a
d
a
y
'
s
l
aw
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
cir
c
u
late
in
a
p
atter
n
wh
e
n
th
e
s
p
e
cim
en
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
an
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
elec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
ils
o
r
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
p
ick
u
p
co
ils
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
etu
p
to
id
en
tify
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
il is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
v
er
s
atility
an
d
s
e
n
s
itiv
ity
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
c
h
an
g
es i
n
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
o
n
th
e
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
s
am
p
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
s
ig
n
als
m
o
r
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
i
ly
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
cir
c
u
it
is
cr
itical
in
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
aly
s
is
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
e
d
s
ig
n
al
is
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
d
ig
iti
za
tio
n
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
y
m
a
x
im
izin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
am
p
litu
d
e,
is
o
latin
g
t
h
e
p
er
tin
en
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
non
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
s
in
m
ag
n
etic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
c
h
an
g
es.
Fin
er
g
r
ain
m
ater
ial
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
d
en
s
ity
a
n
d
g
iv
es
m
o
r
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
th
e
p
ass
ag
e
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
will
r
is
e
with
th
e
h
ig
h
er
h
ar
d
n
ess
v
alu
e
m
ater
ial
th
at
r
ec
eiv
es
h
ea
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
m
a
ter
ial
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
v
al
u
e
o
f
a
f
e
r
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
test
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
er
th
e
m
ater
ial,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
v
alu
e
.
Me
ch
an
ical
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
ess
with
in
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
ca
n
also
ca
u
s
e
d
o
m
ain
wall
m
o
tio
n
a
n
d
alte
r
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
[
2
3
]
.
Ma
g
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
is
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ials
wh
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
s
m
o
o
th
ly
v
ar
y
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
t
h
at
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
r
u
p
t
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
m
a
g
n
eti
c
d
o
m
ain
walls
with
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
[
2
4
]
.
An
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
a
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ial'
s
h
y
s
ter
esis
lo
o
p
u
p
o
n
ex
citatio
n
b
y
an
ex
te
r
n
al
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
y
ield
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
m
ater
ial'
s
m
ag
n
etic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
C
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
fin
e
g
r
a
in
ed
lo
w
a
llo
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teel
2
2
N
iMo
C
r
3
7
b
y
ma
g
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etic
B
a
r
kh
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u
s
en
n
o
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…
(
Ma
y
I
s
n
a
n
)
213
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ic
al
h
ar
d
n
ess
(
HV1
0
)
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
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ic
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o
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ess
b
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Vick
er
s
m
eth
o
d
an
d
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
co
e
r
ci
v
ity
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
all
s
ev
e
n
test
in
g
s
p
ec
im
en
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
test
r
esu
lt
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
h
ar
d
n
ess
an
d
c
o
er
civ
ity
(
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
co
er
civ
ity
ca
n
b
e
r
e
g
ar
d
e
d
a
s
m
ag
n
etic
h
ar
d
n
ess
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
co
er
civ
ity
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
ec
h
an
ical
h
ar
d
n
ess
an
d
co
er
civ
ity
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
m
o
r
e
clea
r
ly
w
h
en
p
l
o
tted
in
to
a
d
iag
r
am
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
m
ec
h
an
ical
h
ar
d
n
ess
an
d
m
a
g
n
etic
h
ar
d
n
ess
Usi
n
g
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
,
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
as
in
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
wh
er
e
Y
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
le
m
atr
ix
,
X
is
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
ar
ia
b
le,
b
is
th
e
m
atr
i
x
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
e
is
th
e
m
atr
ix
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
r
esid
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al
[
2
6
]
.
=
⋅
+
(1
)
10
=
3
.
66
⋅
−
1
.
74
(2
)
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
ab
o
v
e
s
tates
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
cy
b
et
wee
n
m
ec
h
an
ical
h
ar
d
n
ess
(
HV1
0
)
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
h
ar
d
n
ess
wh
ich
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
e
r
civ
ity
v
alu
e
(
Hc)
.
L
in
ea
r
ity
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
ar
d
n
ess
an
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
ic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
v
alu
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
co
er
civ
ity
q
u
an
titi
es
in
to
m
ec
h
an
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
f
itted
cu
r
v
e
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
m
all
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
Vi
ck
er
s
m
ic
r
o
h
ar
d
n
ess
test
in
g
an
d
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
test
.
T
h
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
p
ec
im
en
s
cr
ea
tes
a
d
at
ab
ase
to
ass
o
ciate
with
an
in
cr
em
en
tal
h
ar
d
n
ess
wh
ich
th
en
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
s
u
p
er
v
is
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
lin
e
h
av
e
to
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
with
o
u
t a
n
y
d
es
tr
u
ctiv
e
test
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
[
5
]
.
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
ically
,
in
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ials
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
W
eis
s
d
o
m
ain
s
th
at
ex
h
ib
it
m
ag
n
etic
m
o
m
en
ts
d
iv
id
e
d
b
y
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
s
id
e
e
ac
h
d
o
m
ain
,
ato
m
s
with
th
e
s
am
e
m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
d
ir
ec
tio
n
ar
e
co
llected
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ea
ch
W
eis
s
d
o
m
ain
is
a
f
u
lly
m
ag
n
etize
d
d
o
m
ain
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
o
m
ain
s
with
a
ce
r
tain
m
ag
n
e
tizatio
n
d
ir
ec
tio
n
th
e
r
esu
ltativ
e
m
ac
r
o
s
co
p
ically
f
o
r
a
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
ater
ial
is
n
o
t
m
ag
n
etic.
Neig
h
b
o
r
in
g
W
eiss
d
o
m
ain
s
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
B
lo
ch
walls,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
in
s
id
e
th
e
d
o
m
ain
r
o
tates
in
th
e
x
-
y
p
la
n
e
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
s
id
e
th
ese
B
lo
ch
wal
ls
,
th
e
s
p
in
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
d
o
m
ain
s
ch
an
g
e
th
eir
d
ir
ec
tio
n
g
r
a
d
u
ally
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
i
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
a
g
n
etiza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ad
jace
n
t
d
o
m
ain
s
[
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
i
l
lu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
W
eiss
d
o
m
ain
s
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
ch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
B
lo
ch
wall.
C
o
n
s
id
er
a
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
test
m
ater
ial
th
at
is
p
u
t
in
to
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
th
at
en
lar
g
es
g
r
a
d
u
ally
an
d
d
elib
er
ate
ly
.
I
n
th
at
ca
s
e,
th
e
W
eis
s
d
o
m
ain
s
with
an
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
d
ir
ec
tio
n
clo
s
er
to
th
e
o
u
ts
id
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
(
m
o
r
e
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
)
will
en
lar
g
e
,
an
d
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
W
eiss
d
o
m
ain
s
with
less
f
av
o
r
ab
le
m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
will
s
h
r
in
k
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
e
n
lar
g
em
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
W
eiss
d
o
m
ain
s
tak
es
p
lace
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
h
if
tin
g
th
e
B
lo
ch
walls.
T
h
is
s
h
if
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
b
e
r
estra
in
ed
o
r
h
in
d
e
r
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
,
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
s
tr
ess
es
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
wn
b
y
a
f
u
r
th
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
m
ag
n
etizin
g
f
ield
an
d
th
en
ev
en
t
u
ally
th
e
B
lo
ch
walls
will
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
.
I
n
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
s
atu
r
atio
n
s
tate,
th
e
test
m
ater
ial
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
o
n
ly
a
s
in
g
le
W
eis
s
d
o
m
ain
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
m
ag
n
ets
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
209
-
2
1
7
214
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
l
l
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
W
eiss
d
o
m
ain
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
a
B
lo
ch
wall
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
o
f
elem
e
n
tar
y
m
a
g
n
ets
u
n
d
er
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
T
h
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
B
lo
ch
walls
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
cc
u
r
in
a
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
u
t
will
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
a
cc
eler
atio
n
,
b
r
a
k
in
g
,
ar
r
est
,
an
d
co
llap
s
e
o
f
th
e
B
lo
ch
walls.
T
h
is
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ch
an
g
e
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
a
s
tep
-
lik
e
ju
m
p
in
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
v
e
with
a
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
win
d
o
w
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
e
f
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
ca
u
s
e
r
ap
id
c
h
an
g
e
s
in
lo
ca
l m
ag
n
etiza
tio
n
an
d
in
d
u
ce
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
ts
with
a
wid
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
an
d
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
t th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
will
th
en
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
tap
e
h
e
ad
co
il
s
e
n
s
o
r
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
test
m
ater
ial
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
ef
f
ec
t
is
ca
lled
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
is
n
o
is
e
r
ea
ch
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
wh
e
n
co
er
civ
ity
is
r
ea
ch
ed
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
n
th
e
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
an
d
th
e
s
tr
ess
s
tate
wil
l
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
d
o
m
ai
n
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
m
ater
ials
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
d
escr
ib
e
h
o
w
m
ag
n
eti
c
d
o
m
ain
s
in
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ial
ar
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
ed
wh
e
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
o
f
an
ex
t
er
n
al
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
.
Star
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
e
r
civ
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
n
til
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
,
it
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
s
tag
e
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
m
ater
ial
test
in
g
(
NDT
)
test
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as a
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
will
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
h
ar
d
n
es
s
o
n
th
e
test
o
b
ject
with
th
e
s
am
e
m
ater
ial
at
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
s
tag
e
.
Su
r
f
ac
e
h
a
r
d
n
ess
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
d
icat
o
r
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial'
s
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ex
ter
n
al
f
o
r
ce
s
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
teg
r
ity
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
h
a
r
d
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
b
o
th
th
e
u
ltima
te
an
d
y
ield
in
g
s
tr
en
g
th
[
3
]
.
W
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
is
a
v
alu
a
b
le
to
o
l
in
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
test
in
g
an
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
allo
y
s
t
ee
l
b
ase
m
ater
ials
wh
ich
co
r
r
elate
s
with
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
m
at
er
ial
s
tr
en
g
th
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
t
is
p
o
ten
t
ially
u
s
ed
in
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
f
o
r
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l,
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
h
ea
lt
h
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
v
eh
icles
wh
ich
h
as
led
to
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
h
ig
h
-
s
tr
en
g
th
s
teel
[
3
2
]
.
Hea
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
a
r
a
p
id
co
o
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
-
s
tr
en
g
th
s
teels
wit
h
m
u
c
h
l
o
wer
p
r
ec
i
o
u
s
allo
y
in
g
ele
m
en
ts
[
2
2
]
.
Sin
ce
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
d
en
tatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
B
r
in
n
el,
Vick
er
s
,
o
r
R
o
ck
well
will
r
esu
lt
in
in
d
en
tatio
n
m
ar
k
s
o
n
th
e
o
b
jects
wh
ich
ar
e
also
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
[
5
]
wh
ich
m
a
d
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
n
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
f
o
r
s
am
p
lin
g
test
in
g
r
ath
er
th
a
n
f
o
r
a
b
u
lk
m
ass
o
f
wo
r
k
p
iece
s
[
8
]
.
Fo
r
h
ar
d
n
ess
test
in
g
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
th
a
n
in
d
en
tatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
B
r
in
n
el
an
d
Vick
e
r
s
test
in
g
in
ap
p
licatio
n
b
u
lk
h
ar
d
n
ess
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
o
u
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
t
h
e
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
h
as
p
o
ten
tial
u
s
es
in
non
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
test
in
g
,
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
.
Ver
s
atile
m
ag
n
etic
test
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
C
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
fin
e
g
r
a
in
ed
lo
w
a
llo
y
s
teel
2
2
N
iMo
C
r
3
7
b
y
ma
g
n
etic
B
a
r
kh
a
u
s
en
n
o
is
e
…
(
Ma
y
I
s
n
a
n
)
215
co
u
ld
b
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
o
l
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
ar
d
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
teg
r
a
tes
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ch
ar
ac
ter
izat
io
n
o
f
f
i
n
e
-
g
r
ai
n
ed
allo
y
s
teel,
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
test
in
g
as
a
v
alu
a
b
le
to
o
l
i
n
m
at
er
ials
s
cien
ce
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
,
two
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
lo
o
k
at
f
er
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
m
ater
ia
ls
,
n
am
ely
m
ag
n
etic
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
t
h
ese
two
f
ield
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
em
p
ir
ically
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
.
L
in
ea
r
ity
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etw
ee
n
h
a
r
d
n
ess
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
v
a
lu
e.
I
n
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
f
e
r
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
m
etals
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
el
em
en
tar
y
m
ag
n
ets
(
o
r
W
eiss
d
o
m
ain
s
)
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
B
lo
ch
walls.
In
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
f
ield
,
m
etals
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
cr
y
s
tallin
e
g
r
ain
s
m
ed
iated
b
y
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
Ma
g
n
etic
h
ar
d
n
ess
is
lar
g
ely
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
r
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
B
lo
ch
walls,
wh
ile
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
cr
y
s
tal
g
r
ain
s
de
ter
m
in
es
m
ec
h
an
ical
h
a
r
d
n
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
B
lo
ch
wall
m
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
g
r
ain
m
o
v
em
en
t
will
b
e
h
in
d
er
ed
b
y
s
im
ilar
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le
,
d
u
e
to
g
r
ain
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
d
is
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
s
tr
ess
.
M
ec
h
an
ical
h
ar
d
n
ess
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
f
er
r
o
m
ag
n
e
tic
m
etal
p
r
o
d
u
cts
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
m
ag
n
etic
B
ar
k
h
au
s
en
n
o
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
in
p
r
in
ci
p
le
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
m
ag
n
etic
n
o
n
d
estru
ctiv
e
test
in
g
o
f
m
ater
ials
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
B
ar
k
h
a
u
s
en
e
f
f
ec
t
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
co
u
ld
b
e
co
u
p
led
with
a
co
n
v
ey
o
r
b
elt
s
y
s
tem
wh
er
e
test
o
b
ject
s
p
ass
ed
in
to
a
s
et
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
im
e
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
a
p
id
ly
as
it
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
et
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
non
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
t
esti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
th
e
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
u
ch
as
in
in
s
p
ec
t
io
n
b
r
ak
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
ab
r
icatio
n
,
s
tab
ilizer
lev
er
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
ar
ts
.
A
t so
m
e
p
o
in
t,
ce
r
tain
v
ital c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
au
to
m
o
b
iles
n
ee
d
to
be
1
0
0
% tested
b
y
non
-
d
estru
ctiv
e
test
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
w
h
ich
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
m
ass
p
r
o
d
u
ct
test
in
g
o
f
au
t
o
m
o
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es th
r
o
u
g
h
m
a
g
n
etic
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
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I
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2252
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8
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217
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n
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ly
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re
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