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1
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aim
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2
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[
3
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4
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5
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8
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in
clu
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r
eq
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[
9
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[
1
0
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T
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C
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T
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g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ac
tu
al
m
ess
ag
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
ess
ag
e
is
b
lin
d
e
d
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ei
n
g
s
ig
n
ed
[
1
7
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
v
o
lv
e
th
r
ee
en
titi
es:
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
,
th
e
v
o
ter
o
r
p
o
lls
ter
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
tall
ier
,
ea
ch
o
f
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
d
is
tin
ct
r
o
les
[
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e,
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
an
d
p
o
lls
ter
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
on
two
s
ep
ar
ate
o
cc
asio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
p
air
in
g
-
b
ased
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
is
a
co
m
p
le
x
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
e
n
ab
les
s
ec
u
r
e,
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
o
ter
s
an
d
v
er
if
ier
s
[
1
9
]
.
An
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
in
v
o
lv
es
Sch
o
r
r
’
s
ze
r
o
-
k
n
o
wled
g
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
,
wh
er
e
a
v
o
ter
ca
n
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
id
en
tit
y
with
o
u
t
r
ev
ea
lin
g
an
y
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
two
ex
ch
an
g
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
Sch
o
r
r
’
s
ze
r
o
-
k
n
o
wled
g
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
u
s
es
a
“tr
ip
l
e
m
ess
ag
e”
ex
ch
an
g
e
(
a,
c
,
r
)
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
f
o
u
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ad
d
itio
n
al
ex
ch
an
g
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
v
o
ter
id
e
n
tity
is
p
r
o
te
cted
wh
ile
s
till
p
r
o
v
in
g
elig
ib
ilit
y
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
E
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
em
u
late
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
v
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
u
ter
i
ze
d
m
ea
n
s
,
aim
in
g
to
u
p
h
o
ld
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
elec
to
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
alo
n
g
s
i
d
e
o
th
e
r
ess
en
tial
attr
ib
u
tes.
T
h
e
e
-
v
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
im
ilar
ly
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
v
o
tin
g
in
s
tan
c
es,
d
iv
id
in
g
it
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
[
4
]
.
R
eg
is
tr
atio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
ad
d
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
v
o
te
r
s
to
a
lis
t
o
f
elig
ib
le
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Valid
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
v
o
ter
s
'
v
o
tes ar
e
au
th
e
n
ticated
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
c
r
ed
en
tials
an
d
elig
ib
i
lity
wh
en
ca
s
tin
g
th
em
.
T
h
e
c
o
llectio
n
ag
g
r
eg
ates
all
s
u
b
m
itted
v
o
tes.
T
ally
in
g
co
m
p
u
tes,
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
v
o
tes.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ites
m
u
s
t b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
to
r
em
ain
v
alid
[
4
]
:
‒
Acc
u
r
ac
y
:
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
v
o
te
m
a
n
ip
u
latio
n
.
Pre
v
en
tin
g
le
g
al
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
r
i
lleg
al
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
v
o
tes in
t
h
e
f
in
al
tally
a
n
d
d
etec
tin
g
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
tin
g
an
y
i
n
ac
cu
r
ac
ies to
ac
h
iev
e
a
f
lawless
f
in
al
co
u
n
t.
‒
I
n
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
:
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
v
o
tes
ar
e
ca
s
t
o
n
ly
b
y
elig
ib
le
v
o
ter
s
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
r
estrictin
g
ea
c
h
elig
ib
le
v
o
ter
to
a
s
in
g
le
v
o
te.
‒
Priv
ac
y
:
p
r
ec
lu
d
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
lin
k
a
v
o
te
to
its
ca
s
ter
.
Pre
v
en
tin
g
v
o
ter
s
f
r
o
m
d
is
clo
s
in
g
th
eir
v
o
te
ch
o
ices,
th
u
s
m
itig
atin
g
p
o
ten
t
ial
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
u
ch
as v
o
te
b
u
y
in
g
o
r
c
o
er
cio
n
.
‒
Ver
if
iab
ilit
y
:
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
en
titi
es
to
tally
all
v
alid
v
o
tes
ac
cu
r
ately
,
allo
win
g
v
o
ter
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
eir
v
o
tes wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
an
d
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
p
er
ties
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
]
:
a)
So
u
n
d
n
ess
,
u
n
r
eu
s
ab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
leten
ess
:
‒
So
u
n
d
n
ess
:
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
elec
t
io
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
in
v
alid
ated
b
y
an
y
v
o
ter
,
a
n
d
r
ec
tify
i
n
g
an
y
id
en
tifie
d
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
f
in
al
tally
.
‒
Un
-
r
eu
s
ab
ilit
y
:
p
r
o
h
ib
itin
g
v
o
t
er
s
f
r
o
m
ca
s
tin
g
m
u
ltip
le
v
o
te
s
.
‒
C
o
m
p
leten
ess
:
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
co
u
n
ter
f
eit
v
o
tes,
with
d
r
awa
l
o
f
v
e
r
if
ied
v
o
tes,
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
i
n
v
alid
v
o
tes in
th
e
f
in
al
tally
.
b)
Priv
ac
y
:
p
r
eser
v
in
g
an
o
n
y
m
it
y
b
y
p
r
ec
lu
d
i
n
g
an
y
as
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
a
b
allo
t a
n
d
its
ca
s
ter
.
c)
E
lig
ib
ilit
y
:
allo
win
g
all
elig
ib
le
an
d
r
e
g
is
ter
ed
v
o
ter
s
to
p
ar
ti
cip
ate
in
th
e
v
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
d)
Fair
n
ess
:
with
h
o
ld
in
g
p
ar
tial
e
lectio
n
r
esu
lts
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
ec
r
ec
y
o
f
v
o
ted
b
allo
ts
u
n
til
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
tin
g
s
ess
io
n
,
th
u
s
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
u
n
d
u
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t v
o
ter
s
.
e)
Ver
if
iab
ilit
y
:
e
n
ab
lin
g
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
tally
'
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
with
t
h
e
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
v
o
ter
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
eir
v
o
tes wh
ile
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
f)
Un
co
er
cib
ilit
y
:
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
v
o
t
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
is
clo
s
in
g
th
eir
v
o
te
ch
o
ices,
th
er
eb
y
in
h
i
b
itin
g
p
o
t
en
tial c
o
er
cio
n
o
r
v
o
te
b
u
y
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
in
g
e
-
v
o
tin
g
u
s
in
g
a
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
-
v
o
ti
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
as
also
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
[
5
]
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
i
n
th
e
Ap
p
let
s
y
s
tem
.
B
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
e
n
ab
le
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
o
ter
s
an
d
v
er
i
f
ier
s
with
o
u
t
d
is
clo
s
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
is
r
ep
o
r
t,
th
eir
s
y
s
tem
s
ex
ce
l
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
co
l
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
,
ap
p
licatio
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
o
f
p
air
in
g
-
b
ased
c
r
y
p
t
o
g
r
ap
h
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
e
e
-
v
o
tin
g
Ap
p
let
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
3
2
2
1
C
o
m
p
u
t Sci
I
n
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
25
:
20
-
27
22
(
SEAS
)
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
q
u
esti
o
n
i
n
v
o
lv
e
en
titi
es
s
u
ch
as
v
alid
ato
r
,
v
o
ter
/p
o
ll
s
t
er
,
an
d
tallier
-
th
e
r
e
ar
e
n
o
ta
b
le
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
em
[
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
v
al
id
ato
r
a
n
d
p
o
lls
ter
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
twice.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
in
th
is
r
e
p
o
r
t'
s
s
y
s
tem
,
u
tili
zin
g
Z
KP
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
o
u
r
e
x
ch
an
g
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
o
ter
id
e
n
tity
v
er
if
icatio
n
r
elies
o
n
Sch
n
o
r
r
'
s
ze
r
o
-
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
a
t
r
ip
le
-
m
ess
ag
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
a,
c,
r
)
to
co
n
f
ir
m
v
o
ter
id
e
n
tity
with
o
u
t
r
ev
ea
lin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
v
o
lv
es
a
d
elica
te
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
co
m
p
etin
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Ma
in
tain
in
g
v
o
ter
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
ca
n
c
o
m
e
in
t
o
ten
s
i
o
n
with
th
e
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[
2
0
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a
n
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clu
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s
to
k
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p
th
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d
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titi
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h
id
d
en
[
8
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
On
e
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s
s
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tio
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is
to
im
p
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R
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
C
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3
2
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[
2
2
]
.
I
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r
elatio
n
to
b
e
tr
u
e)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
an
d
in
tu
itiv
e
Py
th
o
n
co
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
'
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
co
n
ce
p
t'
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
co
d
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
illu
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
th
e
1
i
n
l
ze
r
o
-
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
as
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
w
o
r
k
s
,
u
s
in
g
Sch
n
o
r
r
'
s
I
D
as
th
e
co
r
e
p
r
in
cip
le.
T
h
e
co
d
e
s
im
u
lates
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
s
ex
p
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
ter
a
n
d
v
al
id
ato
r
en
titi
es,
b
u
t it
d
o
es n
o
t
h
an
d
le
v
alu
es in
th
e
ty
p
ical
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
m
an
n
er
.
I
t
u
s
es
s
tan
d
ar
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
av
ailab
le
in
Py
th
o
n
to
im
p
lem
en
t
R
SA
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
o
f
v
o
tes,
as
well
a
s
th
e
s
ig
n
in
g
an
d
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
to
au
th
en
ticate
th
e
Valid
ato
r
.
A
s
am
p
le
o
u
t
p
u
t f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
3
2
2
1
C
o
m
p
u
t Sci
I
n
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
25
:
20
-
27
24
3
.
1
.
E
f
f
iciency
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
Fo
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
lib
r
a
r
y
f
o
r
th
is
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
ze
r
o
-
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
r
o
o
f
d
escr
ip
tio
n
l
an
g
u
ag
e
(
Z
KPDL
)
is
th
e
id
ea
l f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
e
f
f
icien
tly
in
teg
r
ates
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
n
d
s
o
f
twar
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
v
e
r
if
iab
le
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
Z
KPDL
co
m
p
iler
wo
u
ld
en
a
b
le
th
e
f
u
ll
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
in
ce
o
n
l
y
a
s
in
g
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
ev
al
u
ated
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
,
t
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was d
ee
m
ed
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject.
W
h
en
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
tim
es
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
in
t
h
e
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
co
m
p
ilatio
n
tim
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
in
cr
e
m
en
tally
.
An
aly
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
d
e
a
n
d
th
e
lo
o
p
s
with
i
n
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
tim
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
O(
l)
,
wh
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
ter
s
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l'
s
ex
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e
wo
u
ld
s
ca
le
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
l
.
3
.
2
.
Securit
y
e
v
a
lua
t
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
Acc
ura
cy
T
o
m
ain
tain
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
v
o
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
v
o
ter
I
Ds
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
cr
ed
en
tials
s
en
t
o
v
e
r
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
f
o
r
d
ata
v
alid
atio
n
in
d
atab
ases
,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
s
elec
t
o
r
'
s
d
ev
ice
is
at
r
is
k
o
f
b
ein
g
in
f
ec
ted
with
m
alwa
r
e
o
r
m
alicio
u
s
s
o
f
twar
e
th
at
g
o
es
u
n
d
etec
ted
.
T
h
ese
m
alwa
r
e
s
cr
ip
ts
,
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
en
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
a
n
etwo
r
k
,
c
an
o
p
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
p
to
th
r
ea
ts
s
u
ch
as
m
an
-
in
-
th
e
-
m
id
d
le
attac
k
s
,
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
alwa
r
e
attac
k
s
,
w
h
er
e
attac
k
er
s
ca
n
m
an
ip
u
late,
s
teal,
o
r
ex
p
lo
it
d
a
ta
b
y
in
ter
ce
p
tin
g
n
etwo
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
s
u
ch
th
r
ea
ts
,
d
ata
is
s
en
t
in
an
en
cr
y
p
ted
f
o
r
m
at,
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
es,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
m
e
s
s
ag
e
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
R
SA
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
/d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
,
wh
ile
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
i
s
en
cr
y
p
ted
with
th
e
v
o
ter
'
s
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
,
wh
ich
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
d
ec
r
y
p
te
d
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
r
i
v
ate
k
ey
.
‒
R
ep
lay
attac
k
:
t
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
atta
ck
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ess
ag
es
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
en
t
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
en
d
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
a
r
e
in
ter
ce
p
ted
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
d
ata
is
s
en
t b
ac
k
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
y
p
o
s
in
g
as a
leg
itima
te
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
m
alicio
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Z
KP p
r
o
to
co
l f
o
r
th
e
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
u
ch
attac
k
s
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
ev
er
al
r
an
d
o
m
c
h
allen
g
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
attac
k
er
ca
n
n
o
t
c
ap
tu
r
e
th
e
d
ata
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
,
as
th
ey
a
r
e
u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
wer
s
to
all
th
e
c
h
allen
g
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
ail
s
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
attac
k
.
‒
Man
-
in
-
th
e
-
m
id
d
le
attac
k
:
in
th
is
attac
k
,
an
attac
k
er
i
n
ter
ce
p
ts
an
d
estab
lis
h
es
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
v
er
an
d
v
e
r
if
ier
to
alter
a
n
d
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
d
ata
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
o
u
r
Z
KP
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
m
o
d
el,
th
e
attac
k
er
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
n
ab
le
to
e
s
tab
lis
h
s
u
ch
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
as
th
ey
will
n
o
t
g
ain
an
y
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
leg
itima
te
n
o
d
e'
s
p
r
iv
ate
k
ey
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
v
er
an
d
v
er
if
ier
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sam
p
le
o
u
tp
u
t p
r
o
g
r
am
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
C
o
m
p
u
t Sci
I
n
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2722
-
3
2
2
1
S
ec
u
r
e
e
-
vo
tin
g
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
S
ch
o
r
r
's zero
-
kn
o
w
led
g
e
id
en
t
ifica
tio
n
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
n
d
a
h
Octa
via
n
i La
leb
)
25
3
.
2
.
2
.
I
nv
uln
er
a
bil
it
y
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
ca
n
b
e
en
s
u
r
e
d
as f
o
llo
ws:
‒
C
lo
n
e
attac
k
:
a
clo
n
e
attac
k
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
a
leg
itima
te
n
o
d
e
o
r
v
o
ter
is
d
u
p
licated
,
cr
ea
t
in
g
co
u
n
te
r
f
eit
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
On
e
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
clo
n
in
g
th
e
n
o
d
e
with
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
d
e
I
D
b
u
t
th
e
s
am
e
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
as
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
n
o
d
e.
I
n
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
t
h
e
Z
KP
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
f
ail
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
co
n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
d
a
ta
tr
an
s
f
er
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
v
alid
ate
th
e
cl
o
n
ed
n
o
d
e
I
D
d
u
e
to
a
m
is
m
atch
with
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
k
ey
.
Alter
n
ativ
ely
,
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
u
s
e
v
alid
n
o
d
e
I
Ds
b
u
t
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
eq
u
al
p
r
iv
ate
k
e
y
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Z
KP
a
u
th
en
ticatio
n
will
s
till
f
ail,
s
to
p
p
in
g
d
ata
t
r
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es,
as
th
e
clo
n
ed
n
o
d
e
I
D
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
k
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
v
er
if
ied
b
y
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
an
y
u
n
au
t
h
o
r
ized
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
w
o
u
ld
b
e
u
n
ab
le
to
co
n
v
in
ce
th
e
v
er
if
ier
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
th
e
leg
itima
te
n
o
d
e
[
2
6
]
.
‒
I
n
ter
leav
in
g
attac
k
:
i
n
t
h
is
attac
k
,
an
ad
v
e
r
s
ar
y
attem
p
ts
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
atter
n
a
n
d
en
g
ag
e
with
th
e
leg
itima
te
v
o
ter
u
s
in
g
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
co
llected
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Z
K
P
m
o
d
el’
s
h
ig
h
co
m
p
lex
ity
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
r
elim
in
ates
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
an
attac
k
er
g
ath
e
r
in
g
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
d
et
ails
.
E
v
en
if
an
attac
k
er
m
an
ag
es to
o
b
tain
th
i
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
s
till
b
e
u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
ch
all
en
g
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
as th
ese
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
g
e
n
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e
v
er
if
ier
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
[
4
]
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
P
riv
a
c
y
Pri
v
a
cy
is
g
u
ar
an
te
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
em
en
tati
o
n
o
f
Sc
h
n
o
r
r
'
s
z
e
r
o
-
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
i
d
en
tif
ic
ati
o
n
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
.
B
all
o
ts
ar
e
en
cr
y
p
t
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
b
li
c
k
e
y
o
f
th
e
b
a
c
k
-
en
d
s
y
s
tem
,
s
o
v
o
t
er
a
n
o
n
y
m
it
y
is
m
ain
tai
n
ed
,
wit
h
o
n
l
y
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
p
r
iv
at
e
k
ey
b
e
in
g
a
b
le
t
o
d
ec
r
y
p
t
it
.
On
e
o
f
th
es
e
t
h
r
ea
ts
t
o
p
r
iv
ac
y
is
a
s
e
cr
ec
y
att
ac
k
,
wh
er
e
p
e
r
p
et
r
a
to
r
s
p
o
s
e
as
v
e
r
i
f
ie
r
s
to
s
t
ea
l
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
tr
u
s
t
ed
p
a
r
t
ies
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
at
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
Z
KP
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
ts
t
wo
-
w
ay
a
u
t
h
e
n
ti
ca
t
io
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
b
ase
s
t
ati
o
n
f
ir
s
t
au
th
e
n
ti
ca
t
es
t
h
e
v
e
r
i
f
ie
r
b
e
f
o
r
e
g
ai
n
i
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
[
4
]
.
3
.
2
.
4
.
Ver
if
ia
bil
it
y
Vo
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
a
r
ec
eip
t
o
r
m
ess
ag
e
co
n
f
ir
m
at
io
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
en
cr
y
p
ted
b
allo
ts
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
,
allo
win
g
ea
ch
v
o
ter
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
eir
b
allo
t.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
Z
KP
p
r
o
to
c
o
l,
v
o
ter
eli
g
ib
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
v
er
if
ied
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
ea
ch
v
o
ter
ca
s
ts
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
v
o
te
i
n
ea
ch
elec
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ch
allen
g
e
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
[
2
5
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Alth
o
u
g
h
Sch
n
o
r
r
'
s
ze
r
o
-
k
n
o
wled
g
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
v
o
te
r
a
n
o
n
y
m
it
y
,
s
ec
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
etwe
en
v
o
ter
s
an
d
v
e
r
if
ier
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
c
er
n
wh
en
d
esig
n
in
g
th
is
s
y
s
tem
.
As
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
Dif
f
i
e
–
Hellm
an
k
ey
ex
c
h
an
g
e
c
o
u
ld
e
n
h
an
ce
s
ec
u
r
ity
d
u
r
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
c
h
an
g
e
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
two
p
ar
ties
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
s
in
ce
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
r
io
r
itiz
es
v
o
ter
an
o
n
y
m
ity
,
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
ch
as
v
o
te
tally
in
g
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
e
d
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
co
u
n
tin
g
v
o
tes.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
o
th
er
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
u
tili
ze
h
o
m
o
m
o
r
p
h
ic
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
tally
.
An
o
th
er
asp
ec
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
is
th
at
th
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
a
b
asic
ap
p
licatio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
o
n
ly
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
:
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
in
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
v
er
if
ia
b
ilit
y
.
E
-
v
o
tin
g
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
is
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
e
m
p
h
asizes
h
ig
h
s
ec
u
r
ity
t
o
p
r
o
tect
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
m
in
im
ize
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ie
s
in
v
o
te
c
o
u
n
tin
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
in
ce
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
in
v
o
lv
es
f
o
u
r
ex
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t,
it
tak
es
m
o
r
e
tim
e
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t,
a
b
lin
d
s
ig
n
atu
r
e
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
o
n
ly
two
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
ch
an
g
es,
th
u
s
s
av
in
g
tim
e.
5.
F
UT
UR
E
WO
RK
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
e
-
v
o
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es,
y
et
f
u
r
th
er
ad
v
an
c
em
en
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
tack
le
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ities
an
d
elev
ate
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
aim
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
te
r
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
y
allo
win
g
v
o
ter
s
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
eir
id
e
n
titi
es
with
o
u
t
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
d
d
itio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
u
s
p
r
o
tectin
g
t
h
eir
p
r
iv
ac
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
g
o
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
es
p
o
ten
tial
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
m
ain
ta
in
s
th
e
p
r
in
cip
l
es
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
ilit
y
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
v
e
r
if
iab
ilit
y
in
th
e
v
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
,
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
em
er
g
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
ch
allen
g
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
it
is
b
o
th
r
eliab
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
3
2
2
1
C
o
m
p
u
t Sci
I
n
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
25
:
20
-
27
26
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
s
in
ce
r
ely
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
D
ep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
,
C
o
m
p
u
ter
,
an
d
Netwo
r
k
Pro
g
r
am
at
th
e
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
o
f
Ku
p
an
g
f
o
r
th
eir
i
n
v
alu
ab
le
g
u
i
d
an
ce
,
ex
p
er
tis
e,
an
d
u
n
wav
e
r
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
o
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
DI
PA f
u
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
o
f
K
u
p
an
g
in
2
0
2
4
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
I
n
d
ah
Octa
v
ia
n
i L
aleb
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Dan
iel
M.
D.
U.
Kass
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
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D
r
a
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r
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&
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d
i
t
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Vi
:
Vi
su
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t
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Su
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Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
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P
:
P
r
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