I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
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l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
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5
,
p
p
.
1
43
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1
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I
SS
N:
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i
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143
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i
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ies
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.
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e
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lati
o
n
sh
ip
b
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TR,
S
M
M
,
a
n
d
b
u
si
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e
ss
p
e
rf
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rm
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m
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e
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re
s
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p
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m
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a
d
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i
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t
h
e
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a
ls
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ll
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m
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iate
d
b
y
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a
d
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.
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is
fin
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n
g
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ig
h
li
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h
ts
t
h
e
c
rit
ica
l
r
o
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o
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e
m
p
lo
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s’
re
a
d
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e
ss
fo
r
tec
h
n
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a
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ts
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il
it
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n
d
su
c
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ss
o
f
M
S
Es.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
Mic
r
o
an
d
s
m
all
en
ter
p
r
is
es
So
cial
m
ed
ia
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
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ea
d
in
ess
Yem
en
T
h
is i
s
a
n
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p
e
n
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c
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a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
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CC B
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li
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
No
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r
Fad
h
ih
a
Mo
k
h
ta
r
Facu
lty
o
f
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u
s
in
ess
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co
n
o
m
i
cs a
n
d
So
cial
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
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n
iv
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iti Ma
lay
s
ia
T
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ala
Ner
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s
,
T
e
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n
u
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
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m
ail:
n
o
o
r
f
a
d
h
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a@
u
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t.e
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u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
to
d
ay
’
s
r
ap
id
ly
e
v
o
lv
in
g
m
ar
k
et
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
d
r
i
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
icr
o
an
d
s
m
all
en
ter
p
r
is
es
(
MSE
s
)
,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ate
in
c
o
m
p
e
titi
v
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
MSE
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
ts
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
b
y
a
u
to
m
atin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
es
o
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
ab
le
s
MSE
s
to
lev
er
ag
e
d
ata
an
aly
tics
an
d
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
to
m
ak
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
ticip
ate
m
ar
k
et
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
cu
s
to
m
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
lo
y
alty
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ates
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
d
o
wn
s
il
o
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
s
h
ar
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
MSE
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
a
g
ile
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
le,
b
etter
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
h
if
tin
g
m
ar
k
et
d
y
n
am
ics an
d
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
o
s
itio
n
s
th
e
m
f
o
r
i
m
m
ed
iate
o
p
er
atio
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
b
u
t
also
lay
s
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
etitiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
i
n
MSE
s
r
elies
o
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ically
p
r
o
f
icien
t
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
wh
o
ex
ce
l
in
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
a
ctiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
cu
s
to
m
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
itiativ
es,
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
tics
.
I
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
b
eliev
e
th
er
e
is
a
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
eir
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
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8
8
1
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I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
143
-
1
5
0
144
attitu
d
es
will
f
av
o
r
its
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
th
e
y
will
n
o
t
b
e
willin
g
to
em
b
r
ac
e
th
e
latest
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
if
t
h
ey
th
in
k
it
will
r
ep
lace
h
u
m
an
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
an
d
ca
u
s
e
th
em
to
lo
s
e
th
eir
jo
b
s
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
(
E
T
R
)
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cia
l
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
b
y
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
iv
er
o
f
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
with
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
n
ee
d
e
d
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
ef
f
icien
tl
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ea
ch
n
ew
m
ar
k
ets
[7
]
.
T
h
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
u
tili
zin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
er
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
n
ew
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
l
ea
d
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
a
g
ilit
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
tech
-
s
av
v
y
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ad
ep
t
at
id
en
tif
y
in
g
a
n
d
ca
p
italizin
g
o
n
em
er
g
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
d
r
iv
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
g
r
o
wth
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
m
[
8
]
.
Am
o
n
g
m
a
n
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
e
s
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ess
en
tial
m
ar
k
etin
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
r
a
is
in
g
a
co
m
p
an
y
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[
9
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
B
y
en
ab
lin
g
MSE
s
to
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
t,
im
m
ed
iate,
m
o
m
en
tar
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
els
with
th
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
id
en
tify
an
d
s
eize
co
m
m
er
cial
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
ally
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
a
b
ilit
y
to
en
g
a
g
e
with
clien
ts
an
d
f
o
s
ter
r
o
b
u
s
t
o
n
lin
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
an
in
v
al
u
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
au
g
m
en
tin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
th
at
u
s
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
m
ar
k
etin
g
(
SMM
)
ca
n
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
ell
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
ev
en
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
i
c
d
is
tan
ce
s
in
ce
t
h
ey
ca
n
ea
s
i
ly
co
n
n
ec
t
with
th
eir
tar
g
et
au
d
ien
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
f
r
ee
tim
e
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
r
k
etin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
5
]
.
I
ts
ef
f
icac
y
in
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ea
ch
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
h
as
b
ee
n
em
p
ir
ically
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
,
co
m
p
ellin
g
b
u
s
i
n
ess
e
s
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia’
s
im
m
en
s
e
p
o
ten
tial,
s
u
ch
as
X
,
B
lo
g
s
,
Yo
u
T
u
b
e,
a
n
d
Face
b
o
o
k
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
SMM
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
p
r
ee
m
in
en
t
o
n
lin
e
m
a
r
k
etin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
MSE
s
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
eir
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
s
o
n
lin
e
an
d
attr
ac
t a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
ase.
Desp
ite
th
e
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
SMM
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
its
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
lev
er
a
g
e,
t
h
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
n
MSE
s
’
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
em
ain
s
an
u
n
d
e
r
-
r
ese
ar
ch
ed
to
p
ic,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
Ar
ab
an
d
Mid
d
le
E
aster
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
.
T
h
is
g
ap
m
ay
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t p
r
ac
tices
p
r
e
v
alen
t
in
th
ese
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
SMM
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
in
Ye
m
en
.
MSE
s
in
Yem
en
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
c
o
m
p
ellin
g
ca
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
y
et
c
h
allen
g
in
g
b
u
s
i
n
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
t
h
ey
o
p
er
at
e.
Po
liti
ca
l
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
o
latilit
y
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t o
b
s
tacle
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it d
i
f
f
i
cu
lt f
o
r
MSE
s
to
s
u
s
tain
an
d
g
r
o
w
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
e
s
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
MSE
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate,
esp
ec
ially
with
in
th
e
i
n
itial
two
y
ea
r
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
0
]
,
o
f
te
n
d
u
e
to
li
m
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
s
ec
to
r
s
an
d
n
ew
m
a
r
k
etin
g
m
ea
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
lo
w
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
with
th
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
am
id
s
t
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
in
Yem
en
o
f
f
er
s
MSE
s
a
v
alu
ab
le
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
r
elate
d
to
m
a
r
k
et
r
ea
c
h
,
cu
s
to
m
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
b
r
a
n
d
v
is
ib
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
b
ased
v
iew
(
R
B
V)
th
eo
r
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
v
is
u
ally
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
v
ar
iab
les,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
an
d
th
e
p
ath
way
s
h
y
p
o
th
esized
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
t
h
e
co
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
alig
n
with
R
B
V
th
eo
r
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Yem
en
i
MSE
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
R
B
V
th
eo
r
y
,
a
f
ir
m
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
m
ain
ly
b
y
its
i
n
ter
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
k
ills
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
o
u
ts
id
e
v
a
r
iab
les
[
2
2
]
.
Firm
s
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
co
llectio
n
s
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
k
ills
th
ey
h
av
e
to
th
eir
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
to
g
ain
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
n
o
n
-
s
u
b
s
titu
tab
le,
in
im
itab
le,
r
ar
e,
a
n
d
v
alu
a
b
le.
No
n
-
s
u
b
s
titu
tab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
n
o
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
s
u
b
s
titu
tes,
an
d
in
im
itab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
co
m
p
etito
r
s
to
im
itate
o
r
r
ep
licate.
R
iv
al
f
ir
m
s
u
n
co
m
m
o
n
ly
h
o
ld
r
ar
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
v
alu
ab
le
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
allo
w
f
ir
m
s
to
tak
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
o
r
less
en
r
is
k
s
[
2
2
]
.
R
B
V
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
id
en
tif
y
in
g
a
n
d
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
g
ain
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
g
e.
B
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
n
d
u
til
izin
g
th
eir
in
ter
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
f
ir
m
s
ca
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
iate
th
em
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
eti
to
r
s
,
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
R
B
V
th
eo
r
y
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
E
T
R
ca
n
b
e
v
i
ewe
d
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
with
in
th
e
MSE
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
e
es’
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
r
elate
d
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
th
at
en
a
b
l
es
th
e
MSE
to
lev
er
a
g
e
e
x
ter
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
m
ar
k
etin
g
ac
tiv
i
ties
.
T
h
u
s
,
SMM
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
en
h
an
ce
d
cu
s
t
o
m
er
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
b
r
an
d
v
is
i
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
ar
k
et
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
f
o
r
em
p
ir
ical
t
esti
n
g
:
i)
H1
:
E
T
R
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
SM
M
ad
o
p
tio
n
;
ii)
H
2
:
E
T
R
h
a
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
MSE
s
;
iii)
H3
:
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
b
u
s
i
n
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
MSE
s
;
an
d
iv
)
H
4
:
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
m
e
d
iates th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l rea
d
in
ess
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
:
…
(
S
a
b
r
i S
h
a
ke
r
A
s
h
o
o
r
B
in
-
Ob
a
id
e
lla
h
)
145
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
e
x
am
i
n
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
,
SMM
,
an
d
MSE
’
s
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
All
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
tili
zin
g
item
s
t
h
at
h
av
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
E
T
R
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
1
3
item
s
co
v
er
in
g
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
b
en
ef
its
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
c
er
tain
ty
,
a
d
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
L
ai
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
8
item
s
f
o
r
SMM
wer
e
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
Z
o
lk
e
p
li
an
d
Kam
ar
u
lzam
an
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
8
item
s
co
v
er
in
g
n
o
n
-
f
in
an
cial
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
All
item
s
w
er
e
ev
alu
ate
d
u
s
in
g
a
6
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
wh
er
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
i
n
d
ic
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
t
o
6
in
d
icatin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
.
T
h
r
ee
m
ar
k
etin
g
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
co
n
s
u
lted
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
item
s
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
tr
an
s
la
ted
in
to
Ar
ab
ic
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
clar
ity
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
f
lu
en
t
in
E
n
g
lis
h
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
ed
an
y
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Ar
ab
ic
v
er
s
io
n
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
3
0
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
m
an
ag
er
s
/o
wn
er
s
o
f
MSE
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
Had
r
am
o
u
t
Go
v
er
n
o
r
ate
in
Yem
en
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e’
s
s
u
itab
ilit
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ter
m
i
n
o
lo
g
y
,
clar
i
ty
,
an
d
co
m
p
letio
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was r
ef
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ilo
t te
s
t.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
m
icr
o
an
d
s
m
all
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
ter
p
r
is
es
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
to
r
y
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
Yem
en
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
T
r
a
d
e
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
d
ir
ec
to
r
y
in
clu
d
es
a
to
tal
o
f
2
7
,
1
2
3
MSE
s
o
p
er
atin
g
with
i
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
s
ec
to
r
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
cr
u
cial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
an
y
n
am
es,
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
co
n
tact
d
etai
ls
,
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
ac
tiv
ity
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it a
n
i
d
ea
l sam
p
lin
g
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
elec
t
th
e
s
a
m
p
le,
in
wh
ich
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
elem
en
ts
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
lis
ted
,
an
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
o
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate,
3
8
4
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
p
er
s
o
n
to
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
a
r
e
m
an
ag
er
s
o
r
o
wn
e
r
s
o
f
MSE
s
in
th
e
m
ain
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
ates
o
f
Had
r
am
o
u
t,
San
aa
,
a
n
d
Ad
en
.
E
ac
h
tar
g
et
co
m
p
an
y
was
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
with
th
e
r
eq
u
est
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
b
e
eith
er
th
e
o
wn
er
o
r
t
h
e
m
an
ag
er
.
Sin
ce
o
wn
er
s
o
f
ten
also
s
er
v
e
as
m
an
ag
er
s
,
th
ey
ty
p
ically
p
o
s
s
es
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
m
an
d
ar
e
d
ee
p
ly
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
3
1
]
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wo
u
ld
r
em
ain
co
n
f
id
en
tial
an
d
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
.
B
y
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
er
io
d
,
3
6
2
c
o
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
,
r
ef
lectin
g
an
i
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
o
f
9
4
.
3
%.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
o
wn
e
r
s
at
6
7
%,
w
h
ile
3
3
%
we
r
e
m
an
ag
er
s
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
ale
(
8
6
%).
T
h
is
is
h
ar
d
ly
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
Yem
en
i
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
an
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
wh
er
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
n
o
r
m
s
d
is
co
u
r
ag
e
wo
m
en
f
r
o
m
en
ter
in
g
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
ag
es
o
f
2
1
-
3
0
(
5
8
%)
an
d
h
el
d
a
p
o
s
tg
r
a
d
u
ate
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
d
eg
r
ee
(
9
2
.
5
%).
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
in
M
SEs
ar
e
ty
p
ically
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
an
d
b
etter
ed
u
ca
ted
.
Mo
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
les
s
th
a
n
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
(
5
5
%),
wh
ile
4
5
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
av
in
g
b
etwe
en
6
to
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
ag
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
m
s
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
MSE
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
o
r
o
v
er
3
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
s
ec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
ted
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
co
m
p
an
ies
was
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
b
ev
er
ag
es,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
0
.
1
%.
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
an
ies
id
en
tifie
d
as
m
icr
o
-
en
ter
p
r
is
es,
with
7
7
.
4
%
h
av
i
n
g
less
th
an
th
r
ee
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
wh
ile
2
2
.
6
%
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
s
m
all
en
ter
p
r
is
es,
wi
th
4
to
9
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
1
-
3
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
m
o
n
th
ly
s
ale
o
f
SR
5
,
0
0
0
(
3
0
.
1
%).
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
with
Sm
ar
tPLS
3
.
2
.
7
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
(
PLS)
-
S
E
M
p
r
o
v
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
an
al
y
zin
g
c
o
m
p
lex
m
o
d
el
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
143
-
1
5
0
146
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
PLS
-
SEM
is
th
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
itate
cu
s
to
m
ar
ily
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ata,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
ies
with
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
izes
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
r
esear
ch
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
PLS
-
SEM
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
esti
m
ates
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
m
ed
iatin
g
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t e
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
[
3
4
]
.
3
.
1
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
o
f
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
mo
del
T
h
e
i
n
iti
al
s
ta
g
e
in
SEM
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
v
ali
d
at
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
b
y
ass
ess
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
m
ea
s
u
r
es
’
i
n
t
er
n
a
l
c
o
n
s
is
t
en
c
y
r
eli
a
b
ili
ty
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
v
al
id
ity
,
a
n
d
d
is
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
n
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
r
el
ia
b
il
it
y
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
al
p
h
a
c
o
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
ts
we
r
e
tes
te
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
eli
a
b
ili
t
y
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
in
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
i
n
T
ab
le
1
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
co
ef
f
i
cie
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
9
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
7
8
–
0
.
9
2
6
we
r
e
m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
lev
el
o
f
0
.
7
0
[
3
5
]
.
3
m
ea
s
u
r
es
we
r
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ass
ess
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
v
ali
d
it
y
:
f
a
ct
o
r
lo
a
d
i
n
g
s
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
e
lia
b
ili
ty
(
C
R
)
,
a
n
d
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
i
an
ce
e
x
t
r
a
cte
d
(
A
VE
)
.
Hai
r
et
a
l
.
[
3
5
]
s
u
g
g
est
e
d
t
h
at
all
th
e
i
te
m
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
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s
h
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l
d
b
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
0
.
7
0
,
th
e
C
R
v
al
u
es
s
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o
u
ld
b
e
0
.
7
0
o
r
g
r
e
ate
r
,
a
n
d
th
e
AV
E
v
al
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es
s
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o
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l
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l
o
we
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an
0
.
5
0
.
T
h
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f
a
ct
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lo
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ll
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f
0
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7
0
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C
R
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al
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o
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ic
at
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r
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em
o
n
s
t
r
at
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l
at
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c
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a
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g
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d
f
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m
0
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8
6
9
to
0
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9
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1
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e
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m
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f
0
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7
0
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T
h
e
A
VE
v
a
lu
es,
wh
ic
h
i
n
d
ic
at
e
th
e
t
o
t
al
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
in
th
e
i
n
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
la
te
n
t
co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
a
cc
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
,
we
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a
b
o
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th
e
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t
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f
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f
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5
0
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f
al
li
n
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et
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o
f
0
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5
0
1
t
o
0
.
7
9
8
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
F
i
r
st
o
r
d
e
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
I
t
e
m
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
A
l
p
h
a
CR
AVE
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
B1
0
.
8
1
6
0
.
7
7
8
0
.
8
6
9
0
.
6
8
9
B2
0
.
8
5
9
B4
0
.
8
1
6
S
e
c
u
r
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t
y
S
1
0
.
8
8
4
0
.
8
3
7
0
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9
0
2
0
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7
5
2
S2
0
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8
5
8
S4
0
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8
6
1
C
o
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C1
0
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8
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3
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8
4
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0
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9
0
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7
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2
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8
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t
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T1
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9
3
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4
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T2
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T3
0
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7
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9
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ETR
B
e
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f
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t
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2
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9
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t
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a
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1
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8
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1
0
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9
2
6
0
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4
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6
9
4
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M
2
0
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8
4
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M
3
0
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8
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M
4
0
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8
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3
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M
5
0
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8
1
6
S
M
6
0
.
8
0
8
S
M
8
0
.
8
1
7
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
FP1
0
.
8
0
2
0
.
9
1
1
0
.
9
3
4
0
.
7
3
9
FP2
0
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7
9
7
FP3
0
.
9
1
3
FP4
0
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8
9
4
FP5
0
.
8
8
7
N
o
n
-
f
i
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n
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P
1
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8
8
6
0
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8
1
2
0
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8
8
9
0
.
7
2
7
N
F
P
2
0
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8
4
5
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F
P
3
0
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8
2
6
M
S
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b
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p
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f
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c
e
FP
0
.
9
5
6
0
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9
1
6
0
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3
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6
3
1
N
F
P
0
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8
7
8
T
o
estab
lis
h
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
al
id
ity
,
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct’
s
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
AVE
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
o
th
er
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
3
6
]
.
T
ab
les 2
an
d
3
p
r
esen
t th
e
r
esu
lts
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
A
VE
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
an
its
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
d
is
tin
ct,
af
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
e
o
u
te
r
m
o
d
el’
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
it
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
ex
ce
ed
e
d
0
.
8
5
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
p
r
o
b
lem
was
n
o
t a
co
n
ce
r
n
[
3
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l rea
d
in
ess
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
:
…
(
S
a
b
r
i S
h
a
ke
r
A
s
h
o
o
r
B
in
-
Ob
a
id
e
lla
h
)
147
T
ab
le
2
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
ity
:
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
B
S
C
T
FP
N
F
P
S
M
M
B
0
.
8
3
0
S
0
.
5
0
2
0
.
8
6
8
C
0
.
5
2
8
0
.
5
4
6
0
.
8
7
1
T
0
.
4
8
2
0
.
5
8
6
0
.
6
1
9
0
.
8
9
3
FP
0
.
5
3
6
0
.
5
9
5
0
.
5
7
7
0
.
6
0
8
0
.
8
6
0
N
F
P
0
.
6
2
0
0
.
6
4
6
0
.
6
3
5
0
.
6
6
9
0
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6
9
9
0
.
8
5
2
S
M
M
0
.
5
0
3
0
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6
2
4
0
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5
5
0
0
.
6
3
2
0
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6
2
9
0
.
6
8
9
0
.
8
3
3
T
ab
le
3
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
ity
:
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
ETR
BP
S
M
M
ETR
0
.
8
0
8
BP
0
.
7
9
4
0
.
8
5
6
S
M
M
0
.
7
1
9
0
.
7
0
5
0
.
8
3
3
3
.
2
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
o
f
PLS
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
was
ap
p
lied
to
test
h
y
p
o
th
eses
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
r
itical
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
ab
l
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
.
H1
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
E
T
R
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
SMM
(
β=0
.
714
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
H2
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
E
T
R
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
MSE
s
(
β=0
.
777
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
H3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
n
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
(
β=0
.
210
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
.
L
astl
y
,
H4
s
u
b
s
tan
tiated
th
at
SMM
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
E
T
R
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
in
MS
E
s
(
β=0
.
1
6
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
E
T
R
an
d
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
MSE
s
’
b
u
s
in
ess
o
u
tco
m
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
m
an
ag
er
ial
p
r
ac
tice
in
lev
er
a
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
tr
ateg
ies ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Path
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
eses
test
in
g
P
a
t
h
β
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
o
r
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
H1
ETR
→
S
M
M
0
.
7
1
4
0
.
0
2
8
2
7
.
7
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H2
ETR
→
B
P
0
.
7
7
7
0
.
0
6
0
1
1
.
9
6
7
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H3
S
M
M
→
BP
0
.
2
1
0
0
.
0
6
6
3
.
1
3
0
0
.
0
0
2
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H4
ETR
→
S
M
M
→
BP
0
.
1
6
3
0
.
0
5
3
3
.
0
6
4
0
.
0
0
2
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
3.
3
.
Co
e
f
f
icient
o
f
det
er
m
ina
t
io
n,
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize,
a
nd
predict
iv
e
re
lev
a
nce
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
.
R
2
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
in
t
h
e
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
is
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
b
y
th
e
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
g
en
er
al
g
u
id
elin
e
b
y
Hai
r
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
,
th
e
R
2
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
2
5
,
0
.
5
0
,
an
d
0
.
7
5
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wea
k
,
m
o
d
er
ate,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial.
T
h
e
R
2
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
0
.
6
8
2
,
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
a
r
iab
le
c
o
u
ld
m
o
d
e
r
ately
ex
p
lain
th
e
o
v
er
all
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
MSE
s
’
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Q
2
is
a
m
etr
ic
th
at
q
u
an
tifie
s
h
o
w
well
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
its
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
s
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
alu
es
[
3
2
]
.
A
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
r
ed
ictiv
ely
r
elev
an
t
if
Q
2
is
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
an
ze
r
o
[
3
9
]
.
As
th
e
Q
2
v
alu
e
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
was
0
.
3
9
7
,
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
ated
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
p
r
ed
ic
tiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
.
Fin
a
lly
,
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
f
2
)
an
aly
s
is
was
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ic
h
v
ar
iab
le
was
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
e
n
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
ia
b
le.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
o
h
en
’
s
[
4
0
]
class
if
icati
o
n
,
th
e
r
an
g
e
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
2
at
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
lev
el
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
0
.
0
2
(
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t)
,
0
.
1
5
(
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t)
,
an
d
0
.
3
5
(
la
r
g
e
ef
f
ec
t)
.
No
tab
l
y
,
b
o
th
E
T
R
an
d
SMM
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
ac
ted
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
ete
r
m
in
atio
n
,
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
t size
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
R
2
Q
2
f
2
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
u
l
l
m
o
d
e
l
0
.
6
8
2
0
.
3
9
7
ETR
1
.
0
0
0
La
r
g
e
S
M
M
0
.
5
1
5
La
r
g
e
3.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
Dr
awin
g
o
n
th
e
R
B
V
as
its
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
h
asize
h
o
w
cr
u
cial
it
is
f
o
r
Yem
en
i M
SE
m
an
ag
e
r
s
/o
wn
er
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
d
v
an
ta
g
es o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
SMM
in
th
ei
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
143
-
1
5
0
148
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
ac
tices.
E
T
R
,
wh
ic
h
r
ef
lects
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
ag
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
is
a
cr
u
cial
in
ter
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
th
at
MSE
s
ca
n
lev
er
ag
e
to
h
ar
n
ess
SMM
p
latf
o
r
m
s
’
ex
ter
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
en
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
ar
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
r
ea
d
y
,
t
h
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ad
e
p
t
at
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
i
a
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
’
s
o
n
lin
e
p
r
esen
ce
,
cu
s
to
m
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
m
ar
k
et
r
ea
ch
.
T
h
is
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
SMM
,
in
tu
r
n
,
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
a
cts
MSE
s
’
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
d
r
i
v
in
g
s
ales,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
r
an
d
v
is
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
lo
y
alty
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
SMM
also
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
as
it
f
ac
ilit
ates
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
ea
d
in
ess
in
to
tan
g
ib
le
b
u
s
in
ess
o
u
tco
m
es.
MSE
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
SMM
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cies
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
ei
r
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
in
th
e
m
ar
k
etp
lac
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
SMM
h
in
g
es
o
n
MSE
s
’
ab
ilit
y
t
o
c
u
ltiv
ate
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
em
p
lo
y
e
es’
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
alig
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
h
ile
E
T
R
an
d
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
M
SEs’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
t
h
eir
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
c
r
itical
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
s
tr
ateg
ic
alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
n
a
v
ig
atin
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
an
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
m
p
etitiv
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
awn
f
o
r
MSE
s
in
Yem
en
s
ee
k
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
E
T
R
a
n
d
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
SMM
.
Firstl
y
,
MSE
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
in
v
esti
n
g
in
E
T
R
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
’
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
to
ad
o
p
t
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
v
estme
n
t
en
s
u
r
es
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
to
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
em
p
o
wer
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
with
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
lev
er
a
g
e
n
ew
to
o
ls
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
MSE
s
ca
n
h
elp
th
eir
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
o
f
em
e
r
g
in
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
r
ed
u
cin
g
lear
n
i
n
g
c
u
r
v
es
a
n
d
m
i
n
im
i
z
in
g
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
h
ases
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
an
ce
em
p
lo
y
ee
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
m
p
eti
tiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
i
n
a
r
ap
i
d
ly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
E
T
R
.
M
SEs
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
s
ter
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
n
ew
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
p
o
licies
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
s
tr
ateg
ically
u
tili
zin
g
SMM
is
cr
u
cial,
g
iv
en
th
e
p
r
o
v
en
lin
k
b
etwe
en
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
MSE
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
o
m
p
an
i
es
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ev
el
o
p
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
lev
er
ag
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
d
ed
icatin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
tr
ai
n
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
SMM
to
o
ls
an
d
alig
n
i
n
g
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
with
b
r
o
a
d
er
co
r
p
o
r
ate
g
o
als.
Fin
ally
,
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
E
T
R
an
d
SMM
ca
n
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
c
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
eir
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
B
y
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
wi
th
th
e
s
k
ills
to
u
s
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ad
ep
tl
y
,
MSE
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
ter
n
a
l
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
e
x
ter
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
m
ak
e
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tia
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
a
n
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
.
First,
it
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
Yem
en
i
MSE
s
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
,
s
o
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
in
cl
u
d
e
MSE
s
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
m
a
y
d
if
f
er
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
co
u
n
tr
ies
wo
u
ld
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
ata,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
E
T
R
a
n
d
SMM
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
l
o
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
w
h
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
u
ld
c
o
m
b
in
e
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
y
ield
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
MSE
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
T
R
is
a
v
ital
in
ter
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
th
at
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MSE
s
in
Yem
en
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
lly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
ar
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
’
s
o
n
lin
e
p
r
esen
ce
,
en
g
ag
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
,
an
d
ex
p
an
d
m
ar
k
et
r
ea
c
h
.
T
h
ese
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
d
r
iv
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
b
o
th
f
i
n
an
cial
an
d
n
o
n
-
f
i
n
an
cial
b
u
s
in
ess
o
u
tco
m
es.
No
ta
b
ly
,
SMM
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
c
ial
r
o
le
i
n
m
ed
iatin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ile
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
MSE
s
’
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
g
e
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cies.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
SMM
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
MSE
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
u
p
s
k
ill
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
an
d
alig
n
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
with
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
g
o
als.
T
h
is
alig
n
m
en
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
E
T
R
an
d
SM
M
cr
ea
tes
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
On
g
o
in
g
i
n
v
estme
n
t
in
em
p
lo
y
ee
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
will
b
e
ess
en
tial to
ad
ap
t to
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
m
ar
k
et
tr
en
d
s
an
d
m
ain
tai
n
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
cc
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l rea
d
in
ess
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
:
…
(
S
a
b
r
i S
h
a
ke
r
A
s
h
o
o
r
B
in
-
Ob
a
id
e
lla
h
)
149
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K
.
Lu
k
i
y
a
n
t
o
a
n
d
M
.
W
i
j
a
y
a
n
i
n
g
t
y
a
s,
“
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
d
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
a
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
i
mp
r
o
v
e
mi
c
r
o
a
n
d
sm
a
l
l
b
u
si
n
e
ss
e
s’
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
2
–
5
6
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
5
8
0
8
/
e
r
sj
/
1
5
7
1
.
[
2
]
A
.
S
.
Er
e
n
,
K
.
O
z
y
a
sar,
a
n
d
M
.
Ta
ş
l
i
y
a
n
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
n
j
o
b
i
n
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
:
a
c
a
s
e
st
u
d
y
i
n
Tu
r
k
i
s
h
t
e
x
t
i
l
e
sec
t
o
r
,
”
K
a
h
r
a
m
a
n
m
a
r
a
ş
S
ü
t
ç
ü
İ
m
a
m
Ü
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
e
s
i
S
o
sy
a
l
Bi
l
i
m
l
e
r
D
e
rg
i
si
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
7
–
1
0
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
4
3
7
/
k
s
u
s
b
d
.
7
0
6
1
6
8
.
[
3
]
F
.
R
a
h
n
a
v
a
r
d
,
D
.
D
a
v
o
u
d
,
F
.
A
b
b
a
s
p
o
u
r
,
a
n
d
B
.
F
a
r
z
i
n
m
e
h
r
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
o
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
,
”
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
Pro
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
9
–
1
1
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
4
]
Z.
W
a
l
i
,
C
.
M
u
r
a
g
u
r
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
W
a
c
h
a
n
a
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
e
-
b
u
si
n
e
sses
i
n
K
e
n
y
a
,
”
T
h
e
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
–
1
9
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
9
9
5
2
/
t
u
j
.
v
5
i
3
.
2
6
8
.
[
5
]
R
.
W
a
l
c
z
u
c
h
,
J.
L
e
mm
i
n
k
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
t
r
e
u
k
e
n
s,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
s’
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
–
2
1
5
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
m
.
2
0
0
6
.
1
2
.
0
0
5
.
[
6
]
E.
F
.
V
.
R
e
y
e
s,
“
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
I
C
T
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
i
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
s
e
c
t
o
r
mi
c
r
o
a
n
d
sm
a
l
l
e
n
t
e
r
p
r
i
s
e
s
(
M
S
Es)
,
”
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
D
a
t
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
–
2
9
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
3
8
1
/
d
a
t
a
.
v
2
4
i
2
.
2
0
7
3
6
.
[
7
]
A
.
J.
C
h
a
n
,
L.
W
.
H
o
o
i
,
a
n
d
K
.
S
.
N
g
u
i
,
“
D
o
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
i
e
s
m
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
i
se
d
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
?
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Asi
a
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
2
3
–
5
4
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
J
A
B
S
-
08
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
3
1
8
.
[8
]
V
.
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