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a
d
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it
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K
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w
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C
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C
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tatio
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C
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Ar
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Dep
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Un
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Kar
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I
n
d
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m
ail:
ar
ju
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m
s
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tu
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in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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N
T
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m
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k
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s
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as
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tally
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tal
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[
1
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[
2
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n
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
E
Vs.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
o
n
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
p
er
a
tio
n
o
f
E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
E
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
s
ite
s
elec
tio
n
,
d
iv
er
s
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
ac
cu
r
ate
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
an
d
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
d
esig
n
a
r
e
cr
i
tical
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
Gr
id
im
p
ac
ts
in
clu
d
e
c
h
allen
g
es
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
u
e
t
o
n
ew
d
em
an
d
p
atter
n
s
,
n
ec
e
s
s
itatin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
lo
ad
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
u
p
g
r
ad
es.
I
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
o
f
f
er
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
en
ef
its
,
wh
ile
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
p
o
licy
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
f
in
an
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
l
an
n
in
g
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t E
V
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
2.
O
P
P
O
RT
UNI
T
I
E
S,
P
RO
B
L
E
M
S
,
AND
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S
R
E
L
A
T
E
D
T
O
E
L
E
C
T
RIC
VE
H
I
C
L
E
S
AND
I
T
S CH
ARG
I
NG
I
NF
RAST
R
UCT
URE
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
E
Vs
is
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
r
is
in
g
,
wh
ich
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
is
s
u
es
th
at
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
ac
tiv
ely
wo
r
k
in
g
to
r
eso
lv
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
less
en
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
r
elate
d
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
er
e
ar
e
also
n
ew
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
th
at
a
r
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
y
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
[
8
].
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ch
allen
g
e
is
to
r
aise
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
h
av
e
im
p
ed
ed
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
o
f
E
Vs,
s
u
ch
as
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
co
s
t,
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
r
a
n
g
e
[
9
]
.
Sev
er
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
10
]
.
-
No
t
all
E
V
m
o
d
els
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ev
er
y
k
in
d
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
an
d
n
o
t
ev
er
y
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
o
f
f
er
s
ev
er
y
k
i
n
d
o
f
ch
ar
g
e.
User
s
th
u
s
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
lo
ca
tin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
o
r
s
tatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
-
T
h
er
e
is
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
n
o
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
e
v
ice
m
a
k
er
s
.
I
t
d
if
f
er
s
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
atio
n
.
W
h
en
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
ad
h
er
es to
th
e
s
am
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
ev
ice
c
o
s
ts
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
-
At
th
e
m
o
m
en
t,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
f
o
u
n
d
in
cities an
d
ar
e
n
o
t f
o
u
n
d
o
n
h
ig
h
w
ay
s
.
-
A
lo
t
o
f
lan
d
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
a
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
a
city
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
i
s
id
ea
l
f
o
r
a
h
i
g
h
way
lo
ca
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
a
l
o
t
o
f
v
ac
an
t
lan
d
m
ay
b
e
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le.
-
T
h
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
'
s
lay
o
u
t
is
u
n
iq
u
e.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
en
co
u
n
t
er
th
e
is
s
u
e
b
ec
au
s
e
I
C
en
g
i
n
e
v
eh
icles
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
r
ef
u
elin
g
s
tatio
n
s
;
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
if
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
lat
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
,
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
will r
is
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
R
ev
iew
o
n
o
p
tima
l p
la
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles
(
M.
S
.
A
r
ju
n
)
361
3.
CH
ARG
I
NG
E
F
F
E
CT
S O
F
E
L
E
C
T
RIC V
E
H
I
C
L
E
S
Sig
n
if
ican
t
is
s
u
es
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
s
ar
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
E
Vs).
Du
e
to
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
E
Vs
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
g
r
i
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
as
a
wh
o
le.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
m
i
g
h
t
p
u
t
s
tr
ess
o
n
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
clu
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
in
b
o
t
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
o
v
er
l
o
ad
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
ese
ch
an
g
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
tr
ess
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
i
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
lik
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
an
d
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
,
an
d
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
,
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
in
v
o
lv
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
-
Stab
ilit
y
o
f
v
o
ltag
e:
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
t
o
s
u
s
tain
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
ll
s
y
s
tem
b
u
s
es
f
o
llo
win
g
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
f
r
o
m
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
itial o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t is k
n
o
wn
as v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
1
].
-
Dev
iatio
n
in
v
o
ltag
e:
W
h
en
E
V
lo
ad
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
m
o
s
tly
h
a
p
p
en
s
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
etwe
en
n
o
m
in
al
a
n
d
ac
tu
al
v
o
ltag
e
is
k
n
o
wn
as
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
.
V
D
=
V
n
–
V
a
.
No
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
is
V
n
a
n
d
a
ctu
al
v
o
ltag
e
is
eq
u
al
to
V
a
[1
2
]
,
[
13
].
-
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
:
T
h
e
g
r
id
is
u
n
d
er
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lo
ad
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
eser
v
e
m
ar
g
in
[
14
]
.
E
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
r
eg
u
lated
h
o
m
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
o
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
[
15
].
-
I
s
s
u
e
with
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
: T
h
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
e
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
C
er
tain
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es,
s
u
ch
as v
o
l
tag
e
s
ag
,
ex
is
t.
-
Har
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t:
Sig
n
al
wh
o
s
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al's
in
teg
r
al
m
u
ltip
le
in
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
ar
is
es f
r
o
m
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
l
o
ad
s
o
r
d
ev
ices
[
16
].
-
I
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
Up
o
n
r
ev
iewin
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
th
at
u
n
r
eg
u
lated
ch
ar
g
in
g
at
a
h
ig
h
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
lev
el
h
as
a
v
er
y
n
eg
ativ
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
elem
en
ts
[
17
].
-
Var
io
u
s
elem
en
ts
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
g
r
id
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
:
Var
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
p
en
et
r
atio
n
;
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
;
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
y
s
tem
p
lan
n
in
g
;
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
;
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
r
atin
g
s
;
an
d
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
p
o
wer
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
-
Sy
s
tem
f
ailu
r
es:
A
s
m
o
r
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
will
r
is
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
lo
s
s
r
is
es in
tan
d
em
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
lo
ad
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws v
ia
th
e
f
ee
d
e
r
[
18
].
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
in
v
o
lv
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
4.
E
V
CH
ARG
I
NG
T
E
CH
NO
L
O
G
Y
I
NT
E
G
RA
T
I
O
N
T
O
T
H
E
G
RID
As
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
,
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
n
ec
ts
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
s
y
s
t
em
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
tier
s
f
o
r
AC
an
d
DC
p
o
wer
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
wo
r
k
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
lectr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
I
E
C
)
,
th
e
So
ciety
f
o
r
Au
to
m
o
tiv
e
E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
(
SAE)
,
an
d
C
HAd
eM
O
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
eir
ef
f
icac
y
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
19
]
-
[2
1
].
C
h
ar
g
er
in
s
tallatio
n
,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
lev
el,
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
d
ca
b
l
e
k
in
d
s
a
r
e
all
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
class
if
y
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
[
2
2
]
.
E
V
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es,
g
r
o
u
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
[
23
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t ty
p
es o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies ar
e
also
im
p
ac
tin
g
o
n
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le
en
er
g
y
t
r
an
s
f
er
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
t
en
tails
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est
in
s
tallatio
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
a
n
d
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
lev
el
to
s
atis
f
y
v
eh
icle
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tallatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e,
wh
eth
er
it
b
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
lev
el,
wh
ich
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
p
ee
d
(
lev
el
1
,
lev
el
2
,
o
r
DC
f
ast
ch
ar
g
in
g
)
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
n
ec
to
r
ty
p
e,
wh
ich
estab
lis
h
es
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
v
ar
i
o
u
s
v
eh
icle
m
o
d
els.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
59
-
37
2
362
tr
an
s
f
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
an
d
v
eh
icle,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
tep
s
:
i)
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w:
D
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
wh
ic
h
way
th
e
p
o
wer
is
f
lo
win
g
,
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
ca
n
b
e
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al.
E
Vs
ar
e
ch
a
r
g
ed
u
s
in
g
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
a
r
g
es,
an
d
th
e
y
ar
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
u
s
in
g
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
h
ar
g
er
s
.
Veh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
is
u
s
ed
to
f
ee
d
p
o
wer
b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
with
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
ch
ar
g
er
s
[
24
].
ii)
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
:
T
h
e
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
c
h
ar
g
er
is
lo
ca
ted
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
W
h
en
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
is
b
ein
g
ch
ar
g
ed
o
f
f
-
b
o
ar
d
,
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
er
is
p
lace
d
in
a
ce
r
tain
s
p
o
t
to
m
ak
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
an
d
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
f
er
ea
s
ier
.
W
h
ile
th
e
o
f
f
-
b
o
a
r
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
r
e
n
o
w
n
ed
f
o
r
its
r
ap
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
th
e
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
u
ally
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
a
s
lo
wer
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
[
25
].
iii)
Dep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
:
(
a
)
AC
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
s
:
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
s
t
ly
an
d
t
im
e
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
k
i
n
d
o
f
o
n
-
b
o
a
r
d
ch
ar
g
e
r
is
u
s
u
all
y
t
h
e
AC
c
h
ar
g
e
r
.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
a
li
m
it
ed
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
;
t
h
u
s
,
th
e
y
c
an
o
n
l
y
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
h
ar
g
e
ca
r
s
wi
th
a
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
ca
p
a
cit
y
.
(
b
)
DC
ch
a
r
g
er
s
a
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
tiall
y
less
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
u
s
u
all
y
o
f
f
er
f
aste
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
t
h
an
AC
ch
a
r
g
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
u
al
ly
m
o
r
e
p
o
we
r
f
u
l
,
s
o
t
h
e
y
ca
n
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
s
wi
th
la
r
g
e
r
b
at
te
r
ies
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
th
ey
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
le
x
i
b
le
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
c
o
m
p
ati
b
l
e
w
it
h
e
v
e
r
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
v
e
h
i
cle
.
iv
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
lev
el
:
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
th
ey
o
f
f
e
r
.
L
ev
el
1
,
lev
el
2
,
an
d
lev
el
3
ar
e
th
e
n
am
es
g
iv
en
to
th
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
W
h
en
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
o
v
er
n
ig
h
t,
it
is
u
s
u
ally
d
o
n
e
in
a
g
ar
a
g
e
u
s
in
g
a
lev
el
1
c
h
a
r
g
er
,
w
h
ich
ch
ar
g
es
at
a
s
lo
wer
r
ate
th
an
a
r
eg
u
lar
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
o
u
tlet.
L
e
v
el
2
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
is
u
s
u
ally
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
i
v
ate
an
d
p
u
b
lic
f
ac
ilit
ies,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
2
4
0
-
v
o
lt
o
u
tlet.
T
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ty
p
icall
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
co
m
m
er
cial
u
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
p
etr
o
l
s
tatio
n
s
th
at
u
s
e
DC
q
u
ick
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
l
ev
el
3
.
A
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
p
etr
o
l
s
tatio
n
s
,
p
ar
k
in
g
g
ar
ag
es,
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ce
n
te
r
s
,
h
o
tels
,
r
est
ar
ea
s
,
m
o
v
ie
th
ea
tr
es,
an
d
r
estau
r
an
t
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
u
b
lic
lev
el
2
an
d
l
ev
el
3
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
.
As
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
estab
li
s
h
m
en
ts
[
26
]
,
[
27
].
v)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
co
n
n
ec
to
r
t
y
p
e
:
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
u
tlets
,
p
lu
g
s
,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
o
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
a
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle'
s
b
atter
y
,
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
lu
g
s
an
d
s
o
ck
ets
ar
e
av
ailab
le;
th
ese
d
if
f
er
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
,
th
e
n
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
E
V's m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
[
28
].
v
i)
Var
io
u
s
ch
ar
g
er
s
tag
es
:
Sin
g
le
-
p
h
ase
o
r
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
p
o
w
er
f
lo
ws
with
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
o
r
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
e
v
ices.
I
n
p
u
b
lic
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
ch
ar
g
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
q
u
ick
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
wh
ile
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
ch
ar
g
er
s
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
o
r
h
o
m
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
29
].
T
ab
le
1
.
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ca
teg
o
r
ies b
ased
o
n
SAE
s
tan
d
ar
d
Ty
p
e
AC
DC
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
S
l
o
w
S
e
mi
-
f
a
st
F
a
st
F
a
st
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
Le
v
e
l
Le
v
e
l
1
Le
v
e
l
2
Le
v
e
l
3
Le
v
e
l
1
Le
v
e
l
2
Le
v
e
l
3
M
a
x
V
1
2
0
V
A
C
2
4
0
V
A
C
-
2
0
0
-
5
0
0
V
D
C
2
0
0
-
5
0
0
V
D
C
2
0
0
-
6
0
0
V
D
C
M
a
x
I
1
2
A
1
6
A
-
8
0
A
2
0
0
A
4
0
0
A
M
a
x
P
2
k
W
2
0
k
W
>
2
0
k
W
4
0
k
W
1
0
0
k
W
2
4
0
k
W
O
n
/
o
f
f
b
o
a
r
d
On
-
b
o
a
r
d
On
-
b
o
a
r
d
-
Off
-
b
o
a
r
d
Off
-
b
o
a
r
d
Off
-
b
o
a
r
d
G
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
1
-
p
h
a
s
e
1
o
r
3
p
h
a
se
-
3
-
p
h
a
s
e
3
-
p
h
a
s
e
3
-
p
h
a
s
e
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
17
h
1
.
2
h
-
1
.
2
h
2
0
m
in
<
2
0
m
in
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
o
r
s
J 1
7
7
2
J 1
7
7
2
t
o
b
e
a
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
e
d
J 1
7
7
2
c
o
mb
o
J 1
7
7
2
c
o
mb
o
J 1
7
7
2
c
o
mb
o
5.
O
P
T
I
M
AL
P
L
ANN
I
NG
O
F
CH
ARG
I
NG
I
NF
RA
ST
RU
CT
UR
E
Plan
n
in
g
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
d
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
r
o
a
d
s
y
s
tem
,
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
clo
g
g
e
d
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
.
I
t
was
s
p
lit
in
to
d
is
t
in
ct
s
u
b
-
p
lan
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
a
d
m
in
is
ter
in
g
t
h
e
e
n
tire
p
lan
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
lace
s
,
th
e
air
p
o
r
t,
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
f
ir
m
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
p
lan
s
.
A
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
i
n
s
tall
E
V
s
tatio
n
s
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
p
er
ty
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
an
ies
ar
e:
NI
T
I
Aay
o
g
,
th
e
I
n
d
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
(
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
No
r
th
an
d
So
u
t
h
B
lo
ck
,
Nir
m
a
n
B
h
awa
n
,
a
n
d
Ud
y
o
g
B
h
a
wan
)
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
-
af
f
iliated
co
m
p
an
ies
(
GAI
L
,
NT
PC
,
R
u
r
al
E
lectr
if
icatio
n
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
,
I
n
d
ian
Oil,
I
n
d
ia
Po
s
t)
,
th
e
DL
F
Ma
ll
o
f
I
n
d
ia
(
o
p
tio
n
al,
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
wn
er
)
,
th
e
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
wa
y
Au
th
o
r
ity
o
f
I
n
d
ia,
an
d
th
e
Air
p
o
r
ts
Au
th
o
r
ity
o
f
I
n
d
ia
s
h
o
u
ld
all
b
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
[
3
1
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ze
r
o
o
r
ex
tr
em
ely
lo
w
ex
h
au
s
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
less
n
o
is
e,
th
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
b
etter
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
a
h
ea
lth
i
er
liv
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
3
2
]
,
[
33
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ically
p
o
wer
ed
v
eh
icles
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
le,
clea
n
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
R
ev
iew
o
n
o
p
tima
l p
la
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles
(
M.
S
.
A
r
ju
n
)
363
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
an
d
its
id
ea
l
lo
ca
tio
n
ar
e
cr
u
cial
[
34
]
,
[
35
].
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
E
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
i
d
e
d
in
to
two
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
en
d
r
iv
in
g
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
a
n
E
V
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
E
=
V*
Q
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
a
n
E
V
b
atter
y
b
y
m
u
ltip
l
y
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
its
ca
p
ac
ity
[
37
]
,
[
38
].
Op
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
:
Alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
in
g
co
s
t,
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el,
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
lev
els
o
f
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
p
o
wer
b
ala
n
ce
eq
u
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
lim
it
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
as
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
lan
n
in
g
.
E
v
er
y
g
r
i
d
'
s
cu
m
u
lativ
e
s
co
r
e
was
co
m
p
u
ted
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ea
ch
g
r
id
was
g
iv
en
a
r
a
n
k
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
g
r
id
s
with
h
ig
h
r
an
k
in
g
s
ar
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
th
e
b
est p
lace
s
to
lo
ca
te
E
V
s
tatio
n
s
[
39
].
A
g
o
o
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
p
lace
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
clu
d
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
alities
:
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
an
cial
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
ettin
g
u
p
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
n
ee
d
s
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
o
f
E
V
d
r
i
v
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
u
s
t b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
el.
L
ess
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
t
o
g
en
e
r
a
te
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
40
].
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
eth
o
d
ica
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
in
s
tallatio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
test
n
etwo
r
k
wh
er
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
t
o
b
e
in
s
talled
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
in
s
o
lv
in
g
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
p
lace
m
en
t
ch
allen
g
e.
Ne
x
t,
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
b
es
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
q
u
an
tity
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
g
o
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
th
en
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t [
41
].
Fig
u
r
e
3
. C
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
p
lan
[
36
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
p
lacin
g
a
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
6.
H
E
URI
ST
I
C
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
B
A
SE
D
CH
A
RG
I
NG
I
NF
RAS
T
RUC
T
UR
E
O
P
T
I
M
I
S
AT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
S
T
h
e
m
an
y
h
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
tar
g
ets
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
c
ap
p
in
g
th
e
to
tal
e
x
p
en
s
es
in
cu
r
r
ed
wh
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
b
y
th
e
clien
t.
An
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
an
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
co
m
p
ar
es
s
ev
er
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
u
n
til
th
e
b
est
o
n
e
is
id
en
tifie
d
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
l
o
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
a
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
k
in
d
s
o
f
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
co
v
er
ed
i
n
th
is
ar
ticle
[
4
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
59
-
37
2
364
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
t
h
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
:
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
b
est
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
e
s
tab
lis
h
es
an
ef
f
icien
t
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
y
d
r
awin
g
in
s
p
ir
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
Dar
win
'
s
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ev
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
n
atu
r
al
s
elec
tio
n
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
em
p
l
o
y
ed
,
an
d
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
id
ea
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
DB
N
h
as
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
em
p
lo
y
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
au
to
m
atic
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
[
4
4
]
.
I
t
is
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lt
with
in
a
ce
r
tain
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
r
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
u
tili
ze
d
in
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
with
h
ig
h
er
tr
af
f
ic
d
en
s
ities
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
ex
p
en
s
es
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
tr
ea
ts
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
'
s
p
o
wer
h
an
d
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
d
en
s
ity
as
lim
itatio
n
s
.
P
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
,
p
er
ca
p
ita
ca
r
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
ca
n
y
ield
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
a
s
m
all
ar
ea
is
k
n
o
wn
,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
i
cles in
th
e
ar
ea
s
[
4
6]
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
in
c
u
r
r
e
d
b
y
clien
ts
o
n
th
e
p
ath
to
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
is
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
to
tal
ex
p
e
n
s
es
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
in
th
is
wo
r
k
(
C
1
)
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
elec
t
r
icity
u
s
ed
en
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
e
s
tin
atio
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
(
C
2
)
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
c
r
ea
tin
g
th
e
d
esire
d
p
o
wer
,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
'
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
C
3
)
.
T
h
ese
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
-
(
3
)
.
1
=
×
=
1
[
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
]
1
/
2
(
1
)
2
=
×
×
=
1
[
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
]
1
/
2
(
2
)
3
=
×
×
=
1
[
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
]
1
/
2
(
3
)
T
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
co
s
ts
m
ak
es u
p
th
e
to
tal
ex
p
en
s
es (
C
)
,
as in
(
4
)
.
=
[
+
(
+
)
]
=
1
[
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
]
1
/
2
=
1
+
2
+
3
(
4
)
W
h
er
eb
y
A
is
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
av
er
ag
e
co
s
t
p
er
k
ilo
m
eter
,
G
is
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
o
n
e
k
W
h
o
f
elec
tr
icity
,
P
is
an
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle'
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
e
r
k
ilo
m
eter
,
an
d
R
is
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
k
W
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
x
an
d
y
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ettlem
en
ts
ar
e
ai
an
d
b
i.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
o
b
jectiv
e
is
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Giv
en
th
at
A,
G,
R
,
an
d
P
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
t
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
t
o
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
t
o
tal
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
co
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
es
a
n
d
latitu
d
es
o
f
to
w
n
s
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
id
e
n
tify
th
em
,
an
d
th
e
Hav
er
s
in
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
em
.
=
2
(
2
−
1
2
)
+
1
2
2
(
2
−
1
2
)
=
2
2
(
√
,
√
1
−
)
=
·
W
h
er
e
R
i
s
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
e
ar
th
,
φ
is
lati
tu
d
e,
an
d
λ
is
lo
n
g
itu
d
e.
D
is
th
e
to
tal
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
s
ettlem
en
ts
an
d
th
e
n
ea
r
est ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
[
4
7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
R
ev
iew
o
n
o
p
tima
l p
la
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles
(
M.
S
.
A
r
ju
n
)
365
An
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
:
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
es
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
ar
k
et
an
d
tech
n
ical
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
as
v
ar
iab
les.
I
t
th
en
u
s
es
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
ath
em
atica
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
tial
e
q
u
atio
n
s
,
lin
ea
r
d
if
f
er
en
tial
e
q
u
atio
n
s
,
Gau
s
s
Seid
el
iter
atio
n
s
,
an
d
Gau
s
s
e
lim
in
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
er
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
[
4
8
]
,
[
49
]
.
W
ith
th
is
s
to
ch
asti
c
s
tr
ateg
y
,
d
ata
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
o
n
a
r
eg
u
lar
b
asis
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
ical
way
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
in
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
ea
r
n
in
g
s
[
50
]
,
[
51
].
An
t
co
lo
n
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
AC
O)
:
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
e
v
alen
t
f
o
r
p
lacin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
in
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lo
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
will
b
e
ab
le
to
b
etter
s
ch
ed
u
le
its
lo
ad
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
Usi
n
g
h
eu
r
is
tic
d
ata
an
d
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
least
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
an
d
m
o
n
e
y
n
ee
d
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
an
E
V
wh
ile
ev
al
u
atin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
lim
itatio
n
s
;
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
s
m
ar
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
r
o
u
tin
g
[
52
]
-
[
54
].
L
in
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
:
An
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
lin
ea
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
a
lin
ea
r
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ca
lled
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
tity
th
at
h
as
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ize
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
a
n
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
a
im
o
f
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
is
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
m
ax
im
ize
o
r
m
in
im
ize
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Usi
n
g
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
,
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
e
x
p
en
d
itu
r
es
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
s
ts
o
f
lan
d
,
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
an
d
o
th
er
ex
p
en
s
es.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est p
lace
f
o
r
a
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
[
55
].
Ad
ap
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic:
T
h
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
'
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
it,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle'
s
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
s
o
u
r
c
es
is
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
ca
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
e
v
e
h
i
cle
to
g
r
id
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Du
e
to
its
ad
ap
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e,
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
o
f
f
er
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
alte
r
n
ativ
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
to
m
ee
t
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
n
ee
d
s
[
56
]
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
ar
ti
f
icial
n
eu
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
[
57
]
-
[
60
]
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
:
i
)
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
at
i
o
n
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
a
r
m
s
,
i
i
)
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
t
h
a
t
e
v
o
l
v
e
,
a
n
d
ii
i
)
t
h
e
b
i
-
l
e
v
el
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
M
A
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
[
61
]
,
[
62
].
7.
E
VA
L
UA
T
I
O
N
O
F
RE
N
E
WAB
L
E
E
NE
RG
Y
B
A
SE
D
E
V
CH
ARG
I
NG
I
NF
RAS
T
RUCTU
RE
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
a
r
ap
id
ly
em
er
g
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
is
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izin
g
th
e
way
o
u
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
p
o
wer
ed
.
B
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
E
Vs
u
s
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
,
win
d
,
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
we
c
an
r
e
d
u
ce
o
u
r
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
s
an
d
b
attle
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
,
r
e
d
u
ce
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
o
p
en
u
p
n
ew
b
u
s
in
ess
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
I
t
is
v
ital
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
u
s
e
b
ef
o
r
e
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
th
at
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Ma
n
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
,
lo
wer
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
lo
wer
f
u
el
u
s
ag
e,
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
a
cc
o
u
n
t
b
y
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
u
b
lic
s
af
ety
,
en
h
an
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
jo
b
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
all
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
i
n
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
u
ttin
g
in
p
lace
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
th
at
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t b
y
th
e
in
q
u
ir
y
[
63
]
-
[
65
]:
i)
Ad
v
an
tag
es f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t: C
lean
elec
tr
icity
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
we
r
,
win
d
,
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tati
o
n
s
ec
to
r
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
its
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
f
ig
h
t a
g
ain
s
t
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
ii)
E
n
er
g
y
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
:
I
m
p
o
r
ts
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
ar
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
an
d
h
o
m
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
ca
n
b
e
in
c
r
e
ased
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
to
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
iii)
Sav
in
g
s
o
n
ex
p
en
s
es:
T
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
is
g
ettin
g
clo
s
e
to
th
at
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
T
im
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
p
r
ici
n
g
an
d
n
et
m
eter
i
n
g
ca
n
h
el
p
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
s
av
e
m
o
n
ey
wh
e
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
E
Vs
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
iv
)
Dem
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
i
d
:
I
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
d
em
an
d
s
tab
ilizatio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Po
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
ar
e
o
p
tim
ize
d
b
y
p
lan
n
e
d
o
r
s
u
b
s
id
ized
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
p
ea
k
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
.
8.
E
VA
L
UA
T
I
O
N
O
F
E
V
I
M
P
ACTS
O
N
G
RI
D
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
E
Vs)
o
n
s
o
ciety
,
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esea
r
ch
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
No
n
eth
ele
s
s
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
with
th
e
g
r
id
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t r
ec
en
t tr
en
d
s
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t scen
ar
io
im
p
ac
t e
v
alu
at
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
e
-
v
eh
icles
h
av
e
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ic
g
r
id
,
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
[
66
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
ar
e
less
r
el
ian
ce
o
n
f
o
r
eig
n
o
i
l,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
en
e
r
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
n
o
is
e
an
d
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
cieta
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
59
-
37
2
366
ef
f
ec
ts
in
clu
d
e
b
etter
p
u
b
li
c
h
ea
lth
,
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
e
f
f
ec
ts
in
clu
d
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
u
el
p
r
ices,
m
o
r
e
m
o
n
ey
in
v
ested
in
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
a
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tr
a
d
e
b
alan
ce
,
a
n
d
f
aster
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
[
67
]
-
[
69
]
:
i)
E
co
n
o
m
ic
r
ep
e
r
cu
s
s
io
n
s
:
Du
e
to
t
h
eir
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
g
aso
lin
e
-
p
o
wer
ed
v
e
h
icles
an
d
th
eir
ec
o
lo
g
ically
f
r
ien
d
ly
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
h
av
e
s
ee
n
a
n
e
n
o
r
m
o
u
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
.
Du
e
to
r
ec
e
n
t
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
ts
in
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
E
Vs,
an
d
t
h
e
r
is
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
d
em
an
d
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,
E
Vs
h
av
e
b
e
co
m
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
g
lo
b
ally
[
70
]
.
Du
e
to
th
eir
c
o
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
s
to
s
atis
f
y
d
aily
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
;
E
Vs
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
tr
a
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
el
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
co
s
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
will
r
is
e
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
an
ticip
ated
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
p
o
wer
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
at
tim
es
o
f
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
t
h
e
g
r
id
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt.
On
e
b
e
n
ef
it
is
th
at
E
Vs
m
ay
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
u
s
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
Own
er
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
(
E
Vs)
en
jo
y
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
b
en
ef
its
,
wh
ich
ar
e
m
ain
ly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
e
x
ce
p
t
io
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
th
eir
v
er
y
in
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
th
ese
ca
r
s
h
av
e
lo
wer
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
co
s
t
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
b
u
y
er
s
[
71
].
ii)
E
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t:
I
n
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
E
Vs
an
d
el
ec
tr
ical
g
r
id
s
m
u
s
t
estab
lis
h
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
an
d
clea
n
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
Vs
wit
h
in
a
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
im
p
r
o
v
es
a
s
o
ciety
's
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
W
ith
les
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
g
lo
b
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
72
]
,
[
73
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
with
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
Ss
)
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
co
n
tin
g
e
n
t u
p
o
n
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
V
2
G
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
-
Fav
o
r
ab
le
ef
f
ec
ts
:
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
d
o
n
'
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
e
n
g
in
e
o
il,
E
Vs
ar
e
b
etter
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
E
V
b
r
a
k
e
p
ad
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
tly
to
p
r
ev
en
t
"c
o
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
cr
u
m
b
l
in
g
an
d
f
ailin
g
ea
r
ly
"
an
d
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
h
ig
h
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
c
o
s
ts
.
E
V
m
ak
er
s
h
av
e
h
is
to
r
ically
p
r
io
r
itized
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ec
y
clab
le
an
d
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
em
it
f
ewe
r
em
is
s
io
n
s
th
an
p
etr
o
l statio
n
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
etr
o
l statio
n
s
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
m
ain
tain
"f
u
el"
clo
s
e
b
y
.
-
Ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
:
W
ater
s
ca
r
city
,
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
an
d
h
ab
itat d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
E
V
b
atter
ies;
E
x
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
m
etals
s
u
ch
as
co
b
alt,
n
ick
el,
an
d
lith
iu
m
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
lo
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
.
Usu
ally
,
th
ese
m
in
er
als
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
in
ar
ea
s
with
p
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
;
E
V
b
atter
ies
wer
e
n
o
t
d
esig
n
e
d
with
r
ec
y
clin
g
i
n
m
in
d
,
h
o
wev
er
r
ec
y
clin
g
-
f
a
cilitatin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
d
v
an
cin
g
q
u
ick
ly
;
Pre
m
atu
r
e
tire
wea
r
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
weig
h
t
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
E
Vs.
Po
llu
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
wh
en
tire
s
ar
e
p
u
r
ch
ased
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
.
iii)
E
V
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
'
s
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
:
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
E
Vs
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
c
an
r
esu
lt
in
g
r
id
in
s
tab
ilit
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
in
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
E
V
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
E
Vs,
in
clu
d
e
g
r
i
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
h
i
g
h
er
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
t
th
e
n
g
o
es
o
v
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
ix
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
s
m
ar
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
tr
o
l,
to
en
h
an
ce
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
wer
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
E
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
o
n
a
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical,
f
in
an
cial,
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
lev
el
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
[
74
]
-
[
78
].
-
Gr
id
s
tab
ilit
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
E
V
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
: E
Vs b
eh
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
tly
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lo
ad
s
w
h
en
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
tr
e
s
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
.
T
h
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ites
,
tim
es,
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
s
m
ak
es
th
e
esti
m
ate
o
f
th
is
n
ew
lo
ad
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
.
I
f
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
Vs
ar
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
at
o
n
ce
,
th
er
e
m
ay
b
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
's
s
tab
ilit
y
[
79
]
-
[
81
]
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lo
ad
s
,
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
esen
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
lo
ad
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
,
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
,
a
n
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
ay
all
im
p
ac
t
h
o
w
s
tab
le
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
af
ter
E
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
82
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
is
s
u
es
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
E
V
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ite,
p
en
etr
atio
n
lev
e
l,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
an
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
tim
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e
m
a
y
b
e
a
r
is
k
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
[
83
]
.
An
E
V
lo
ad
h
as
q
u
ite
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
r
e
g
u
lar
lo
ad
s
.
Mo
r
e
s
o
th
an
r
eg
u
la
r
s
y
s
tem
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
n
e
g
ativ
e
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial
E
V
lo
ad
s
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
[
84
]
.
E
Vs
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
r
aise
g
r
id
d
e
m
an
d
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es.
T
h
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
E
Vs,
h
o
w
t
h
ey
a
r
e
c
h
ar
g
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
em
all
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
ea
k
lo
ad
r
is
e.
Peak
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
is
p
r
ed
icted
to
r
is
e
wh
en
E
V
s
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
[
85
]
.
E
lectr
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ca
n
a
cc
eler
ate
th
e
ag
ein
g
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
h
ig
h
er
co
s
ts
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
o
r
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
A
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
th
at
lo
o
k
ed
at
h
o
w
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
g
ein
g
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
a
city
wh
er
e
E
V
u
s
e
is
co
m
m
o
n
[
86
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
R
ev
iew
o
n
o
p
tima
l p
la
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
p
era
tio
n
o
f c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icles
(
M.
S
.
A
r
ju
n
)
367
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
o
f
E
Vs.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
E
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
with
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
attr
ib
u
tes
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
.
V
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile,
v
o
ltag
e
im
b
alan
ce
,
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
E
Vs
o
v
er
all,
s
y
s
tem
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
all
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
af
f
e
cts
E
V
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
87
]
,
[
88
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
win
g
s
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
ac
e
o
f
E
Vs.
B
o
th
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ch
ar
g
ed
h
av
e
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
Vo
ltag
e
im
b
alan
ce
is
m
o
r
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
E
Vs.
T
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
it.
Mo
r
e
p
o
wer
is
lo
s
t
i
n
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
an
d
u
n
r
eg
u
lated
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
v
er
l
o
ad
in
g
an
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
E
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
p
en
etr
atio
n
lev
el
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
as
th
e
p
en
etr
atio
n
lev
el
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
r
is
e
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
o
t
icea
b
le
s
h
if
t
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
is
m
atch
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
p
en
et
r
atio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
E
Vs.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
E
Vs
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
an
u
n
o
r
g
a
n
ized
m
a
n
n
er
ca
u
s
e
th
e
g
r
id
to
b
ec
o
m
e
im
b
alan
ce
d
in
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
[
89
]
,
[
90
].
9.
CURR
E
NT
G
RI
D
I
N
T
E
G
R
AT
I
O
N
SO
L
U
T
I
O
N
F
O
R
E
V’
s
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
b
en
e
f
its
to
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs.
Fo
r
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
t
h
e
E
Vs m
u
s
t b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
in
s
er
ted
in
to
an
d
u
s
ed
in
s
id
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
'
s
s
tab
ilit
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
te
d
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
p
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
E
Vs [
91
]
.
A
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
E
V
-
ch
a
r
g
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
en
ab
le
o
p
tim
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
les,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
;
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
gr
id
(
V2
G)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
E
Vs
to
r
etu
r
n
e
x
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
,
en
h
an
cin
g
g
r
id
r
esil
ien
ce
;
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
As
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
in
cr
ea
s
es,
it
is
ess
en
tial to
in
teg
r
ate
E
Vs in
to
th
e
g
r
id
in
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
-
Sm
ar
t
ch
a
r
g
in
g
:
T
h
is
in
v
en
ti
o
n
m
a
x
im
izes
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
lan
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
at
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
tim
es
o
r
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
-
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
:
Usi
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
au
to
m
atica
lly
d
etec
t,
m
o
n
ito
r
,
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
en
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
an
d
en
d
u
s
e
r
s
.
E
Vs
ca
n
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
in
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
in
a
co
o
r
d
in
ated
m
a
n
n
er
th
at
p
e
r
m
its
th
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
i
n
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
9
2
].
-
EV
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
:
B
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
en
er
g
y
th
at
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles
(
E
Vs)
tak
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
,
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
less
en
th
e
s
tr
ain
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
o
s
ts
ar
e
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
ag
e
-
b
ased
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
icin
g
.
-
Veh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
(
V2
G)
:
V2
G
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
E
Vs
to
s
u
p
p
ly
elec
tr
icity
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
th
is
b
e
n
ef
its
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
er
v
ice
[
9
3
].
-
E
V/
g
r
id
in
ter
o
p
e
r
ab
ilit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
:
T
h
ese
g
u
id
elin
es
ca
n
h
elp
to
g
u
a
r
an
tee
th
e
s
af
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
g
r
id
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
-
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
:
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
a
n
d
win
d
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
c
h
ar
g
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
is
less
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els an
d
less
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as p
o
llu
tio
n
.
-
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
u
p
p
ly
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
(
E
VSE)
:
B
y
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
it
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
id
o
v
er
lo
a
d
[
9
4
].
-
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics:
E
V
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
,
r
eg
u
lated
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
d
v
ia
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
E
V
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
ar
e
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
co
n
v
er
ter
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
[
9
5
].
10.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
o
f
f
er
s
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cu
r
r
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
p
er
tain
in
g
to
E
Vs
an
d
t
h
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
eir
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
An
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
is
s
u
es
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
u
p
tak
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
c
es
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
r
eg
io
n
,
we
g
o
o
v
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
k
in
d
s
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
lo
c
atio
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
al
s
o
r
ev
iewe
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
alo
n
g
with
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
ese
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
,
alo
n
g
with
a
lo
o
k
ah
ea
d
at
t
h
em
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
V
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es,
E
Vs
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
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t J Ap
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in
teg
r
ated
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
.
Fo
r
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
,
it
is
v
ital
to
ap
p
ly
a
u
n
iq
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e
c
o
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o
l
ap
p
r
o
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m
an
ag
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m
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t te
ch
n
iq
u
e
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r
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er
to
ef
f
ici
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tly
m
an
ag
e
th
e
ch
a
r
g
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g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
a
lis
t
o
f
s
o
m
e
f
o
r
th
c
o
m
in
g
in
itiativ
es
in
th
is
f
ield
:
i
)
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
c
ap
ab
i
liti
es
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
o
n
c
e
th
e
n
o
tio
n
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
m
d
ev
elo
p
s
.
Sy
s
tem
s
th
at
ch
ar
g
e
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
ca
n
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
also
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
o
p
tim
izi
n
g
th
em
s
elv
es
to
f
it
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
at
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
cy
;
a
n
d
ii
)
I
n
d
ia
is
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
a
b
o
o
m
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
As
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
to
in
teg
r
ate
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaics
an
d
o
th
e
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
m
ee
t
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
E
V'
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
an
d
a
d
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
Au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e
t
o
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
t
o
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
SJ
C
E
,
J
SS
Scie
n
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
u
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Sp
ec
ial
th
an
k
s
to
o
u
r
team
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ed
icate
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
is
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wis
h
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
n
o
ex
ter
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
was
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
,
d
r
iv
en
s
o
lely
b
y
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
'
p
ass
io
n
f
o
r
ad
v
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
All
a
u
th
o
r
s
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
a
n
d
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
ar
ticle.
T
h
ey
wo
r
k
ed
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
to
d
e
f
in
e
th
e
s
co
p
e
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
was
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
j
o
in
tly
b
y
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
with
ea
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
ei
r
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
p
lan
n
in
g
,
o
p
er
atio
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs).
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
an
aly
s
es,
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
all
au
th
o
r
s
;
all
au
th
o
r
s
m
an
a
g
ed
th
e
p
r
o
ject,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
tim
ely
c
o
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
ar
ticle.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
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Va
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Vi
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n
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✓
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N.
Mo
h
an
✓
✓
✓
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✓
✓
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✓
✓
✓
✓
K.
R
.
Satis
h
✓
✓
✓
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✓
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Ar
u
n
k
u
m
ar
Patil
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
D.
P.
So
m
ash
ek
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
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o
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f
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n
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r
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licts
o
f
in
ter
est r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
s
ets.
All
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ar
e
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
licly
av
a
ilab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
e
x
is
tin
g
lit
er
atu
r
e.
N
o
n
ew
d
ata
wer
e
c
r
e
ated
o
r
an
al
y
ze
d
i
n
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
an
u
s
c
r
ip
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
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Y
.
W
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a
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5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.