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324
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Imm
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s
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e
y
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d
s
:
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l
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m
u
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or
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De
pa
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m
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E
ng
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c
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T
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hn
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l
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g
y
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i
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m
a
U
ni
ve
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ba
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Gu
j
a
r
a
t
,
I
n
d
i
a
E
m
a
i
l
:
vi
r
a
n
c
hi
.
pa
n
d
y
a
@ni
r
m
a
u
ni
.
a
c
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
h
e
m
a
s
s
i
ve
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n
gr
o
wt
h
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n
de
v
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l
o
p
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ng
n
a
t
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o
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s
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a
s
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nd
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p
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pr
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d
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s
.
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hi
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s
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[
1]
-
[
3]
.
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c
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d
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[
4
]
.
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a
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bu
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a
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r
e
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po
n
s
e
[
3
2]
.
T
h
e
GY
-
61
a
c
c
e
l
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r
o
m
e
t
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r
m
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a
s
ur
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s
a
c
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x
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to
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t
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t
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udde
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m
o
v
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m
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n
t
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,
whi
l
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l
t
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a
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o
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o
r
s
m
o
ni
t
o
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v
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l
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s
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ur
r
o
un
d
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to
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t
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h
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dr
i
ve
r
o
f
ne
a
r
by
o
bs
t
a
c
l
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s
[
33]
.
W
i
-
F
i
c
o
nn
e
c
t
i
v
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t
y
e
n
a
bl
e
s
t
h
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E
S
P
32
to
a
c
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s
s
t
h
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i
n
t
e
r
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t
,
f
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t
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d
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m
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nc
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ur
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li
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y
(
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[
34]
di
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(
P
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ta
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otot
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S
P
32
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P
32
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:
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F
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3.
Da
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l
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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(
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319
a)
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p
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C
T
62777.2024.000
27
.
[
2]
P
.
V
.
K
uma
r
,
A
.
A
li
,
A
.
Z
.
S
ha
,
a
nd
S
. R
a
je
s
h,
“
I
oT
ba
s
e
d
in
te
l
li
ge
nt
s
y
s
t
e
ms
f
o
r
v
e
hi
c
l
e
,
”
2024
2nd
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
D
at
a
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
and
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
(
I
D
C
I
oT
)
,
B
e
nga
lu
r
u,
I
ndi
a
,
2024,
pp.
138
-
143,
do
i:
10.1109/I
D
C
I
oT
59759.2024.10467841
.
[
3]
S
. B
a
r
ma
n, M
. F
.
B
in
H
a
f
i
z
,
a
nd N
. A
.
K
ha
n,
“
A
n I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d s
ma
r
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n, n
o
ti
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
nd pr
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
of
ve
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
,
”
2024
6t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
E
le
c
tr
ic
al
E
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g
and
I
nf
o
r
m
at
io
n
and
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
I
C
E
E
I
C
T
)
, D
ha
ka
, B
a
ngl
a
de
s
h, 2024, pp. 1169
-
1174, d
o
i:
1
0.
1109/I
C
E
E
I
C
T
62016.2024.10534370
.
[
4]
S
.
B
a
kht
a
w
a
r
,
S
.
I
ma
m,
a
nd
S
.
A
li
,
“
S
a
f
e
W
a
y
:
a
n
a
ndr
o
id
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
ba
s
e
d
a
ut
o
ma
ti
c
ve
hi
c
le
a
c
c
id
e
n
t
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
m
e
s
s
a
gi
ng
s
y
s
te
m
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
and
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
v
o
l.
11,
pp.
149
–
154,
2023,
do
i:
10.32628/C
S
E
I
T
2282125
.
[
5]
I
.
F
a
is
a
l,
O
.
F
a
r
o
o
q,
S
.
M
a
li
k,
M
.
T
.
A
la
m,
S
.
M
o
nda
l
,
a
nd
T
.
I
.
A
no
w
a
r
,
“
A
s
ma
r
t
v
e
hi
c
l
e
a
le
r
t
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
nt
ve
h
ic
l
e
s
a
f
e
t
y
,
”
2024
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
on
Si
gnal
P
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
C
om
put
at
io
n,
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
,
P
ow
e
r
and
T
e
le
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
(
I
C
onSC
E
P
T
)
,
K
a
r
a
ik
a
l,
I
nd
ia
, 2024, pp. 1
-
6, d
o
i:
10.1109/I
C
onS
C
E
P
T
61884.2024.10627771
.
[
6]
A
.
T
o
ma
r
,
M
.
L
a
l,
a
nd
R
.
K
uma
r
,
“
E
nha
nc
in
g
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
a
f
e
t
y
:
a
ut
o
ma
t
e
d
a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
nd
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
a
le
r
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
”
J
our
nal
of
U
ni
v
e
r
s
al
C
o
m
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
, v
o
l.
10, pp. 105
–
111, 2023.
[
7]
A
.
S
a
id
a
,
N
.
M
o
uni
ka
,
A
.
M
o
ha
mm
a
d,
E
.
S
hi
r
e
e
s
ha
,
S
.
G
oc
hha
it
,
a
nd
S
.
C
ho
gl
e
,
“
V
e
h
ic
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
a
l
e
r
t
a
nd
r
e
s
c
u
e
s
y
s
t
e
m,
”
2024
A
SU
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
in
E
m
e
r
gi
ng
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
f
or
Sus
ta
in
abi
li
ty
and
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
Sy
s
te
m
s
(
I
C
E
T
SI
S)
,
M
a
na
ma
,
B
a
hr
a
in
, 2024, pp. 1640
-
1644, d
o
i:
10.1109
/
I
C
E
T
S
I
S
61505.20
24.10459482
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
e
c
hn
o
l
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8776
A
utomati
c
v
e
hicle
ac
c
ident
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tec
ti
on
and
aler
ti
ng
noti
f
ication
us
ing
…
(
V
ij
ay
Sav
ani
)
323
[
8]
S
.
R
.
C
.
G
.
B
a
ndi
,
V
.
G
.
B
e
z
a
w
a
da
,
M
.
P
.
S
e
l
v
a
n,
V
.
A
.
M
a
r
y
,
M
.
P
o
s
o
ni
a
,
a
nd
A
.
P
r
a
ve
e
na
,
“
R
e
a
l
ti
m
e
ve
hi
c
le
c
o
l
li
s
io
n
us
in
g
bo
undi
ng
b
ox
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
w
it
h
a
l
e
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m,
”
2024
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
Sc
ie
nc
e
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
E
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g
and
M
anage
m
e
nt
(
I
C
ST
E
M
)
, C
o
im
ba
t
or
e
,
I
ndi
a
, 2024, pp. 1
-
6, d
o
i:
10.1109/I
C
S
T
E
M
61137.2024.10560834
.
[
9]
H
.
B
.
H
a
s
s
a
n,
M
.
F
.
B
.
S
a
li
m
,
a
nd
T
.
M
.
M
un,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
nt
of
a
ut
o
ma
ti
c
ve
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
te
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
r
e
s
c
u
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
A
V
A
D
R
S
)
,
”
2024
I
E
E
E
14t
h
Sy
m
pos
iu
m
on
C
om
put
e
r
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
and
I
ndus
tr
ia
l
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
(
I
SC
A
I
E
)
,
P
e
na
ng,
M
a
la
ys
ia
,
2024, pp. 379
-
384, do
i
:
10.1109/I
S
C
A
I
E
61308.2024.10576591
.
[
10]
M
.
V
ij
a
y
a
kuma
r
,
M
.
R
a
ma
s
a
m
y
,
T
.
J
e
y
a
kuma
r
,
S
.
D
hi
v
a
ga
r
,
V
.
A
r
un
,
a
nd
R
.
H
e
ma
la
th
a
,
“
V
e
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
lo
c
a
ti
ng
us
in
g
G
S
M
a
nd
G
P
S
,
”
2024
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n,
C
om
put
in
g
and
I
nt
e
r
n
e
t
of
T
hi
ngs
(
I
C
3I
oT
)
,
C
he
nna
i,
I
ndi
a
, 2024, pp. 1
-
5, d
o
i:
10.1109/I
C
3I
oT
60841.2024.
10550407
.
[
11]
R
.
S
ur
y
a
w
a
ns
hi
,
A
.
G
a
jb
hi
y
e
,
A
.
G
or
a
ve
,
D
.
G
a
w
a
nde
,
J
.
G
a
vi
t
,
a
nd
P
.
G
a
jd
ha
ne
,
“
A
c
c
id
e
nt
p
r
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
,
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
r
e
p
o
r
ti
ng
s
y
s
te
m
us
in
g
I
oT
,
”
2024
1s
t
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
I
nnov
at
iv
e
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
f
or
E
ne
r
gy
,
M
e
c
hat
r
oni
c
s
,
and
Sm
ar
t
Sy
s
te
m
s
(
I
ST
E
M
S)
, D
e
hr
a
dun, I
ndi
a
, 2024, pp. 1
-
5, d
oi
:
10.1109/I
S
T
E
M
S
60181.2024.10560295
.
[
12]
M
.
J
a
e
y
a
la
ks
hmi
,
D
.
B
.
Y
a
s
hw
a
nt
,
a
nd
L
.
Z
.
A
li
,
“
I
o
T
ba
s
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
c
ti
ng
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
a
nd
a
le
r
ti
ng
n
e
a
r
b
y
h
o
s
pi
ta
ls
,
”
2024
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n,
C
om
put
in
g
and
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
(
I
C
3I
oT
)
,
C
h
e
nna
i,
I
ndi
a
,
2024,
pp.
1
-
6,
do
i:
10.1109/I
C
3I
oT
60841.2024.10550262
.
[
13]
P
.
S
hi
nde
,
C
.
B
hor
,
D
.
K
unt
e
,
P
.
A
hi
r
e
,
a
nd
N
.
Y
.
S
id
di
qui
,
“
C
r
is
is
pr
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
o
n
w
he
e
ls
:
I
oT
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
v
e
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
2024
4t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
nnov
at
iv
e
P
r
ac
ti
c
e
s
in
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and
M
anage
m
e
nt
(
I
C
I
P
T
M
)
,
N
o
id
a
, I
ndi
a
, 2024, pp. 1
-
6, d
o
i:
10.1109
/I
C
I
P
T
M
59628.2024.1
0563910
.
[
14]
G
.
B
a
w
a
,
Z
.
L
.
N
a
s
e
r
,
H
.
S
ha
r
i
f
,
L
.
H
.
A
.
F
e
z
a
a
,
J
.
S
.
C
ho
ha
n
,
a
nd
R
.
P
a
nt
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
pme
n
t
of
s
a
f
e
t
y
m
o
ni
t
o
r
in
g
a
nd
a
le
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
2
w
h
e
e
le
r
s
,
”
2024
11t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
R
e
li
abi
li
ty
,
I
nf
oc
om
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
and
O
pt
imi
z
at
io
n
(
T
r
e
nds
and
F
u
tu
r
e
D
ir
e
c
ti
ons
)
(
I
C
R
I
T
O
)
, N
o
id
a
, I
ndi
a
, 2024, pp. 1
-
6, d
o
i:
10.1109
/I
C
R
I
T
O
61523.2024.10522447
.
[
15]
A
.
A
s
o
ka
n,
K
.
S
r
i
r
a
mdha
r
ni
s
h,
S
.
M
.
K
a
r
is
hma
,
a
nd
S
.
S
.
A
kks
ha
r
a
,
“
L
o
R
a
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
id
e
n
t
a
le
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
h
il
l
y
te
r
r
a
in
s
,
”
2024
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
on
C
ogni
ti
v
e
R
obot
ic
s
and
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
C
C
-
R
O
B
I
N
S)
,
C
o
im
ba
to
r
e
,
I
n
di
a
,
2024, pp. 627
-
630, do
i
:
10.1109/I
C
C
-
R
O
B
I
N
S
60238.2024.105
33942
.
[
16]
G
.
P
a
dma
pr
i
y
a
,
R
.
K
r
is
hna
s
w
a
my
,
P
.
S
r
in
i
v
a
s
a
n
,
a
nd
P
.
V
.
P
r
a
mi
la
,
“
I
nt
e
r
n
e
t
of
th
in
gs
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
id
e
nt
de
te
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
a
le
r
ti
ng
s
y
s
te
m
t
o
s
a
ve
l
i
v
e
s
,
”
2023
7t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
C
om
put
in
g
and
C
ont
r
ol
Sy
s
te
m
s
(
I
C
I
C
C
S)
,
M
a
d
ur
a
i,
I
ndi
a
, 2023, pp. 1622
-
1626, d
o
i:
10.1109/I
C
I
C
C
S
56967.2023.1
0142222
.
[
17]
P
.
S
.
P
r
i
y
a
dha
r
s
hi
ni
,
S
.
A
s
hw
a
th
,
a
nd
S
.
A
r
ul
kuma
r
,
“
A
ut
o
ma
t
e
d
ve
hi
c
le
a
c
c
id
e
nt
a
l
e
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
us
in
g
I
oT
,”
I
n
2023
7t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
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-
SM
A
C
(
I
oT
in
Soc
ia
l,
M
obi
le
,
A
nal
y
ti
c
s
and
C
lo
ud)
(
I
-
SM
A
C
)
,
pp.
1040
-
1046,
2023,
do
i:
10.1109/I
-
S
M
A
C
58438.2023.10290672
.
[
18]
M
.
N
.
M
a
n
s
o
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
ve
l
o
pm
e
nt
of
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c
c
id
e
nt
pr
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
a
nd
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
s
s
is
ta
n
c
e
us
in
g
I
oT
a
ppl
i
c
a
ti
o
n,”
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
in
A
ppl
ie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
and
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
v
ol
.
31,
n
o
.
3,
pp.
265
-
281,
2023,
do
i:
10.37934/ar
a
s
e
t.
31.3.265281
.
[
19]
K
.
P
.
J
na
na
,
S
.
N
a
r
a
y
a
n,
a
nd
S
.
G
a
ta
de
,
“
A
ut
o
ma
ti
c
ve
hi
c
le
a
c
c
id
e
nt
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
h
e
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
uni
t
n
ot
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
us
in
g
I
oT
t
e
c
h
-
no
l
o
g
y
w
it
h
E
S
P
32,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
I
nno
v
at
iv
e
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
in
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
and
M
ul
ti
di
s
c
ip
li
nar
y
P
hy
s
ic
al
Sc
ie
n
c
e
s
,
vo
l.
10
, n
o
.
4, pp.13
-
19,
2022,
d
oi
:
10.37082/I
J
I
R
M
P
S
.2022.
v
1
0i
04.002
.
[
20]
S
.
G
a
ta
de
,
S
.
V
.
K
u
lk
a
r
ni
,
a
nd
S
.
N
,
“
A
ut
o
ma
t
e
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
i
de
nt
d
e
te
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
un
it
a
le
r
ti
ng
us
in
g
I
oT
,
”
2022
I
E
E
E
2nd
M
y
s
or
e
Sub
Se
c
ti
on
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
M
y
s
ur
uC
on)
,
M
y
s
ur
u,
I
ndi
a
,
2022,
pp.
1
-
5,
do
i:
10.1
109/
M
y
s
ur
uC
o
n55714.2022.9972705
.
[
21]
A
.
B
ha
ka
t,
N
.
C
ha
ha
r
,
a
nd
V
.
V
ij
a
y
a
s
h
e
r
l
y
,
“
V
e
h
ic
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
n
t
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
a
le
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
us
in
g
I
oT
a
nd
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
ia
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
,
”
2021
A
s
ia
n
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
nnov
at
io
n
in
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
A
SI
A
N
C
O
N
)
,
P
U
N
E
,
I
ndi
a
,
2021,
pp.
1
-
7,
do
i:
10.1109/AS
I
A
N
C
O
N
51346.2021.9544940
.
[
22]
P
.
V
e
e
r
a
r
a
ga
a
v
a
n,
S
.
A
.
D
.
A
li
,
K
.
A
.
S
uba
i
y
a
,
V
.
H
.
V
a
ig
u
nda
m,
a
nd
M
.
J
.
M
a
ni
,
“
A
c
c
id
e
nt
a
le
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
nd
in
ti
ma
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
mbu
-
la
nc
e
a
nd
h
o
s
pi
ta
l
us
in
g
l
o
r
a
,”
I
n
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
O
f
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
and
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
(
I
J
E
R
T
)
,
vo
l.
8/
7,
pp. 1
–
3, 2020.
[
23]
H
.
J
a
in
,
H
.
Z
o
p
e
,
H
.
J
a
in
,
I
.
R
a
kt
e
a
nd
S
.
R
a
ut
,
“
M
o
bi
le
ph
o
n
e
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
a
lc
o
h
ol
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
w
it
h
e
ngi
n
e
lo
c
ki
ng
f
o
r
th
e
pr
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
of
c
a
r
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
,
”
2023
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
D
ig
it
a
l
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
T
r
ans
f
or
m
at
io
n
and
E
c
onomy
(
I
C
D
A
T
E
)
,
M
ir
i,
S
a
r
a
w
a
k, M
a
la
y
s
ia
, 2023, pp. 1
-
6, d
o
i:
10.1109/I
C
D
A
T
E
58146.2023.10248639
.
[
24]
C.
-
H
.
W
a
ng
e
t
al
.,
“
M
ul
ti
s
o
ur
c
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
da
ta
s
e
ts
-
dr
i
ve
n
d
e
e
p
le
a
r
n
in
g
-
ba
s
e
d
tr
a
f
f
i
c
a
c
c
id
e
nt
p
or
tr
a
it
f
o
r
a
c
c
id
e
nt
r
e
a
s
o
ni
ng
,
”
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
an
c
e
d T
r
ans
po
r
ta
ti
on
, vo
l.
2024, 08 2024, d
o
i:
1
0.1155/2024/
8831914
.
[
25]
D
.
N
a
s
s
a
r
a
nd
J
.
A
l
-
T
uw
a
ij
a
r
i,
“
V
e
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
te
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
no
t
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
r
aqi
J
our
nal
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
,
pp.
4061
–
4075,
vo
l.
7 2024, d
o
i:
10.24996/
ij
s
.2024.65.7.40
.
[
26]
K
.
S
n
e
ga
,
N
.
S
.
S
a
ha
a
na
,
C
.
S
ha
nga
r
i,
A
.
R
.
A
r
v
in
d,
T
.
C
hi
t
hr
a
s
,
S
hi
v
a
kuma
r
“
R
e
s
Q
ha
r
mo
n
y
-
d
e
s
ig
n
a
nd
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
nt
of
a
n
a
ut
o
ma
t
e
d
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
a
le
r
t
I
oT
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
or
c
a
r
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
c
e
na
r
io
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
Sc
ie
nc
e
,
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n and T
e
c
hnol
ogy
, v
o
l.
4, pp.
8
–
17, 09 2024, d
o
i
:
1
0.48175/I
J
A
R
S
C
T
-
19502
.
[
27]
M
.
B
a
ba
ll
e
,
“
A
c
c
id
e
nt
de
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
a
le
r
ti
ng
s
y
s
t
e
ms
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
in
G
lo
bal
J
our
nal
o
f
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
in
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
and
C
om
p
ut
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
s
, v
o
l.
2, pp. 24
–
29, 09 2022, d
o
i:
1
0.5281/
z
e
n
o
d
o
.7063
008
.
[
28]
N
.
K
.
M
us
ta
pha
,
M
.
B
a
ba
ll
e
,
a
nd
A
.
M
uha
mm
a
d,
“
A
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
G
P
S
,
G
S
M
,
a
nd
B
uz
z
e
r
,
”
in
T
M
P
U
ni
v
e
r
s
a
l
J
our
nal
of
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h and
R
e
v
ie
w
A
r
c
hi
v
e
s
, v
o
l.
2/
1 pp. 28
–
36, 0
2 2023.
[
29]
U
.
O
a
d,
M
.
S
ha
ik
h,
S
.
A
mi
r
,
M
.
F
a
t
im
a
,
F
.
P
a
nhw
e
r
,
a
nd
S
.
A
hma
d,
“
A
dv
a
nc
e
d
v
e
h
ic
l
e
s
a
f
e
t
y
:
a
pr
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
c
ir
c
ui
t
f
or
a
c
c
i
de
nt
pr
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
a
nd
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
ns
e
,
”
V
F
A
ST
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
Sof
tw
ar
e
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
v
o
l.
11,
pp.
01
–
09,
10
2023,
do
i:
10.21015/v
ts
e
.
v
11i
3.1590
.
[
30]
N
.
M
uha
mm
a
d
e
t
al
.,
“
D
e
s
ig
n
a
nd
s
im
ul
a
ti
o
n
of
a
G
S
M
,
B
u
z
z
e
r
,
a
nd
G
P
S
m
o
dul
e
-
ba
s
e
d
a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
te
c
ti
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
I
n
f
or
m
at
io
n Sy
s
te
m
s
and I
nf
o
r
m
at
ic
s
,
vo
l.
4, pp. 64
–
73, 06 2023, d
o
i:
10.47747/
ij
is
i.
v
4
i2
.1155
.
[
31]
A
. A
. K
a
r
im
, “
I
oT
ba
s
e
d s
ma
r
t
ve
hi
c
l
e
w
it
h a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd S
O
S
ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
vo
l.
8
,
2024.
[
32]
S
.
A
s
la
m,
S
.
I
s
la
m,
N
.
N
i
ga
r
,
S
.
A
ja
gbe
,
a
nd
M
.
A
di
gun,
“
A
n
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ut
o
ma
ti
c
v
e
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
v
is
ua
l
s
it
ua
ti
o
n
r
e
p
o
r
ti
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d T
r
an
s
por
ta
ti
on
, v
o
l.
20
24, pp. 1
–
14, 05 2024, do
i:
1
0.1155/2024/
4719669
.
[
33]
S
.
W
a
ng,
X
.
L
i,
Z
.
C
he
n
,
a
nd
Y
.
L
iu
,
“
A
r
a
il
w
a
y
a
c
c
id
e
nt
pr
e
ve
nt
i
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
us
in
g
a
n
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
pi
l
o
t
ve
hi
c
l
e
,
”
in
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
T
r
ans
po
r
ta
ti
on Sy
s
te
m
s
, v
o
l.
25, n
o
.
6, pp. 5170
-
5188, J
une
2024, d
o
i:
10.1109/
T
I
T
S
.2023.333190
1
.
[
34]
J
.
A
li
K
ha
n,
W
.
A
hma
d,
A
.
H
us
s
a
in
,
S
.
Z
a
hr
a
,
a
nd
A
y
e
s
ha
,
“
W
it
ne
s
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
v
e
hi
c
l
e
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
in
te
r
ne
t
of
th
in
gs
,
”
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h R
e
por
t
s
on C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
, pp. 111
–
127,
2023, do
i:
10.37256/r
r
c
s
.2220233275
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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