I
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Adv
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291
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CC B
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C
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4
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B
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lasmi@
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id
1.
I
NT
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UCT
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Aed
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m
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y
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ti
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ld
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I
n
s
ec
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esis
tan
ce
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
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t
ch
allen
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e
to
v
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to
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c
o
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tr
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l p
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am
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h
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o
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o
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q
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ex
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ed
to
th
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ch
em
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[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
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itio
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,
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in
cr
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s
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in
m
o
r
tality
a
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[
3
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–
[
5
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.
Den
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R
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tan
ce
s
tatu
s
is
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
as
d
i
s
ea
s
e
v
ec
to
r
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
Aed
es
v
ec
to
r
s
with
in
s
ec
ticid
es
u
s
in
g
p
er
m
eth
r
in
an
d
m
ala
t
h
io
n
is
a
m
aj
o
r
c
o
n
ce
r
n
with
r
ap
i
d
in
s
ec
ticid
e
r
esis
tan
ce
p
o
ten
t
ially
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
s
ec
ticid
e
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies
[
1
2
]
.
Or
g
an
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
ates
(
m
alath
io
n
an
d
tem
ep
h
o
s
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
t
o
s
u
p
p
r
ess
m
o
s
q
u
ito
v
ec
to
r
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
p
y
r
eth
r
o
id
s
(
p
er
m
eth
r
in
)
c
am
e
in
to
u
s
e
in
th
e
1
9
8
0
s
ca
m
e
in
to
u
s
e
in
th
e
1
9
8
0
s
a
n
d
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
an
d
th
e
n
atio
n
al
m
o
s
q
u
ito
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
y
r
eth
r
o
id
s
in
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
ad
es
h
as
led
to
p
y
r
eth
r
o
id
r
esis
tan
ce
in
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti,
wh
ich
h
as
p
o
s
ed
a
ch
al
len
g
e
t
o
d
en
g
u
e
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
in
s
ec
ticid
e
-
b
ased
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
[
1
5
]
.
Mo
n
ito
r
i
n
g
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
e
s
is
ess
en
tial
in
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
-
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es
i
s
es
s
en
tial
in
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
v
ec
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es
in
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
h
as
cr
ea
ted
s
er
io
u
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
u
n
d
er
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
DE
NV.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
d
o
m
esti
ca
lly
o
n
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
to
in
s
e
cticid
es,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
elate
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
lead
in
g
t
o
r
esis
tan
ce
is
lack
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
v
alu
ated
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
s
tatu
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es
in
th
e
E
n
r
ek
an
g
R
eg
en
cy
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
s
tatu
s
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
to
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es
s
u
ch
as
p
e
r
m
eth
r
in
an
d
m
alath
io
n
at
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
is
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esear
ch
with
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
in
E
n
r
ek
an
g
R
eg
en
cy
to
in
s
ec
ticid
es
ca
n
b
e
k
n
o
wn
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
f
em
ale
Aed
e
s
ae
g
y
p
ti
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ea
r
in
g
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
lar
v
ae
f
o
u
n
d
in
E
n
r
ek
an
g
R
eg
en
cy
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
to
b
e
test
ed
i
s
3
0
0
with
t
h
r
ee
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
,
i
n
o
n
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
2
0
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es.
T
h
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
o
f
a
d
u
lt
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
to
p
er
m
et
h
r
in
a
n
d
m
alat
h
io
n
w
er
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO
)
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
m
o
s
q
u
it
o
b
i
o
ass
ay
p
r
o
to
co
ls
with
W
HO
s
tan
d
ar
d
tu
b
es
an
d
im
p
r
e
g
n
at
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es
co
n
tain
in
g
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
d
o
s
es.
T
h
e
r
ea
r
e
d
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
wer
e
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
i
n
th
e
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
o
f
th
e
Po
ltek
k
es
Kem
en
k
es
Ma
k
ass
ar
to
id
en
tify
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
a
n
d
o
n
ly
Aed
es a
eg
y
p
t
i
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
a
in
v
ec
to
r
o
f
DHF
in
E
n
r
e
k
an
g
R
eg
en
cy
was ta
k
en
.
T
h
e
test
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
to
im
p
r
e
g
n
ated
p
a
p
er
f
ilter
s
co
n
tain
i
n
g
W
HO
-
p
r
escr
ib
ed
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
d
o
s
es
(
p
er
m
eth
r
in
0
.
2
5
%
an
d
m
alath
i
o
n
0
.
8
%).
C
o
n
tr
o
l
ex
p
er
im
en
t
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
i
lter
p
ap
er
im
p
r
eg
n
ated
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
ec
ticid
e
s
o
lv
en
t.
Af
ter
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
,
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
wer
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
co
llectio
n
tu
b
es
an
d
m
o
s
q
u
ito
m
o
r
tality
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
af
ter
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
m
o
r
tality
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
W
HO
g
u
id
elin
es:
9
8
-
1
0
0
%
m
o
r
tality
in
d
icate
s
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
;
9
0
-
9
7
%
m
o
r
tality
in
d
icate
s
m
o
d
er
ate
l
ik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
;
an
d
l
ess
th
an
9
0
%
m
o
r
tality
in
d
ica
tes
h
ig
h
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
l
o
wch
ar
t
.
Dete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
L
C
5
0
s
u
s
ce
p
t
ib
ilit
y
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
to
p
er
m
eth
r
i
n
in
s
ec
ticid
e
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
o
ttle
b
i
o
ass
ay
m
eth
o
d
.
A
1
m
illi
liter
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
d
o
s
e
was
ad
d
ed
to
a
2
5
0
m
l
wh
ea
to
n
b
o
ttle,
s
p
r
ea
d
ev
e
n
ly
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
ttle,
an
d
allo
wed
to
d
r
y
o
v
er
n
ig
h
t.
New
ly
em
er
g
ed
,
3
-
4
d
ay
s
o
ld
,
n
o
n
-
b
l
o
o
d
-
f
e
d
f
em
ale
m
o
s
q
u
it
o
es
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
2
0
in
to
b
o
ttles
co
ated
with
ea
ch
d
o
s
e
o
f
p
er
m
et
h
r
in
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
r
ep
licat
ed
f
o
u
r
tim
es.
M
o
s
q
u
ito
m
o
r
t
ality
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
ev
er
y
1
0
m
in
u
tes
u
p
t
o
1
h
o
u
r
,
Fin
al
m
o
r
tality
was
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
af
ter
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
Data
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
f
o
llo
ws
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
will b
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
ta
b
les,
an
d
f
ig
u
r
es a
n
d
an
aly
ze
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
S
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
o
f A
ed
es a
eg
y
p
ti to
ma
la
th
io
n
a
n
d
p
ermeth
r
in
in
s
ec
ticid
es in
E
n
r
ek
a
n
g
…
(
S
u
la
s
mi
S
u
la
s
mi
)
293
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
r
tality
g
r
ap
h
o
f
t
h
e
test
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
u
s
in
g
m
alath
io
n
2
5
%
in
s
ec
ti
cid
e
with
4
r
ep
etitio
n
s
an
d
2
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
e
p
etitio
n
s
h
o
wed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
o
s
q
u
ito
m
o
r
tality
o
f
6
0
%
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
r
ep
etitio
n
s
h
o
wed
t
h
e
lo
west
m
o
r
tality
with
5
0
%
f
o
r
a
n
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
tim
e
o
f
1
h
o
u
r
.
Fo
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
tim
e
o
f
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
r
ep
etitio
n
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
2
5
%
m
ala
th
io
n
in
s
ec
ticid
e
was
ab
le
to
k
ill
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
b
y
9
5
%
an
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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co
n
tr
o
l
with
o
u
t
in
s
ec
ticid
e
r
o
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
i
s
n
o
t
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
s
ec
ticid
es
th
at
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
ty
p
e
an
d
m
o
d
e
o
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
in
s
ec
ticid
es
f
o
r
v
ec
to
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
a
m
ax
im
u
m
tim
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
2
-
3
y
ea
r
s
o
r
4
-
6
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
T
wo
m
ain
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
p
y
r
eth
r
o
id
r
esis
tan
ce
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
d
en
tifie
d
in
Ae
d
es
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es
:
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
eto
x
if
icatio
n
v
ia
cy
to
c
h
r
o
m
e
P4
5
0
m
o
n
o
o
x
y
g
en
ase
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
s
in
v
o
ltag
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
s
o
d
iu
m
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
(
Vss
c
)
(
i.e
.
,
k
n
o
ck
d
o
wn
r
esis
tan
ce
(
KDR)
)
.
T
h
ese
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws
.
B
o
th
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
c
h
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
s
ec
ticid
es
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
is
l
o
ca
lly
s
p
e
cif
ic
s
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
v
ar
y
b
y
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
c
es
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
q
u
ito
v
ec
to
r
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
test
b
etwe
en
d
is
tr
icts
ca
n
also
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
p
ec
ie
s
,
v
ec
to
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
i
n
s
ec
ticid
e
u
s
e
in
ea
ch
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
co
n
t
ac
t
is
also
d
if
f
er
en
t
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
s
in
in
s
ec
ticid
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ca
n
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
i
n
s
ec
ticid
e
u
s
e.
I
f
th
e
s
am
e
in
s
ec
ticid
e
is
ap
p
lied
,
th
er
e
ar
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
th
at
ar
e
a
b
le
to
liv
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
r
esis
tan
t
s
t
r
ain
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
o
s
e
o
r
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
p
r
ay
i
n
g
o
r
r
ep
lace
it
with
o
th
er
m
o
r
e
to
x
ic
ch
em
icals.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
s
ec
ticid
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
an
d
o
v
er
a
lo
n
g
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
tim
e
r
esu
lts
in
f
ewe
r
an
d
f
ewe
r
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
in
s
ec
ts
,
s
o
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
in
s
e
cts
ar
e
im
m
u
n
e
i
n
s
ec
ts
.
I
n
an
in
s
ec
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
i
n
s
ec
t
m
em
b
er
s
th
at
ar
e
im
m
u
n
e
o
r
r
esis
tan
t
to
in
s
ec
ticid
es.
T
h
is
r
esis
tan
ce
will
b
e
p
ass
ed
o
n
to
th
eir
o
f
f
s
p
r
in
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
r
esis
tan
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
First,
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
test
in
g
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
t
o
m
alath
i
o
n
an
d
p
er
m
eth
r
in
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
lled
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ef
lect
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
lev
els
in
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
l
e
x
n
atu
r
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
o
n
two
in
s
ec
ticid
es,
th
u
s
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
m
o
s
q
u
ito
r
esis
tan
ce
to
o
th
er
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
s
ec
ticid
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
g
en
etic
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
a
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
m
o
s
q
u
ito
r
esis
tan
ce
wer
e
n
o
t
an
aly
ze
d
in
d
ep
th
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
m
o
lecu
lar
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
id
en
tify
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
r
esis
tan
ce
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
s
co
p
e
was
lim
ited
to
E
n
r
e
k
an
g
R
eg
en
cy
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
le
to
o
th
er
r
eg
i
o
n
s
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t e
co
l
o
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Giv
en
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
f
ie
ld
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
ies
to
v
alid
ate
l
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
ass
ess
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
r
esis
tan
ce
p
atter
n
s
.
E
x
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
s
co
p
e
to
o
th
er
in
s
ec
tic
id
es
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
r
esis
t
an
ce
p
r
o
f
iles
,
aid
in
g
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
m
o
lec
u
lar
an
d
g
en
etic
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
to
id
en
tif
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
g
en
es
a
n
d
th
eir
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
d
y
n
am
ics,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
h
el
p
p
r
ed
ict
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
tr
en
d
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
i
es.
L
astl
y
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
clim
atic
f
ac
to
r
s
in
to
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
will
o
f
f
er
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
e
g
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
s
q
u
ito
co
n
tr
o
l p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
to
m
alath
io
n
an
d
p
e
r
m
e
th
r
in
in
Aed
es
ae
g
y
p
ti
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
in
E
n
r
ek
an
g
R
eg
en
c
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
m
o
r
tality
test
o
f
Ae
d
es
ae
g
y
p
t
i
.
T
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
er
m
eth
r
in
as
an
ad
u
lt
in
s
ec
ticid
e
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
v
ec
to
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
to
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
i
n
s
ec
ticid
es a
n
d
th
eir
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
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s
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ermeth
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ticid
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E
n
r
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W
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WHO
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