I
nte
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t
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na
l J
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l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
11
~
1
22
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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1
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,
DOI
:
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1
1
5
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.
v
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4
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i
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111
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4
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K
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s
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C
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Fin
an
cial
p
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I
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4
.
0
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
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d
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r th
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CC B
Y
-
SA
li
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n
se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
Ab
d
ellah
Sas
s
i
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
er
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
le
ctr
icity
an
d
Me
ch
a
n
ics,
E
NSEM
,
Hass
an
I
I
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
a
s
ab
lan
ca
C
asab
lan
ca
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail:
ab
d
ellah
.
s
ass
i@
en
s
em
.
ac
.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
r
p
o
r
ate
en
v
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r
o
n
m
en
t,
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
s
p
ec
ia
lis
ts
h
av
e
m
ad
e
d
i
g
itizin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
a
p
r
io
r
ity
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
aim
s
to
d
ig
itally
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
i
ze
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
]
.
Su
p
p
l
y
ch
ain
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
4
.
0
(
SC
4
.
0
)
,
is
th
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d
r
iv
in
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ce
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eh
in
d
th
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in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
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o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
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lo
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ig
d
ata,
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lo
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ch
ai
n
,
clo
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d
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o
m
p
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ter
n
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o
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th
in
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s
(
I
o
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a
n
d
ar
tific
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in
tellig
en
ce
in
to
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
B
ig
w
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ld
wid
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m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
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m
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p
tin
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v
ar
io
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s
I
n
d
u
s
tr
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4
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0
tech
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o
lo
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ies
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
P
an
d
ey
et
a
l
.
[
2
]
,
e
f
f
icien
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y
w
as
cited
b
y
9
8
%
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s
u
p
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ts
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th
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im
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s
tific
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f
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r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
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4
.
0
in
v
estme
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[
2
]
,
s
in
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u
p
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ly
ch
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n
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o
p
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th
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h
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ilit
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ab
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t
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ese
tech
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[
7
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.
I
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c
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ea
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ed
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em
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d
a
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m
a
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f
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if
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s
h
o
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im
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m
ar
k
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r
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er
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v
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tag
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I
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d
u
s
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4
.
0
[
8
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,
[
9
]
.
Desp
ite
it
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Mo
r
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r
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SC
4
.
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r
em
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elativ
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less
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ir
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v
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in
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ly
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p
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f
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ai
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I
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r
m
atio
n
,
wh
ich
,
wh
e
n
ap
p
li
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
,
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
o
o
s
t e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
m
ar
k
et
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
Fato
r
ac
h
ian
an
d
Kaz
em
i
[
7
]
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
at
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
an
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
’
s
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
ew
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
th
eo
r
ies.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
E
s
lam
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
at
o
n
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
is
its
f
o
cu
s
o
n
Swed
is
h
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
f
ir
m
s
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
a
p
p
l
icab
le
to
o
th
er
s
ec
to
r
s
o
r
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
laid
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
Desp
ite
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
p
a
ct
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
d
ig
itali
za
tio
n
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
g
ap
in
r
es
ea
r
ch
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SC
4
.
0
o
n
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
with
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
’
s
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
ae
r
o
n
au
tic
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
d
ig
it
alizin
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
im
p
ac
ts
th
ese
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
ts
o
r
ig
in
ality
lies
in
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
an
an
aly
tical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
u
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
eo
r
y
,
t
o
in
s
p
ec
t th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
SC
4
.
0
o
n
b
o
th
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
f
ir
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
em
a
i
n
d
er
s
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
ap
e
r
is
o
u
tlin
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
w
e
b
e
g
in
with
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
wh
ich
is
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
a
d
escr
ip
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
at
h
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
q
u
esti
o
n
we
ex
p
lo
r
e
is
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
SC
4
.
0
p
o
s
itiv
ely
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
f
ir
m
s
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
,
we
q
u
an
titativ
ely
m
o
d
eled
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
u
s
in
g
a
lin
ea
r
e
q
u
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
,
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tica
l
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cie
n
ce
s
(
SP
SS
)
s
o
f
twar
e.
Af
ter
th
is
,
we
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
an
aly
ze
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
co
n
clu
d
e
th
e
p
a
p
er
b
y
s
u
m
m
a
r
izin
g
th
e
k
ey
r
esu
lts
,
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
in
g
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
wh
at
was
cited
b
ef
o
r
e,
Mo
r
o
cc
an
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
an
ies
ar
e
s
till
in
n
ee
d
o
f
h
o
w
to
p
u
t
in
p
lace
SC
4
.
0
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
its
b
e
n
ef
its
o
n
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
co
n
ce
p
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
k
r
is
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
a
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
d
i
g
ital
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
web
-
e
n
ab
led
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
e
I
o
T
,
a
n
d
b
ig
d
ata
an
al
y
tics
(
B
DA)
,
r
eq
u
i
r
es
tig
h
t
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
(
s
u
ch
as
s
u
p
p
lier
s
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
)
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
1
.
Su
pp
ly
cha
in 4
.
0
A
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
is
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
th
at
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
to
cr
ea
te
s
er
v
ices
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
ar
e
v
alu
ab
le.
Ultim
ately
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
th
em
to
en
d
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
ch
ain
s
co
n
n
ec
t
n
atio
n
s
,
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tat
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
llectiv
ely
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
wo
r
ld
wid
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Su
p
p
ly
ch
ain
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
th
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
o
th
in
te
r
n
ally
a
n
d
ac
r
o
s
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
ex
is
tin
g
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
,
SC
4
.
0
c
alls
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
allo
w
f
o
r
lo
ca
tio
n
-
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
au
to
m
ated
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
clien
t
r
eq
u
ests
an
d
n
ee
d
s
[
1
4
]
.
Sm
ar
t
SC
4
.
0
r
elies
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
is
d
ata
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
a
d
d
itio
n
a
l
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
is
co
n
tin
g
e
n
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
tili
ze
d
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
SC
4
.
0
in
v
o
lv
es
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
I
o
T
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
(
C
S),
an
d
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
R
FID
)
in
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
s
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
m
o
v
e
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lin
ea
r
an
d
s
tatic
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ain
s
(
"
s
u
p
p
lier
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
")
t
o
a
m
o
r
e
in
teg
r
at
ed
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es,
g
ain
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
f
i
r
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
ca
u
s
a
l m
o
d
el
t
o
a
s
s
ess
th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f su
p
p
ly
ch
a
i
n
4
.
0
o
n
Mo
r
o
cc
a
n
co
m
p
a
n
ies’
…
(
S
a
s
s
i A
b
d
ella
h
)
113
2.
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
f
irm
s
T
r
ad
itio
n
ally
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
as
a
s
in
g
u
lar
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
p
r
o
f
it,
lar
g
el
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
o
wn
er
s
o
v
er
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fro
m
th
is
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
r
im
ar
ily
em
p
h
a
s
iz
es
s
h
ar
eh
o
ld
er
v
alu
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
co
m
p
an
y
c
an
b
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
class
if
ied
in
to
two
m
ain
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
f
in
a
n
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
n
o
n
-
f
in
an
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
a
n
d
f
in
an
cial
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
an
d
lo
n
g
-
t
er
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
ics.
Sh
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
etr
ics
ty
p
ically
f
o
cu
s
o
n
f
in
an
cial
r
et
u
r
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
m
etr
ics
o
f
ten
ce
n
t
er
o
n
n
o
n
-
f
in
an
cial
r
etu
r
n
s
.
B
r
o
ad
l
y
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
en
co
m
p
ass
v
ar
ia
b
les
th
at
ty
p
ic
ally
r
ef
lect
a
f
ir
m
'
s
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
n
o
n
-
f
in
an
c
ial
in
d
icato
r
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
v
a
r
iab
l
es n
o
t m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
f
i
n
an
cial
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
F
ina
ncia
l per
f
o
rma
nce
Naz
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
d
escr
ib
e
f
in
a
n
c
ial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
f
in
an
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
o
v
er
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
tim
ef
r
am
e.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
a
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
f
u
lf
ill
its
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
f
in
an
cial
liab
ilit
ies,
as
wel
l
as
its
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
d
eliv
er
in
g
s
er
v
ices
in
th
e
n
ea
r
ter
m
,
ar
e
all
in
clu
d
ed
in
its
f
in
an
cial
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
a
m
o
r
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
en
o
tes
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
f
in
an
cial
o
b
jectiv
es a
r
e
ac
h
iev
ed
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fin
an
cia
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
a
c
o
ll
ec
t
io
n
o
f
f
in
a
n
ci
al
i
n
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
ass
ess
w
h
e
th
e
r
a
co
m
p
a
n
y
'
s
s
tr
ate
g
y
,
b
o
th
i
n
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
ec
u
t
io
n
,
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
its
f
i
n
an
cia
l
s
ta
n
d
in
g
.
T
y
p
i
ca
l
ly
,
a
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
'
s
f
i
n
an
cial
o
b
j
ec
t
iv
es
e
n
c
o
m
p
ass
as
p
e
cts
li
k
e
p
r
o
f
ita
b
i
lit
y
,
s
al
es,
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
.
T
h
ese
i
n
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ta
il
o
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
ci
r
cu
m
s
t
an
c
es
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
,
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
its
r
e
alit
y
,
c
o
n
te
x
t
,
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
s
e
ct
o
r
,
c
o
m
p
eti
ti
v
e
l
a
n
d
s
ca
p
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
t
r
a
te
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
b
y
ea
c
h
b
u
s
i
n
ess
u
n
it
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
e
ac
h
u
n
it
is
t
ask
ed
wi
th
s
e
lec
ti
n
g
i
n
d
ic
at
o
r
s
t
h
a
t a
r
e
m
o
s
t
p
e
r
ti
n
en
t
to
its
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
[
2
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
O
rg
a
niza
t
io
na
l per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
an
y
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
its
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
wo
r
k
p
lace
,
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
b
e
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
as
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
attain
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es a
m
id
s
t c
o
n
ti
n
u
al
ch
an
g
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Or
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
its
g
o
als,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
t
ass
ess
es
th
e
f
ir
m
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
im
p
lem
en
t
ef
f
icien
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ee
t
b
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
r
o
je
ctio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
l
k
az
in
i
[
2
9
]
,
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
ty
p
e
o
f
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
th
at
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
a
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
least
-
s
q
u
ar
es
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
a
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
s
s
er
v
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
le
s
b
y
f
itti
n
g
a
lin
e
to
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
ata,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
r
esp
o
n
d
s
t
o
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le(
s
)
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
a
s
in
g
le
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le,
th
is
is
ca
lled
s
im
p
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
ile
h
av
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
i
ab
les
is
k
n
o
wn
as
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
a
p
-
v
al
u
e
b
elo
w
0
.
0
5
in
d
icate
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
les,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
T
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t is a
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
th
a
t a
s
s
ess
es th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
le
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
ar
ia
b
le.
As
s
tated
b
y
R
an
i
et
a
l.
[3
0]
,
o
r
d
in
ar
y
least
s
q
u
a
r
es
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ca
lled
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
eth
er
it
is
s
im
p
le
o
r
m
u
ltip
le,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
les.
Fo
r
a
m
o
d
el
with
p
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
ia
b
les,
th
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
least sq
u
ar
es
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
.
Y
=
β0
+
Σ
j
=
1
.
.
p
β
jX
j
+
ε
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
Y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le,
β0
is
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
in
ter
ce
p
t,
Xj
d
en
o
tes
th
e
j
th
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
(
wh
er
e
j
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
to
p
)
,
an
d
ε
is
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
with
an
ex
p
e
cted
v
alu
e
o
f
0
an
d
a
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
σ
².
I
n
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le
Y
f
o
r
th
e
i
th
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
.
yi
=
β0
+
Σ
j
=
1
.
.
p
β
jX
i
j
(
2
)
T
h
e
o
r
d
i
n
ar
y
least
s
q
u
ar
es
m
e
th
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
p
r
ed
icted
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
m
in
im
izatio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
esti
m
ato
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
as in
(
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
1
11
-
1
22
114
[
β
=
(
X
’
DX
)
−
1
X’
Dy
σ²
=
1
/
(
W
–
p
∗
)
Σ
i
=
1
.
.
n
wi
(
yi
−
yi
)
]
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
β
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
ec
t
o
r
o
f
esti
m
ato
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
βi
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
X
is
th
e
m
atr
ix
o
f
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
les
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
v
ec
to
r
o
f
1
s
,
y
is
th
e
v
ec
to
r
o
f
th
e
n
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le,
p
*
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
l
es,
with
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
1
in
clu
d
ed
if
th
e
in
ter
ce
p
t is n
o
t f
ix
ed
,
wi
is
th
e
weig
h
t o
f
th
e
i
th
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
W
d
en
o
te
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
wi
weig
h
ts
,
an
d
D
is
a
m
atr
ix
with
th
e
wi
weig
h
ts
alo
n
g
its
d
iag
o
n
al.
T
h
e
v
ec
to
r
o
f
p
r
e
d
icted
v
alu
es c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
4
)
.
y
=
X
(
X’
DX
)
−
1
X
’
Dy
(
4
)
Th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ass
es
s
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
q
u
a
n
tify
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
:
i)
p
u
r
ch
ase
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
(
PS
)
o
n
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ii)
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
P
R
)
o
n
f
in
a
n
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
i
ii)
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
SD)
o
n
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
d
iv
)
s
ales
an
d
af
ter
-
s
ales
(
SAS)
o
n
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ap
p
ly
i
n
g
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e
v
er
s
io
n
2
6
.
0
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
9
5
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
b
o
th
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
v
iews
a
n
d
o
n
lin
e
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
tar
g
eted
d
i
r
ec
to
r
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
lead
er
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
m
an
ag
e
r
s
with
in
Mo
r
o
cc
an
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
ae
r
o
n
au
tic
co
m
p
an
ies.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
ee
n
em
p
l
o
y
ed
b
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
R
an
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
in
I
n
d
ia
u
s
in
g
o
r
d
in
ar
y
least
s
q
u
ar
es.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
E
lk
az
in
i
[
2
9
]
,
u
tili
ze
d
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
with
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
ad
o
p
tio
n
lev
els
o
n
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
ag
ilit
y
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
3
.
1
.
Def
ini
t
io
n o
f
o
ur
mo
del’
s
co
ns
t
ruct
s
T
h
e
m
ain
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
SC
4
.
0
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
b
o
th
th
e
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
Mo
r
o
cc
an
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
ae
r
o
n
au
tic
c
o
m
p
an
ies.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
we
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
t
wo
m
ain
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
i)
SC
4
.
0
an
d
ii)
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
F
irst
re
s
ea
rc
h c
o
ns
t
ruct
:
s
up
ply
cha
in
4
.
0
A
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
d
d
eliv
er
v
al
u
ab
le
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
e
r
v
ices
to
e
n
d
u
s
er
s
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
le
v
er
s
cited
as
f
o
llo
ws
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
lev
er
s
p
r
esen
t th
e
laten
t v
ar
ia
b
les o
f
o
u
r
f
ir
s
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct:
P
S,
PR
,
SD
,
an
d
SAS.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Seco
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h c
o
ns
t
ruct
:
F
ina
ncia
l a
nd
o
rg
a
niza
t
io
na
l per
f
o
rma
nce
o
f
t
he
f
ir
m
s
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
a
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
'
s
f
i
n
a
n
ci
a
l
h
e
al
th
.
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
r
e
f
l
e
c
ts
i
ts
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
a
c
h
ie
v
e
g
o
a
l
s
a
n
d
ad
a
p
t
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
o
u
r
s
e
c
o
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
:
i
)
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
i
)
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
3
.
2
.
P
re
s
ent
a
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
re
s
e
a
r
ch
m
o
del
Ou
r
m
o
d
el
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
r
o
u
n
d
f
iv
e
cr
iter
ia,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
t
o
two
f
am
ilies
: f
o
u
r
cr
iter
ia
p
e
r
tain
to
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
(
S
C
4
.
0
)
,
w
h
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
(
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
e
cr
i
t
er
io
n
o
f
m
ea
n
s
ar
e
ca
u
s
ally
r
elate
d
.
Stated
d
i
f
f
er
en
tly
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
em
p
lo
y
e
d
ar
e
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
eh
in
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
b
tain
ed
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fo
u
r
th
eo
r
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
ca
u
s
al
lin
k
s
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Prim
ar
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
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8
8
1
4
A
ca
u
s
a
l m
o
d
el
t
o
a
s
s
ess
th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f su
p
p
ly
ch
a
i
n
4
.
0
o
n
Mo
r
o
cc
a
n
co
m
p
a
n
ies’
…
(
S
a
s
s
i A
b
d
ella
h
)
115
W
e
p
o
s
it
a
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
cr
iter
i
a
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
cr
iter
ia.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
m
ea
n
s
s
er
v
e
a
s
th
e
ca
u
s
al
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
t
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
n
o
tice
th
at
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
ca
u
s
al
lin
k
.
E
ig
h
t
h
y
p
o
th
eses
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
t
o
u
t
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el'
s
eig
h
t
ca
u
s
al
lin
k
s
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
o
u
r
g
l
o
b
al
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
,
a
n
d
T
a
b
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts an
d
th
e
co
d
es u
s
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le
l
aten
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
cise c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
p
lay
in
g
th
e
co
d
es e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
ca
u
s
al
m
o
d
el
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
C
o
d
e
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
S
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
4
.
0
PS
P
u
r
c
h
a
se
a
n
d
su
p
p
l
y
PR
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
SD
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
S
A
S
S
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
a
f
t
e
r
-
sal
e
s
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
FP
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
OP
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
3
.
3
.
St
a
t
ed
hy
po
t
hes
is
Fro
m
o
u
r
m
o
d
el,
ei
g
h
t
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
.
E
ac
h
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
1
an
d
an
o
th
er
laten
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
2
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
o
r
r
ef
u
te
th
ese
eig
h
t
h
y
p
o
th
eses
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Hy
p
o
th
es
es lis
t
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s N°
C
a
u
sa
l
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
H1
PS
FP
W
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
t
h
a
t
P
S
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s FP
H2
PR
FP
W
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
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s
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z
e
t
h
a
t
P
R
p
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si
t
i
v
e
l
y
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n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s FP
H3
SD
FP
W
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
t
h
a
t
S
D
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s FP
H4
S
A
S
FP
W
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
t
h
a
t
S
A
S
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s FP
H5
PS
OP
W
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
t
h
a
t
P
S
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s OP
H6
PR
OP
W
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
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llect
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h
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is
ter
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ted
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er
in
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d
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tic
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s
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ies
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Mo
r
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Data
c
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ltima
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o
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th
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s
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ep
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esen
tativ
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ab
le
3
d
em
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s
tr
ate
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th
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d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
il
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o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
f
ir
m
s
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
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Q
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t
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T
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e
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tr
u
ctu
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e
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
af
ter
b
r
ief
ly
e
x
p
l
ain
in
g
th
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s
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a
n
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h
o
w
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elate
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r
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in
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o
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ich
co
n
tain
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
ir
m
s
’
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
p
a
r
t
o
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o
u
r
q
u
esti
o
n
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air
e
c
o
v
er
e
d
o
u
r
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
at
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
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air
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em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
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s
tu
d
y
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o
u
tlin
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
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ter
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
n
cise o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
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s
u
r
v
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'
s
o
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jectiv
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a
n
d
its
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
o
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
we
p
r
o
ce
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
in
itial
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
en
co
m
p
ass
es
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
th
e
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ter
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em
p
lo
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s
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d
th
e
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ir
m
s
'
in
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o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
ar
t
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f
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r
q
u
esti
o
n
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air
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ad
d
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ess
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th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
o
u
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el,
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
(
SC
4
.
0
an
d
f
in
an
cial
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d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e)
with
a
n
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m
b
er
o
f
5
1
item
s
(
3
0
f
o
r
SC
4
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0
,
2
1
f
o
r
f
in
a
n
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
,
th
ese
item
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
u
s
in
g
a
s
ix
-
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
r
o
m
‘
’
0
=A
b
s
/No
to
6=
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
’
’
[
2
8
]
.
W
e
em
p
lo
y
C
h
u
r
c
h
ill'
s
(
1
9
7
9
)
w
ell
-
estab
lis
h
ed
p
ar
ad
ig
m
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
o
u
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ad
o
p
t
th
is
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
eir
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t scale
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
is
ex
p
lain
e
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i
n
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l,
th
e
in
itial
s
tep
in
v
o
l
v
es
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
e
x
h
au
s
tiv
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
c
ess
lay
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tag
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
item
s
is
g
en
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iews,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
ex
am
p
les,
cr
itical
in
cid
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
W
ith
th
e
item
s
in
p
lace
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
e
n
s
u
es,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
a
wid
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
th
en
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
co
ef
f
icien
t
alp
h
a
an
d
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
,
th
er
eb
y
p
u
r
i
f
y
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
ass
u
r
an
ce
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
alp
h
a
an
d
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
u
ltit
r
ait
-
m
u
ltime
th
o
d
m
atr
i
x
an
d
cr
iter
io
n
v
alid
ity
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
o
r
m
s
co
m
p
letes
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
av
er
ag
es
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
tatis
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
o
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
co
r
es,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
v
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ab
le
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
r
esu
lts
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
[
3
2
]
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Relia
bil
it
y
t
est
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
i
n
T
ab
le
4
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
all
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
.
A
s
th
eir
v
alu
es
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
cr
iter
i
o
n
o
f
0
.
7
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
ass
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
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8
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t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
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1
11
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22
118
T
ab
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9
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
v
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ian
ce
(
SC
4
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0
-
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
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al
p
e
r
f
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r
m
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ce
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l
S
u
m
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s
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DDL
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0
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i)
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p
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d
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ii)
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se
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r
e
d
i
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d
v
a
l
u
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s
:
P
S
,
P
R
,
S
D
,
S
A
S
i
v
)
Th
e
t
o
t
a
l
su
m
o
f
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u
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t
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r
i
g
i
n
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
Reg
re
s
s
io
n e
qu
a
t
io
n:
s
up
ply
cha
in
4
.
0
lev
er
s
–
o
rg
a
n
iza
t
io
na
l per
f
o
rma
nce
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
0
,
p
lease
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
s
f
o
r
PR
,
SD,
an
d
SAS
ar
e
n
o
t
v
alid
(
s
ig
.
>5
%).
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
d
o
es
n
o
t
a
p
p
ly
t
o
PS
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
PS
is
d
ee
m
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t.
OP
=
0
.
445
PS
+
0
.
130
PR
+
0
.
083
SD
+
0
.
089
SAS
(
6
)
T
ab
le
1
0
.
C
r
iter
ia
c
o
e
f
f
icien
ts
(
SC
4
.
0
-
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
M
o
d
e
l
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
t
-
st
u
d
e
n
t
S
i
g
.
(
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
)
A
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
B
e
t
a
PS
0
.
4
4
5
0
.
1
1
9
0
.
4
4
5
3
.
7
5
1
0
.
0
0
0
PR
0
.
1
3
0
0
.
1
4
5
0
.
1
3
0
0
.
8
9
4
0
.
3
7
4
SD
0
.
0
8
3
0
.
1
4
0
0
.
0
8
3
0
.
5
9
2
0
.
5
5
5
S
A
S
0
.
0
8
9
0
.
1
3
6
0
.
0
8
9
0
.
6
5
7
0
.
5
1
3
4
.
4
.
O
v
er
a
ll
m
o
del inco
rpo
ra
t
ing
t
he
re
s
ults a
nd
f
ind
i
ng
s
deriv
ed
f
ro
m
t
he
hy
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
E
ac
h
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
d
e
r
iv
ed
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
W
e
h
av
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
o
u
r
d
er
iv
e
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
ea
c
h
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
ca
u
s
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lin
k
s
.
T
h
e
o
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tco
m
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o
f
th
e
h
y
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o
th
esis
test
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
a
n
d
T
a
b
le
11
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
w
ith
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
eses
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
ca
u
s
a
l m
o
d
el
t
o
a
s
s
ess
th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f su
p
p
ly
ch
a
i
n
4
.
0
o
n
Mo
r
o
cc
a
n
co
m
p
a
n
ies’
…
(
S
a
s
s
i A
b
d
ella
h
)
119
T
ab
le
1
1
.
H
y
p
o
th
esis
test
r
esu
lts
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s N°
C
a
u
sa
l
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
H1
PS
FP
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
H2
PR
FP
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
H3
S
D
FP
V
a
l
i
d
H4
S
A
S
FP
V
a
l
i
d
H5
PS
OP
V
a
l
i
d
H6
P
R
OP
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
H7
S
D
OP
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
H8
S
A
S
OP
I
n
v
a
l
i
d
4
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n a
nd
inte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n
No
wad
ay
s
,
co
m
p
a
n
ies
s
ea
r
ch
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
n
o
v
el
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
lik
e
SC
4
.
0
,
wh
ich
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
ce
r
tain
au
th
o
r
s
,
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
o
f
cr
u
cial
b
u
s
in
ess
ac
tiv
ities
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
to
th
e
in
itial
s
u
p
p
lie
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
eli
v
er
y
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
,
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
d
ata
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
cu
s
to
m
er
v
alu
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
s
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
we
s
ee
k
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
SC
4
.
0
an
d
th
e
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
i
r
m
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
E
s
lam
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
SC
4
.
0
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e,
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
eliv
er
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
f
ir
m
s
’
m
ar
k
et
an
d
s
ales
will
lead
to
b
etter
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Gu
n
asek
ar
a
n
et
a
l.
[
3
9
]
s
tated
th
at
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
h
o
u
d
h
u
r
y
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
a
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
ar
k
et
s
h
ar
e
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
l
o
wer
in
g
co
s
ts
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
a
n
o
tab
l
y
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
SC
4
.
0
lev
er
s
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
(
R
=0
.
7
3
9
;
p
-
v
al
u
e=
0
.
0
0
0
)
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
‘
SD
’
lev
er
an
d
‘
SAS
’
lev
er
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
‘
PS
’
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
‘
PR
’
le
v
er
s
wit
h
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
in
v
alid
,
we
ca
n
i
n
ter
p
r
et
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
r
esu
lts
th
at
ev
en
if
th
e
w
h
o
l
e
SC
4
.
0
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
f
in
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
its
‘
PR
’
an
d
‘
PS
’
d
o
es n
o
t seem
t
o
h
av
e
th
at
m
u
ch
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
it.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
es
tab
lis
h
ed
b
y
Ku
r
d
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
SC
4
.
0
a
nd
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
W
am
b
a
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
,
w
r
itten
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
t
p
ap
er
’
s
an
aly
s
is
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w,
ce
r
tain
l
y
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
SC
4
.
0
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
R
=0
.
6
8
1
;
p
-
v
alu
e=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
Yet,
th
e
las
t
th
r
ee
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
e
s
(
H6
:
PR
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
H7
:
SD
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
H8
:
S
A
S
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
)
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
v
alid
,
we
ca
n
co
n
clu
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
ese
r
esu
lts
th
at
PS
h
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
an
y
lev
er
o
f
SC
4
.
0
,
wh
ich
ali
g
n
s
with
s
o
m
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
SC
4
.
0
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
cr
u
cial
b
u
s
in
ess
ac
tiv
ities
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
u
p
p
lier
s
,
d
eliv
er
in
g
g
o
o
d
s
,
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
en
h
an
ce
co
n
s
u
m
er
v
alu
e
an
d
b
o
o
s
t o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
I
v
an
o
v
et
a
l.
[
9
]
,
n
o
ted
th
at
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
SC
4
.
0
o
v
e
r
th
e
co
m
in
g
two
to
t
h
r
e
e
y
ea
r
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
with
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
u
p
to
a
3
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
a
7
5
%
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lo
s
t
s
ales,
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
in
v
en
to
r
ies
b
y
as
m
u
c
h
as
7
5
%.
A
n
o
th
e
r
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
is
th
e
an
tic
ip
ated
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
al
y
tics
in
d
em
an
d
p
lan
n
in
g
,
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
in
ac
cu
r
a
cies
ar
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
to
d
ec
lin
e
b
y
3
0
-
5
0
%.
Ov
er
all,
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
ar
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
o
v
er
th
e
n
ex
t
d
e
ca
d
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
ar
e
p
o
is
ed
to
attain
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
g
ain
s
,
esti
m
ated
b
etwe
en
2
0
-
30
%
,
wh
ile
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
f
i
r
m
s
ca
n
an
ticip
ate
g
r
o
wth
r
ates
o
f
1
0
-
20
%
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
co
n
ten
d
th
at
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
SC
4
.
0
,
co
m
p
an
ies
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
wit
h
E
s
lam
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
,
wh
o
in
d
ic
ated
th
at
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
s
u
ch
d
ig
i
tal
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
en
ab
les
f
ir
m
s
to
r
ea
lize
b
e
n
ef
its
b
ey
o
n
d
ju
s
t
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
eir
co
m
p
etito
r
s
f
r
o
m
an
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
SC
4
.
0
an
d
o
v
e
r
co
m
in
g
its
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
Mo
r
o
cc
an
f
ir
m
s
in
th
e
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
ae
r
o
n
au
tics
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
h
av
e
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
to
af
f
ir
m
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esi
s
an
d
ass
es
s
if
th
er
e
is
a
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Ou
r
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
SC
4
.
0
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
SD
an
d
SAS
ex
er
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
PS
an
d
PR
d
o
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
f
in
an
cial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
PS
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
af
f
ec
t
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
SC
4
.
0
elem
en
ts
s
h
o
w
wea
k
er
co
r
r
el
atio
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
SC
4
.
0
o
n
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
at
it
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
is
asp
e
ct.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
im
p
lica
tio
n
s
.
Firstl
y
,
with
m
ar
k
et
d
e
m
an
d
s
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
ef
f
ici
en
cy
at
an
all
-
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
5
:
1
11
-
1
22
120
h
ig
h
,
co
m
p
an
ies
n
ee
d
to
co
n
c
en
tr
ate
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
eir
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
to
h
elp
th
em
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
eir
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
f
ir
m
’
s
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
p
ar
tially
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
l
e
v
er
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
as
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
co
m
p
an
ies
h
av
e
y
et
to
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
SC
4
.
0
,
m
a
n
ag
er
s
n
ee
d
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
h
o
w
I
nd
us
tr
y
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
with
in
SC
4
.
0
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
ased
o
n
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
f
in
an
cial
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
m
an
ag
er
s
n
ee
d
to
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
SC
4
.
0
an
d
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
k
ills
a
m
o
n
g
all
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
eir
co
m
p
a
n
ies
to
r
esp
o
n
d
r
ap
id
l
y
to
s
h
if
ts
in
m
ar
k
et
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
is
d
ig
italizatio
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
ac
k
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
f
ac
il
it
ate
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
,
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
g
r
ea
te
r
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
.
6.
L
I
M
I
T
AT
I
O
NS
AN
D
P
E
R
S
P
E
CT
I
VE
S
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
ce
r
tain
lev
er
s
o
f
SC
4
.
0
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
f
in
an
cial
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
lev
e
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
u
r
ch
as
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
Mo
r
o
cc
an
a
u
to
m
o
tiv
e
an
d
ae
r
o
n
au
tic
co
m
p
an
ies.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
SC
4
.
0
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
er
cial,
s
o
cial,
o
r
s
o
cieta
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
o
r
ex
ten
d
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
to
o
th
er
s
ec
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
An
o
th
er
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
is
to
ass
es
s
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
5
.
0
an
d
SC
5
.
0
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
o
r
o
th
e
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
th
at
h
av
e
alr
e
ad
y
a
d
o
p
ted
th
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
A
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
m
o
v
in
g
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
r
o
m
4
.
0
to
5
.
0
is
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
cien
ce
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
ch
an
g
e,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
m
u
s
t
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
b
o
t
h
th
eo
r
etic
a
lly
an
d
p
r
ac
tically
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
till
u
n
an
s
wer
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ca
ll
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
an
d
ei
g
h
t
claim
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
in
v
est
ig
ated
q
u
an
titativ
ely
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
I
t'
s
cr
u
cial
t
o
r
em
em
b
er
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
d
u
s
tr
i
es
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
n
atio
n
,
r
e
co
g
n
izin
g
th
at
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
cr
ea
tio
n
,
an
d
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
v
ar
y
b
etwe
e
n
s
ec
to
r
s
an
d
n
atio
n
s
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
g
lo
b
al
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
an
d
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
in
o
th
er
co
n
tex
ts
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
n
atio
n
s
,
with
im
p
licat
io
n
s
f
o
r
SC
5
.
0
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
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ch
p
av
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th
e
way
f
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r
n
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p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
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in
s
tatis
t
ical
m
o
d
elin
g
,
em
p
h
as
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th
e
s
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n
if
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ce
o
f
th
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s
tatis
tical
ap
p
r
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th
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o
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alter
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ativ
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m
eth
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(
PLS)
u
s
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s
t
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ip
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Go
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llect
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s
.
RE
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E
R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
P
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G
.
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[
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3
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[
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