I
nte
rna
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io
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l J
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urna
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nfo
rm
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t
ics a
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Co
m
m
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n T
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hn
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(
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J
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CT
)
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1
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1
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r
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20
2
5
,
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.
259
~
267
I
SS
N:
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7
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6
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DOI
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1
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.
1
1
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9
1
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.
v
1
4
i
1
.
pp
259
-
2
6
7
259
J
o
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na
l ho
m
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e
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h
ttp
:
//ij
ict.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Strategic
d
eplo
y
ment of
EV
cha
rg
ing
inf
ra
stru
cture
:
a
n in
-
depth
ex
plo
ra
tion
of optima
l loca
ti
o
n selection
a
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CC
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C
V
cha
rg
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Deba
ni P
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d M
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ra
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ticle
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ev
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ted
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v
1
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2
0
2
4
Th
e
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o
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ti
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u
e
d
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
(EV)
m
a
rk
e
t
n
e
c
e
ss
it
a
te
s
stra
teg
ic
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
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th
e
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
a
rg
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n
g
sta
ti
o
n
s
t
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n
su
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fficie
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t
a
c
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e
s
s
a
n
d
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tr
ic
in
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
re
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
c
rit
ica
l
fa
c
to
rs
in
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
t
h
e
se
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
EV
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sta
ti
o
n
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
lo
n
g
with
t
h
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
c
o
n
sta
n
t
c
u
rre
n
t
-
c
o
n
sta
n
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(CC
-
CV)
c
h
a
rg
in
g
m
o
d
e
ls.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
in
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
st
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sta
ti
o
n
s
to
a
c
c
o
m
m
o
d
a
te
th
e
g
ro
wi
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
s
u
sta
in
a
b
le
tran
sp
o
rtati
o
n
.
F
u
rth
e
rm
o
re
,
it
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
b
e
n
e
fit
s
o
f
a
d
o
p
ti
n
g
CC
-
CV
c
h
a
rg
in
g
m
o
d
e
ls
t
o
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
c
h
a
rg
in
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
a
c
h
iev
i
n
g
a
b
a
lan
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
b
a
t
tery
lo
n
g
e
v
i
ty
.
Th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
a
n
a
ly
sis,
th
e
re
v
iew
a
ims
to
p
ro
v
i
d
e
v
a
lu
a
b
l
e
in
sig
h
ts
t
o
sta
k
e
h
o
ld
e
rs
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
x
p
a
n
si
o
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o
f
EV
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
in
fra
str
u
c
tu
re
,
th
e
re
b
y
su
p
p
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rti
n
g
th
e
tran
si
ti
o
n
t
o
a
m
o
re
su
sta
in
a
b
le
a
n
d
e
x
ten
si
v
e
e
lec
tri
c
m
o
b
il
it
y
e
c
o
sy
ste
m
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
n
s
tan
t c
u
r
r
en
t
C
o
n
s
tan
t v
o
ltag
e
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
Sh
o
r
test
p
ath
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
r
en
d
er
R
ed
d
y
Salk
u
ti
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
R
ailr
o
ad
an
d
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
W
o
o
s
o
n
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
J
ay
an
g
-
Do
n
g
,
Do
n
g
-
Gu
,
Dae
j
eo
n
-
3
4
6
0
6
,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Ko
r
ea
E
m
ail:
s
u
r
en
d
er
@
wsu
.
ac
.
k
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
is
n
o
tab
l
y
en
er
g
y
-
in
te
n
s
iv
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
al
ter
n
ativ
es
lik
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs).
E
Vs
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
im
p
ac
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
b
u
t
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
o
u
r
ce
,
with
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
eir
b
en
ef
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
n
ec
ess
itates
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
wh
ich
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
elec
tr
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
[2
]
,
[
3]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
lan
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
u
s
er
b
eh
av
io
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ca
n
m
ee
t
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
E
V
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
o
p
tim
al
p
lan
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
u
s
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
t
o
m
ain
tain
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
u
r
b
an
tr
af
f
ic
ef
f
icien
tly
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
o
f
E
V
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
l
y
th
e
C
C
-
C
V
m
eth
o
d
,
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
b
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
6
]
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
o
p
tim
ize
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
e
n
h
an
c
in
g
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
7
]
.
A
r
o
b
u
s
t
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
es st
r
ateg
ic
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
a
d
v
an
c
ed
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es [
8
]
.
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
,
I
n
d
ia,
s
er
v
es
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
its
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
cit
y
'
s
u
n
iq
u
e
b
len
d
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
s
its
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
t
in
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
's
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
2
5
:
259
-
2
6
7
260
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
clu
d
e
p
o
licies
aim
ed
at
r
e
d
u
cin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ically
p
lace
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
l
o
ca
l
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
u
l
tifa
ce
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
tec
h
n
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
3
]
.
B
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
u
s
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
cities
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
th
eir
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
,
lo
ca
ted
in
Od
i
s
h
a,
I
n
d
ia,
is
u
n
d
er
g
o
i
n
g
a
n
o
tab
le
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Po
s
itio
n
e
d
as
a
city
d
ed
icate
d
to
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
g
r
ee
n
u
r
b
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t,
B
h
u
b
a
n
eswar
'
s
jo
u
r
n
ey
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
its
u
n
iq
u
e
b
len
d
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
A
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ex
am
in
es
th
e
city
'
s
E
V
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
an
al
y
zin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
E
V
m
o
d
els
an
d
th
eir
b
atter
y
r
atin
g
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
its
ev
o
lv
in
g
u
r
b
an
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
alig
n
m
en
t w
ith
t
h
e
city
'
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
.
2
.
1
.
Are
a
o
f
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
ex
p
a
n
s
e
o
f
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
city
's
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
u
r
b
a
n
d
y
n
am
ics.
I
n
itial
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
cq
u
ir
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
atas
ets
r
elate
d
to
t
r
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
ex
is
tin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
.
Geo
s
p
atial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
m
ap
s
an
d
s
atellite
im
ag
er
y
,
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
GAs).
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
c
o
o
r
d
in
ates,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
latitu
d
e
an
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
e,
o
f
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
lo
ca
ted
with
in
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
co
o
r
d
in
ates
ar
e
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elev
an
ce
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
,
as th
ey
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
with
in
th
e
ci
ty
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
(
E
VC
Ss
)
l
o
ca
tio
n
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
La
t
i
t
u
d
e
Lo
n
g
i
t
u
d
e
EV
C
S
2
0
.
2
8
9
6
4
8
5
.
8
1
5
6
4
3
Ta
t
a
_
C
S
2
0
.
4
3
6
1
9
5
8
5
.
8
8
4
8
1
1
A
t
h
e
r
_
C
s
_
1
2
0
.
2
5
9
9
7
5
8
5
.
7
8
7
9
2
6
A
t
h
e
r
_
C
s
_
2
2
0
.
2
4
2
7
4
3
8
5
.
8
4
1
0
1
1
A
t
h
e
r
_
C
s
_
3
2
0
.
2
8
2
3
9
8
8
5
.
8
3
9
2
4
9
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icle
s
wa
rm
o
ptim
iz
a
t
io
n in lo
a
d f
o
re
ca
s
t
ing
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
lo
a
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
o
r
E
VC
Ss
in
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
,
PS
O
o
f
f
er
s
an
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
i
c
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
.
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
'
s
u
r
b
an
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
tr
af
f
ic,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
u
s
e,
n
ec
ess
itate
a
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
n
atu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
s
u
ch
as
b
ir
d
f
lo
ck
s
an
d
f
is
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
PS
O
o
p
tim
izes
f
u
t
u
r
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
b
y
r
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
a
s
w
a
r
m
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
le
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
p
o
te
n
t
i
al
f
o
r
e
c
as
t
i
n
g
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
s
.
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
p
s
eu
d
o
c
o
d
e
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
PS
O
in
l
o
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ad
a
p
tab
le
t
o
ch
a
n
g
in
g
u
r
b
an
d
y
n
am
ics,
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
at
E
VC
S
s
i
n
cities
lik
e
B
h
u
b
an
eswar
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Ps
eu
d
o
co
d
e
f
o
r
PS
O
in
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
initialize_particles()
initialize_velocity()
while not converged:
for a particle in particles:
evaluate_fitness(particle)
update_personal_best(particle)
global_best_particle = find_global_best()
for a particle in particles:
update_velocity(particle, global_best_particle)
update_position(particle)
update_convergence_criteria()
generate_load_forecast(global_best_position)
W
h
er
e,
p
ar
ticles:
a
n
ar
r
ay
o
r
lis
t
co
n
tain
in
g
all
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
in
th
e
s
war
m
,
g
lo
b
al_
b
est_
p
ar
ticle:
a
v
ar
ia
b
le
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
g
lo
b
al
b
est
p
ar
ticle
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
th
e
s
war
m
,
f
in
d
_
g
lo
b
al_
b
est()
:
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
g
lo
b
al
b
est
p
ar
ticle
am
o
n
g
al
l
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
war
m
,
u
p
d
ate_
p
o
s
itio
n
(
p
ar
ticle)
:
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
to
u
p
d
ate
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
b
a
s
ed
o
n
its
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
v
elo
city
,
m
u
tate(
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al,
m
u
tatio
n
_
r
ate)
:
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
ap
p
ly
m
u
tatio
n
t
o
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
ar
ticle
with
a
ce
r
tain
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate
(
t
h
is
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
ty
p
ical
in
PS
O,
as it
's m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
tr
a
teg
ic
d
ep
lo
yme
n
t
o
f E
V
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
in
fr
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e:
a
n
i
n
-
d
ep
th
…
(
Deb
a
n
i P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
261
2
.
3
.
Adv
a
nt
a
g
es o
f
CC
-
CV
c
ha
rg
ing
m
o
de
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
B
h
u
b
an
eswa
r
'
s
d
is
t
in
ctiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
iv
e
r
s
e
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
es
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
th
e
C
C
-
CV
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
R
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
elica
tely
b
alan
ce
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
,
C
C
-
C
V
em
er
g
es
as
a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
E
V
b
atter
ies
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
es a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
f
o
r
r
esid
en
ts
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
4
.
G
As a
pp
lica
t
io
n in str
a
t
eg
ic
pla
ce
m
ent
o
f
E
V
cha
rg
ing
infr
a
s
t
ruct
ure
GA
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
o
p
tim
iz
in
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
p
lace
m
e
n
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
p
r
in
cip
les.
T
h
e
pr
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
a
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
ev
alu
ates
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
p
o
p
u
lated
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
u
r
b
an
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
in
v
o
l
v
es
id
en
tify
in
g
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
e
v
e
r
y
n
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
ch
e
d
b
y
a
n
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
with
in
its
r
an
g
e,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
is
s
elec
ted
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
A
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
a
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
5
is
ap
p
lie
d
to
ch
o
o
s
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
itial
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tag
e
em
p
l
o
y
s
an
in
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
M
in
∑
(
≠
,
∈
se
V
se
+
t
es
V
es
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
V
se
is
a
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
d
en
o
tes
th
e
b
r
an
c
h
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
s
to
n
o
d
e
e;
it
ca
n
h
av
e
tw
o
v
alu
es:
1
(
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
an
ch
to
b
e
s
elec
ted
as
a
p
ath
co
m
p
o
n
en
t)
o
r
0
(
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
a
n
ch
n
o
t
to
b
e
p
ic
k
ed
as
a
p
ath
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t)
,
V
es
is
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
d
en
o
tes
th
e
b
r
an
ch
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
e
to
n
o
d
e
s
it
ca
n
h
a
v
e
two
v
alu
es
1
(
f
o
r
th
e
b
r
an
ch
t
o
b
e
ch
o
s
en
as
a
p
ath
s
eg
m
en
t)
o
r
0
(
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
r
an
ch
n
o
t
to
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
as
a
p
ath
s
eg
m
en
t.)
,
t
se
=t
es
=d
is
tan
c
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
b
r
an
c
h
f
r
o
m
p
o
in
t to
o
t
h
er
,
N
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ca
s
es wh
ich
will b
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
.
2
.
5
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
dro
ps
a
nd
ener
g
y
ca
pa
cit
y
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
m
in
im
ize
co
s
ts
wh
ile
m
ee
tin
g
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
em
an
d
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
ex
p
en
s
es
r
elate
d
to
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
r
ea
lis
tic
g
o
al,
b
alan
cin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
en
er
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
,
a
n
d
m
ee
tin
g
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ef
lects
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
f
er
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
f
o
r
in
tu
itiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
d
v
an
ce
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
As
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
ev
o
lv
e,
s
u
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
5
]
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
in
im
ize
co
s
ts
b
y
f
ac
to
r
in
g
in
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
s
.
T
h
is
p
s
eu
d
o
c
o
d
e
o
u
tlin
es
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
tep
s
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
E
VC
S,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
ex
p
e
n
s
es a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
b
a
tter
y
e
n
er
g
y
c
ap
ac
ity
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
Ps
eu
d
o
co
d
e
f
o
r
m
in
im
izatio
n
o
f
co
s
t b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
Define realistic objective function:
def realistic_objective_function(x)
Set PSO parameters:
Initialize Particles, Velocities, Personal and Global bests
Initialize 2D scatter plot for visualization
Main PSO Loop:
Objective function evaluation for each particle
Update personal and global bests
Update velocities and positions using the PSO
equation
Plot particles on a 2D plot
dim = 2, swarm_size = 20, max_iter = 50, inertial weight = 0.5, cognitive factor =
1.5, social factor = 2.0
Display optimal solution:
Print “Optimal Solution”
Print “Voltage Drop:", global_best_positio
n [0]
Print "Energy Storage Capacity:", global_best_position [1]
Print "Objective Value:", objective_function (global_best_position)
2
.
6
.
Co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
t
iv
eness
C
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
th
e
m
ain
h
u
r
d
le
as
th
e
m
ain
m
o
tiv
e
is
to
m
in
im
ize
it
s
o
th
at
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
co
m
m
o
n
p
eo
p
le
also
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
ath
em
atica
l o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
it is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
,
=
∗
195
∗
0
.
3
∗
0
.
05
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
2
5
:
259
-
2
6
7
262
W
h
er
e
DE
is
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
VE
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
Vs,
1
9
5
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
r
an
g
e
in
I
n
d
ia
(
in
k
m
)
,
0
.
3
is
th
e
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
n
ee
d
e
d
,
i.e
.
,
3
0
k
W
h
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
ev
er
y
1
0
0
m
iles
,
an
d
0
.
0
5
is
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
h
ap
p
e
n
s
at
p
u
b
lic
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
p
er
1
0
,
0
0
0
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t
o
f
a
n
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
b
o
th
f
i
x
ed
an
d
v
a
r
iab
le
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Fix
ed
co
s
ts
,
s
u
ch
as e
lectr
icity
co
s
t a
n
d
s
ite
r
en
t
,
r
em
ain
u
n
c
h
an
g
e
d
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ar
g
er
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
v
ar
iab
le
co
s
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
ac
k
o
f
f
ice
r
u
n
n
in
g
co
s
ts
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
,
an
d
u
n
p
lan
n
e
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ar
g
er
s
d
u
e
to
ad
d
itio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e,
u
p
k
ee
p
,
an
d
r
ep
air
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
wh
ile
elec
tr
icity
co
s
ts
an
d
s
ite
r
en
t
ar
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
o
v
er
all
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
E
V
r
an
g
e
an
d
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
r
o
u
te
u
s
in
g
E
VC
S
d
ata
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
E
V
r
a
n
g
e
an
d
r
o
u
te
u
s
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
ta
tio
n
d
ata
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
E
V
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
t
in
itializes
p
ar
ticles
an
d
v
elo
cities,
ass
ess
in
g
f
itn
ess
b
ased
o
n
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
u
p
d
atin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
s
iter
ativ
ely
[
3
0
]
.
B
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lik
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
it
id
en
t
if
ies
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
ts
an
d
r
o
u
tes,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
E
V
o
p
er
atio
n
.
W
ith
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
an
g
es,
it o
f
f
er
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
E
f
f
icien
t
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
is
v
ital
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
p
u
b
lic
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
A
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
icts
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
at
p
u
b
lic
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lik
e
E
V
q
u
an
tity
,
r
an
g
e
,
an
d
e
lectr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
B
y
f
ac
to
r
in
g
in
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
at
p
u
b
lic
s
tatio
n
s
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
esti
m
ate
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
en
h
an
ce
s
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
s
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
in
v
esto
r
s
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
clea
n
e
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
g
lo
b
a
lly
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
E
V
r
an
g
e
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
r
o
u
te
u
s
in
g
E
VC
S
d
ata
n
etw
o
r
k
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
t
r
en
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle’
s
b
atter
y
’
s
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
wh
ic
h
im
p
lies
th
at
as
s
et
b
ef
o
r
e
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
it
will
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
s
witch
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
to
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
e.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
h
er
e
it
is
s
et
at
4
0
.
1
%
s
o
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
er
ca
n
s
ee
a
s
m
all
n
o
tch
at
4
0
.
1
%.
T
h
i
s
n
o
tch
m
a
r
k
s
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
o
f
m
o
d
es.
Nex
t,
th
is
p
ap
er
h
as
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
er
s
u
s
t
im
e
g
r
ap
h
wh
ich
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
em
ai
n
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
a
s
et
v
alu
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
u
t
it
s
h
o
ws
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
d
r
o
p
w
h
en
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
ch
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
to
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
en
ag
ain
it
g
o
es
b
ac
k
to
th
e
s
et
v
alu
e
an
d
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
is
d
r
o
p
m
ar
k
s
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
m
o
d
es.
Her
e,
f
o
r
illu
s
tr
atio
n
it
h
as its
s
et
v
alu
e
as 1
5
A.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
last
g
ar
p
h
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
er
s
u
s
tim
e
g
r
ap
h
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
ws
th
e
tr
en
d
s
o
f
th
e
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.
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I
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S
tr
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u
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2
.
Gr
a
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r
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t v
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o
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ativ
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o
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b
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o
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ilit
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,
B
h
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h
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k
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h
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Fig
u
r
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3
,
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awin
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etr
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ates,
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ateg
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o
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a
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ap
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itiativ
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ically
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io
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eth
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ir
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r
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ip
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o
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ata
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esh
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
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o
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ew
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VC
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izatio
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u
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4
,
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
r
en
d
s
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in
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in
g
lo
ad
o
n
in
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in
g
a
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ea
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
r
ed
c
r
o
s
s
,
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er
v
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g
as
a
v
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al
in
d
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with
in
th
e
g
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h
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ig
n
if
ies
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
im
p
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s
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
esig
n
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ar
a
m
eter
s
,
n
am
ely
v
o
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e
d
r
o
p
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
p
iv
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tal
with
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e
c
o
n
tex
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m
p
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tes
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atin
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icate
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ter
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iv
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s
e
v
ar
ia
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les.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
ese
in
clu
d
e
th
e
im
p
e
r
ativ
e
t
o
m
in
im
ize
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
,
en
h
a
n
ce
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
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ag
e
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p
ac
ity
,
an
d
p
r
u
d
e
n
tly
allo
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te
co
s
ts
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
C
en
tr
al
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th
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
m
an
d
ate
is
th
e
m
in
im
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
c
o
s
t
m
etr
ic,
th
er
eb
y
s
teer
in
g
to
war
d
s
an
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
.
A
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
v
alu
e,
e
n
s
co
n
ce
d
wit
h
in
th
e
co
n
f
in
es
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
,
s
ig
n
if
ies
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
f
in
a
n
cially
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iab
le
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
b
u
t
al
s
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
o
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er
ar
c
h
in
g
g
o
als o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
e
f
f
icac
y
in
h
er
en
t in
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Op
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
p
er
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
u
s
in
g
PS
O
B
ey
o
n
d
its
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
co
s
t
m
in
im
izatio
n
,
th
e
PS
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
en
ca
p
s
u
lates
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
er
ativ
es
p
er
tin
en
t
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
with
in
th
e
b
u
r
g
e
o
n
in
g
d
o
m
ain
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
B
y
h
a
r
m
o
n
izin
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
m
itig
ate
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
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e
n
h
an
ce
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
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ag
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ca
p
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,
an
d
allo
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te
co
s
ts
ju
d
icio
u
s
ly
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
s
ter
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
ly
p
r
u
d
e
n
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
d
esig
n
s
b
u
t
also
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
iter
ativ
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
PS
O
en
g
en
d
e
r
s
a
d
y
n
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ic
o
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tim
izatio
n
p
r
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ce
s
s
,
en
d
o
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n
g
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ar
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267
Am
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jeo
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o
u
t
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rt
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so
lar
p
h
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t
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v
o
lt
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ic
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
re
n
d
e
r@ws
u
.
a
c
.
k
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.