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S
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tu
re
s
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m
a
x
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m
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o
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o
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t
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k
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P
P
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m
e
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a
n
d
e
n
v
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o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
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n
.
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P
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ti
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sly
m
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th
e
m
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x
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m
p
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p
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t
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to
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lso
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s
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.
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s
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an
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ab
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t
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in
co
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s
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lig
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t
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t
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n
er
g
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.
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n
th
e
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th
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h
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m
ak
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ca
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b
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ex
p
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n
s
iv
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b
u
t
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
f
u
l
l
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
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t
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
,
MP
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ca
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co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
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ch
an
g
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in
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
an
d
cu
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r
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
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let
s
th
e
b
atter
y
ab
s
o
r
b
ex
tr
a
en
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r
g
y
in
t
h
e
f
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m
o
f
v
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as
well
as
cu
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e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
tex
t
co
m
p
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th
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p
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f
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m
a
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ce
o
f
d
if
f
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r
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t M
PP
s
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s
tem
s
u
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in
g
th
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s
am
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cir
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T
h
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p
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to
cu
r
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r
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p
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th
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n
atu
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n
'
s
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n
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d
th
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b
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Her
e
,
I
SC
r
ef
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s
to
th
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s
h
o
r
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cir
cu
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cu
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f
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k
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/m
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p
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c
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f
icien
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f
th
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ce
ll
[
1
]
.
A
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
DC
-
DC
)
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
a
n
i
p
u
late
th
e
lo
a
d
an
d
ch
an
g
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th
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d
u
ty
cy
cle
to
attai
n
th
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m
ax
im
u
m
en
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r
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y
f
r
o
m
th
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p
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t
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v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
[
2
]
.
MPP
is
es
s
en
tially
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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g
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N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f MP
P
meth
o
d
s
fo
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
(
Deb
a
n
i P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
339
a
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ea
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tim
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v
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f
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p
e
r
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al
co
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t.
T
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m
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co
m
m
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n
MPP
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y
s
tem
is
th
e
p
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tu
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b
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d
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(
P&
O)
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m
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in
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d
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co
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th
en
co
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g
th
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d
ir
ec
tio
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f
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p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
[
3
]
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
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is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
MPP
m
eth
o
d
an
d
h
as
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
lo
g
ic
lib
r
ar
y
,
f
u
z
zin
g
,
an
d
p
o
licy
en
g
in
e
[
4
]
.
I
n
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
cu
m
u
lativ
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in
p
u
ts
an
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o
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tp
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(
tar
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ets)
ar
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ir
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in
g
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t,
ea
ch
n
e
u
r
o
n
esti
m
ates
th
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
lin
k
ed
to
it
u
s
in
g
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
et
b
y
th
e
lay
er
.
I
n
ea
ch
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
er
r
o
r
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
[
5
]
.
Gr
ay
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O
)
is
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
g
r
ey
wo
lf
.
T
h
e
MP
P
alg
o
r
ith
m
also
f
o
llo
ws
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
wo
lf
: tr
ac
k
in
g
,
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
,
cir
clin
g
,
an
d
attac
k
in
g
[
6
]
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
O
F
SO
L
AR
P
ANEL
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
a
s
a
PN
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
ju
n
ctio
n
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
e
n
lit.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
c
an
b
e
s
h
o
wn
as
a
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esis
to
r
,
a
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
t
o
r
,
a
s
er
ies
r
esis
to
r
,
an
d
a
d
io
d
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
ar
allel
an
d
s
er
ies
r
esis
to
r
s
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
leak
ag
e
f
lo
win
g
in
s
id
e
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
at
th
e
p
er
ip
h
e
r
al
co
n
tac
t
p
o
in
t
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PV
m
o
d
ellin
g
T
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
ical
m
o
d
el
c
o
r
r
elati
n
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
)
[
8
]
.
=
ℎ
−
(
(
+
)
−
1
)
−
+
ℎ
(
1
)
Her
e
ℎ
in
d
icate
s
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
(
∝
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
)
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ar
r
ay
,
im
p
lies
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
(
1
.
602
−
19
)
,
ex
p
r
ess
es
t
h
e
d
io
d
e'
s
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t
(
1
.
381
−
23
/
)
,
ℎ
an
d
ar
e
th
e
PV
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
er
ies
r
esi
s
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
(
Kelv
in
)
is
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
ℎ
)
lar
g
ely
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
co
m
in
g
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
lev
el
a
n
d
wo
r
k
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
ell,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
as
(
2
)
.
ℎ
=
[
+
1
(
−
)
]
(
2
)
Her
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
at
2
5
°C
an
d
1
k
W
/m
2
,
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
,
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
(
2
5
°
C
)
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
o
lar
i
n
s
o
latio
n
lev
el
in
k
W
/m
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
P
P
m
o
del
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
ar
r
ay
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
t
o
wh
ich
it
is
r
elate
d
.
W
h
ils
t
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
ed
to
a
lo
ad
,
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
r
ar
ely
o
p
er
ates
at
its
MP
P
[
9
]
.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
ex
tr
ac
t
m
ax
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
cy
cle.
T
h
is
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
in
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
with
an
MPP
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
g
u
ar
an
tees
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
p
a
n
el
b
en
ea
th
v
a
r
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
2
.
DC
-
DC
c
o
nv
er
t
er
A
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
s
tep
s
u
p
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
g
e
n
er
atin
g
a
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it
u
tili
zin
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
o
p
e
r
ates in
two
d
is
tin
ct
m
o
d
es:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
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7
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2
I
n
t J Ap
p
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g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
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2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
3
38
-
34
6
340
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Mo
d
e
1
:
W
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e
MO
SF
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T
is
s
witch
ed
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n
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t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
to
r
es
en
er
g
y
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ca
u
s
in
g
its
cu
r
r
en
t
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
wh
ile
th
e
d
io
d
e
r
em
ain
s
o
f
f
.
-
Mo
d
e
2
:
W
h
en
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
its
s
to
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ed
en
er
g
y
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r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
io
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e,
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
e
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ec
ess
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
is
r
e
g
u
lated
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
'
s
o
n
/o
f
f
s
witch
in
g
tim
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
.
=
1
1
−
(
3
)
Her
e
im
p
lies
PV
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
re
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
a
n
d
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ci
r
c
u
it d
iag
r
am
3.
M
P
P
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
MPP
i
s
ess
en
tia
lly
a
f
lig
h
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
o
p
er
at
in
g
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
b
tain
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
.
Fiv
e
MPP
co
n
ce
p
ts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
m
a
n
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
t
o
m
o
n
it
o
r
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
f
i
v
e
MP
P
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
:
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
(
P
&
O
)
,
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
(
F
L
C
)
,
a
r
t
i
f
i
ci
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
(
A
N
N
)
,
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
b
a
s
e
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
n
e
two
r
k
f
u
z
z
y
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
AN
F
I
S
)
,
a
n
d
g
r
a
y
w
o
l
f
o
p
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
(
G
W
O
)
.
3
.
1
.
P
er
t
urb a
nd
o
bs
er
v
e
(
P
&O
)
T
h
e
m
ain
p
r
em
is
e
o
f
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
(
P&
O)
is
to
ca
lib
r
ate
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
wattag
e
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
PW
M
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
t
h
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
At
an
y
tim
e
j,
if
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
P(j)
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
a
r
r
ay
an
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V(
j
)
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
is
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
ca
lcu
l
ated
p
o
wer
P(j
-
1
)
,
th
en
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
e
ct
r
em
ain
s
th
e
s
am
e
an
d
V(
j
-
1
)
d
o
es
n
o
t
c
h
an
g
e,
o
th
er
wis
e,
th
e
r
esu
lt
is
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
lo
wch
a
r
t o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
cl
u
d
es f
o
u
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
-
W
ith
∆
<
0
&
(
)
>
(
−
1
)
,
r
esu
lts
in
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
∆
-
W
ith
∆
<
0
&
(
)
>
(
−
1
)
,
r
esu
lts
in
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
∆
-
W
ith
∆
>
0
&
(
)
<
(
−
1
)
,
r
esu
lts
in
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
∆
-
W
ith
∆
>
0
&
(
)
<
(
−
1
)
,
r
esu
lts
in
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
∆
Her
e
,
D
is
th
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
s
elec
ted
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
[
1
5
]
.
Use M
AT
L
AB
to
s
im
u
late
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
t th
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Dep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
o
f
th
e
s
lo
p
e,
t
h
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
er
t
u
r
b
ed
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
T
h
e
f
l
o
wch
ar
t o
f
a
ty
p
ical
P&
O
MPP a
lg
o
r
ith
m
illu
s
tr
ates th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
3
.
2
.
F
uzzy
lo
g
ic
co
ntr
o
ller
(
F
L
C)
FLCs
ca
n
b
e
ch
o
s
en
to
a
v
o
id
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies,
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ate
r
ial
er
r
o
r
s
,
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
els [
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
r
ee
s
tag
es:
-
Fu
zz
if
icatio
n
:
U
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
r
ea
l
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
E
an
d
C
E
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
f
u
zz
y
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les [
1
7
]
.
-
R
u
le
en
g
in
e
an
d
in
f
er
en
ce
b
ase:
A
ll
p
ar
am
eter
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
in
a
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
b
ase
,
wh
ich
is
a
s
e
t
o
f
if
-
th
en
lo
g
ic
r
u
les.
I
t
is
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
ca
lled
th
e
f
u
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
ce
en
g
in
e
,
co
n
v
e
r
ts
th
e
b
asic
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
in
to
f
u
zz
y
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
in
f
er
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
f
u
zz
y
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
r
u
les [
1
8
]
.
-
De
-
f
u
zz
if
icatio
n
:
T
h
e
in
f
e
r
en
ce
en
g
in
e
ev
alu
ates
th
e
r
u
les
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tep
l
ev
el
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
s
et
o
f
f
u
zz
y
in
p
u
ts
th
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
d
ef
u
zz
if
ie
d
.
B
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ea
ch
r
u
le,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
b
asic
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
to
r
ea
l
n
u
m
b
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
T
h
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
ar
ea
(
C
OA)
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
u
zz
if
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f MP
P
meth
o
d
s
fo
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
(
Deb
a
n
i P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
341
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
P&
O
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
3
.
3
.
Art
if
ici
a
l
neura
l net
wo
rk
(
ANN)
Ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
r
e
p
licate
th
e
b
r
ain
'
s
n
eu
r
al
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
eu
r
o
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
p
le
x
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
wei
g
h
ted
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
s
ig
n
als
to
ad
jac
en
t
n
eu
r
o
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
r
ain
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
r
esu
lts
(
tar
g
ets).
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
ea
c
h
n
eu
r
o
n
esti
m
ates
th
e
ac
tiv
at
io
n
lev
el
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
it
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
th
at
lay
er
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ea
c
h
iter
atio
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
an
a
ly
zin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
[
2
2
]
.
B
y
r
ep
ea
tin
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
w
ill
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
n
til
th
e
d
esire
d
lev
el
is
r
ea
ch
ed
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
m
u
ltil
ay
e
r
p
er
ce
p
tr
o
n
(
ML
P)
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
u
s
ed
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
lay
er
s
:
in
p
u
t
lay
e
r
,
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
e
r
,
a
n
d
h
id
d
en
lay
er
.
T
h
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
tr
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
cr
iter
io
n
,
with
th
e
h
id
d
en
lay
er
u
tili
zin
g
a
tan
g
en
t
s
ig
m
o
id
t
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
u
s
in
g
a
lin
ea
r
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
MPP
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
m
p
r
is
es
two
s
tag
es:
f
ir
s
t,
tr
ain
in
g
an
ar
tifi
cial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
in
MA
T
L
AB
to
d
eter
m
in
e
o
p
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
u
tili
zin
g
a
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
r
ef
in
e
t
h
e
MPP th
r
o
u
g
h
iter
ativ
e
lo
o
p
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
3
.
4
.
Ada
ptiv
e
neuro
-
f
uzzy
i
nfe
re
nce
s
y
s
t
em
(
ANF
I
S)
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
FLC
an
d
ANN
en
ab
les
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
m
eth
o
d
ca
lled
an
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S).
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AFI
S
-
b
ase
d
MPP
co
n
t
r
o
ller
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
AFI
S
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
m
o
d
el,
th
e
FL
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
,
an
d
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
MPP
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
o
r
k
s
b
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
an
d
co
n
v
er
tin
g
it
in
to
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
(
MPP)
p
er
io
d
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
ANFI
S
to
es
tim
ate
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
o
p
to
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Me
asu
r
e
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
m
o
d
u
le'
s
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t u
n
d
er
id
en
tical
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
it
to
th
e
v
alu
e
u
t
ilized
in
th
e
ANFI
S
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
t
wo
p
o
wer
v
al
u
es
is
co
m
p
u
ted
,
y
ield
in
g
an
er
r
o
r
s
i
g
n
al
th
at
is
th
en
in
p
u
t
in
to
th
e
FL
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
d
u
r
in
g
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
al
th
at
a
d
ju
s
ts
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
to
o
p
e
r
ate
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t (
MPP)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
3
38
-
34
6
342
3
.
5
.
G
ra
y
wo
l
f
o
ptim
izer
(
G
WO
)
T
h
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
r
aws
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
llectiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
g
r
e
y
wo
lv
es,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
o
v
el
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
p
tim
ize
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
a
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
r
s
o
lv
e
a
n
aly
tically
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
wo
lf
'
s
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
iter
ativ
ely
u
p
d
ated
,
al
o
n
g
with
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
esu
lt
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
attac
k
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ca
n
b
e
ex
h
ib
ited
by
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
⃗
=
|
⃗
⋅
⃗
(
)
−
⃗
(
)
|
(
5
)
⃗
(
+
1
)
=
⃗
(
)
−
⃗
⋅
⃗
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
s
tan
d
s
as
th
e
p
r
esen
t
i
ter
ato
r
,
m
ea
n
wh
ile
⃗
,
⃗
,
an
d
⃗
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
v
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
⃗
(
)
is
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
to
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
ey
,
wh
ile
⃗
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
t
o
r
o
f
th
e
wo
l
f
[
3
2
]
.
E
s
tim
ated
v
alu
es
o
f
v
ec
to
r
s
⃗
an
d
⃗
ar
e
as
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
.
⃗
=
2
⃗
⃗
⋅
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
−
⃗
⃗
(
7
)
⃗
=
2
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
(
8
)
W
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
⃗
⃗
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
es
l
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
f
r
o
m
2
t
o
0
.
T
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
e
c
t
o
r
s
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
,
2
⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗
a
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
[
0
,
1
]
.
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
f
iv
e
MPP
tech
n
iq
u
es:
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
(
P&
O)
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
FLC),
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
f
u
zz
y
in
f
e
r
en
c
e
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S),
an
d
g
r
ay
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O)
[
3
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
v
e
u
s
in
g
p
e
r
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
X
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tim
e
a
n
d
Y
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
p
o
wer
.
A
t
1
=
0
.
2
5
cm
an
d
2
=
0
.
7
5
cm
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
ed
is
1
=
6
1
0
.
7
W
an
d
1
=
6
0
9
.
3
W
with
s
lo
p
e
2
.
9
7
3
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
is
p
er
io
d
ic
in
n
atu
r
e
an
d
h
as
n
o
n
-
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
o
s
cillatio
n
as o
u
tp
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
v
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
FLC)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
X
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tim
e
,
w
h
ile
th
e
Y
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
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o
wer
.
At
1
=
0
.
2
5
cm
an
d
2
=
0
.
7
5
cm
p
o
we
r
o
b
tain
ed
is
1
=
3
4
7
.
0
W
an
d
2
=
3
3
0
.
3
W
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
with
s
l
o
p
e
2
7
.
9
4
8
.
Her
e,
p
u
ls
atin
g
DC
is
s
ee
n
af
te
r
0
.
1
s
ec
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
v
e
u
s
in
g
a
n
ar
tific
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
ANN)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
X
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tim
e
,
w
h
ile
th
e
Y
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
p
o
wer
.
At
1
=
0
.
2
5
cm
an
d
2
=
0
.
7
5
cm
p
o
we
r
o
b
tain
ed
is
1
=
3
1
8
.
8
W
an
d
2
=
3
1
3
.
6
W
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
with
s
l
o
p
e
0
.
9
2
7
5
.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
r
em
ai
n
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
till
0
.
0
5
s
ec
an
d
th
en
b
ec
o
m
es st
a
b
le.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
v
e
u
s
in
g
a
d
ap
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
f
u
zz
y
in
te
r
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
ANFI
S)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
X
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tim
e
,
wh
ile
th
e
Y
-
ax
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
p
o
wer
.
At
1
=
0
.
2
5
cm
a
n
d
2
=
0
.
7
5
c
m
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
ed
is
1
=
1
9
0
.
7
W
an
d
2
=
1
8
5
.
9
W
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
with
s
lo
p
e
9
.
6
7
7
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
r
em
ain
s
tr
an
s
ien
t
till
0
.
1
s
ec
a
n
d
th
e
n
b
ec
o
m
es
s
tab
le
i
n
n
atu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
v
e
u
s
in
g
g
r
ay
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
th
e
X
-
a
x
is
m
ea
s
u
r
es
tim
e,
wh
ile
th
e
Y
-
ax
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
p
o
wer
.
At
1
=
0
.
2
5
c
m
an
d
2
=
0
.
7
5
c
m
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
ed
is
1
=
1
0
5
.
2
W
an
d
2
=
1
0
9
.
2
W
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
with
s
lo
p
e
7
.
9
8
5
.
Pu
ls
atin
g
DC
af
ter
0
.
1
s
ec
f
o
llo
win
g
a
d
r
o
p
at
0
.
0
5
s
ec
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ou
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
o
f
P&
O
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
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n
g
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SS
N:
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-
8
7
9
2
C
o
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f MP
P
meth
o
d
s
fo
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
(
Deb
a
n
i P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
343
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
o
f
ANN
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
o
f
ANFI
S
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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t
p
u
t p
o
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r
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o
f
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O
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
ef
f
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d
s
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p
e
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
MPP m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
ef
f
icien
cy
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
in
th
e
c
ase
o
f
th
e
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O
m
eth
o
d
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er
ein
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f
icien
cy
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
9
)
.
=
×
100
(
9
)
E
f
f
icien
cy
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
MPP
tech
n
iq
u
es
is
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
is
s
im
u
lated
at
a
f
ix
e
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°
C
an
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
o
f
1
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k
W
/m
2
.
T
h
e
s
im
p
le
cir
cu
it
an
d
s
m
all
lo
ad
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
i
n
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o
f
th
e
MPP
m
o
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el
r
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tio
n
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er
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o
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o
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O
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o
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ith
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,
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o
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er
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t
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o
f
6
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4
2
5
W
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ak
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n
g
it m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t th
an
th
e
r
est f
o
u
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t M
PP
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
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I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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2
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n
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34
6
344
T
ab
le
1
.
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f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
lo
p
e
o
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d
if
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e
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en
t
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eth
o
d
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S
.
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o
M
P
P
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
I
n
p
u
t
p
o
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e
r
(
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u
t
p
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t
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e
r
(
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Ef
f
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(
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l
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&O
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5
2
6
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3
9
9
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8
2
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3
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u
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6
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5
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5
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8
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6
1
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4
5
2
3
1
8
.
8
5
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2
0
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9
7
2
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4
A
N
F
I
S
6
1
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4
5
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9
0
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1
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2
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6
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4
5
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5
6
.
8
2
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.
6
7
.
9
8
5
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
u
tili
ze
s
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
th
at
th
ey
wo
r
k
in
an
y
clim
ate.
I
t
g
ets
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
a
v
ailab
le
PV
u
n
its
an
d
is
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ea
t
u
r
es
an
d
h
o
w
t
o
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
i
q
u
es
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
th
at
th
e
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
an
FLC,
ANN,
ANFI
S,
an
d
G
W
O
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
it
h
as
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
g
at
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t.
Am
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
f
iv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
p
ilo
tin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t o
f
a
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
,
th
e
least
s
lo
p
e
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
ANN
m
eth
o
d
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
ANN
m
eth
o
d
h
as th
e
h
ig
h
est s
tab
ilit
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
was su
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
“
W
o
o
s
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
’
s
Aca
d
em
ic
R
esear
ch
Fu
n
d
in
g
-
2
0
2
5
”
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
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u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
8
f
ro
m
KIIT
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Od
ish
a
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
wa
rd
e
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
KIIT
d
e
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
P
a
ti
a
,
B
h
u
b
a
n
e
s
wa
r,
Od
ish
a
,
I
n
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
8
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
rv
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
As
sis
tan
t
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT,
d
e
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
a
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
P
a
t
ia,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
Od
ish
a
.
His
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
so
lar
fo
re
c
a
stin
g
,
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
in
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
rse
n
a
p
a
ti
fe
l@k
ii
t.
a
c
.
in
.
Pra
b
in
Biswa
l
wa
s
p
u
rsu
in
g
B.
Tec
h
.
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
Od
ish
a
,
In
d
ia
(Ba
tch
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
).
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
a
re
d
ig
it
a
l
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
a
lo
g
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
3
1
9
0
3
5
@
ii
it
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
S
wa
y
a
m
j
y
o
ti
S
a
ta
p
a
th
y
wa
s
p
u
rsu
in
g
B.
Tec
h
.
in
El
e
c
tr
ica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
st
it
u
te
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
Od
ish
a
,
In
d
i
a
(Ba
tch
o
f
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
).
His res
e
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
a
n
d
MPPT
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
3
1
9
0
6
0
@iii
t
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
in
.
S
m
r
u
ti
S
u
sm
ita
S
a
h
u
wa
s
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
B.
Tec
h
.
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
t
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
Od
is
h
a
,
I
n
d
i
a
(Ba
tch
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
.
He
r
a
re
a
s o
f
i
n
tere
st are
d
ig
it
a
l
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
,
n
e
two
rk
th
e
o
ry
,
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
o
g
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
b
3
1
9
0
5
5
@i
i
it
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
in
.
S
u
r
e
n
d
e
r
Re
d
d
y
S
a
lk
u
t
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
In
d
ian
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ne
w
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
He
wa
s
a
p
o
std
o
c
to
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
with
Ho
wa
rd
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Was
h
i
n
g
to
n
,
DC,
USA,
fro
m
2
0
1
3
to
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
wi
th
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ra
il
r
o
a
d
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
W
o
o
so
n
g
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Da
e
jeo
n
,
S
o
u
t
h
K
o
re
a
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
m
a
rk
e
t
c
lea
rin
g
,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
d
e
m
a
n
d
re
sp
o
n
se
,
sm
a
rt
g
rid
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
with
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
win
d
,
a
n
d
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
re
n
d
e
r@ws
u
.
a
c
.
k
r
.
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