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2
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[
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An
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[
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I
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2252
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8
8
1
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PMS)
[
7
]
;
alth
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
PC
S
s
i
s
a
d
if
f
icu
lt
task
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
v
ast
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
ad
s
a
n
d
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
th
e
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
p
ec
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
in
s
p
ec
to
r
t
o
in
s
p
ec
to
r
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia,
t
h
e
n
atio
n
al
h
ig
h
way
n
etwo
r
k
h
as
s
ee
n
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
v
er
th
e
last
two
d
ec
ad
es
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
2
0
0
0
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
len
g
th
o
f
n
atio
n
al
h
ig
h
way
s
was
ar
o
u
n
d
5
2
,
0
0
0
k
ilo
m
eter
s
with
2
%
o
f
th
at
o
f
f
o
u
r
o
r
m
o
r
e
lan
es.
T
h
is
h
ad
r
is
en
to
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
k
ilo
m
et
er
s
,
with
2
0
% o
f
th
at
len
g
th
h
av
in
g
f
o
u
r
o
r
m
o
r
e
lan
es
[
9
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
ts
o
f
r
o
a
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
i
s
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
1
0
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
as
i
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
a
f
ety
o
f
r
o
ad
u
s
er
s
,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
,
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
v
e
s
tm
en
t
s
m
ad
e
in
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
ad
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia,
pa
v
em
en
t
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
i.e
.
,
r
o
u
tin
e,
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
,
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
R
o
u
tin
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
in
v
o
lv
e
s
r
eg
u
l
ar
i
n
s
p
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
m
i
n
o
r
r
ep
air
w
o
r
k
s
th
at
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
d
ete
r
io
r
atio
n
.
Pre
v
en
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
i
n
clu
d
es
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
s
ea
l
co
atin
g
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
p
av
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
am
ag
e
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
ti
v
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ad
d
r
ess
es
ex
ten
s
iv
e
f
ailu
r
es
o
r
d
am
a
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
o
r
r
esu
r
f
ac
in
g
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
a
n
d
s
af
ety
o
f
th
e
r
o
ad
s
[
1
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
I
n
d
ia
is
ad
o
p
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
en
ab
le
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
o
ad
co
n
d
it
io
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
s
u
ch
d
ata,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
ch
ed
u
les
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
allo
ca
ted
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia,
b
o
th
ce
n
tr
al
an
d
s
tate
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
p
o
licies
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
[
1
8
]
.
Su
ch
in
itiativ
es
in
clu
d
e
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
q
u
al
ity
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
9
]
.
Desp
ite
s
ev
er
al
in
itia
t
iv
es
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
I
n
d
ia
f
ac
es
ch
allen
g
es
in
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
d
u
e
to
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as f
u
n
d
i
n
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
v
ar
iab
le
clim
ate
,
an
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
Var
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
r
i
o
r
itize
th
e
d
ef
ec
ts
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
av
em
en
t
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
a
n
aly
tical
h
ier
ar
ch
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
AHP)
was
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
m
u
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
p
av
em
e
n
t
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
r
an
k
e
d
p
av
em
e
n
t
d
i
s
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
(
i.e
.
,
p
av
em
en
t
d
e
f
ec
ts
)
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
atio
n
al
weig
h
ts
an
d
p
r
io
r
ity
ass
ig
n
ed
b
y
AHP.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
llected
o
p
in
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
an
d
co
m
p
eten
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
ed
cr
ac
k
s
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ef
ec
ts
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
,
p
atch
in
g
,
an
d
p
o
th
o
les.
As
p
er
th
e
co
llected
d
ata,
th
e
m
o
s
t c
r
itical
d
is
tr
ess
wa
s
cr
ac
k
in
g
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ef
e
cts,
p
atch
in
g
,
p
o
th
o
les
,
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
m
a
k
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
p
av
em
en
t m
ain
te
n
an
ce
p
r
i
o
r
ities
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
2
1
]
aim
ed
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
r
o
ad
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
cr
iter
ia
weig
h
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
AHP
m
eth
o
d
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
Pad
an
g
C
ity
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia;
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
id
e
n
tifie
d
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
ei
g
h
te
en
r
o
ad
m
ain
ten
an
ce
cr
iter
ia.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
weig
h
t,
th
e
A
HP
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
o
f
co
m
b
in
ed
weig
h
t
r
esu
lted
in
a
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
o
f
cr
iter
ia,
with
r
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
,
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
ty
p
e,
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
b
ein
g
th
e
m
ain
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
r
o
ad
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
in
Pad
a
n
g
C
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
i
n
r
o
ad
m
ain
ten
an
ce
with
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
r
o
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
an
d
ac
ci
d
en
t r
at
es.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
[
2
2
]
,
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
tat
is
tical
an
aly
s
is
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
is
ex
p
lain
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
2
]
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
at
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
a
n
aly
s
is
wh
ich
is
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
v
ar
ia
b
les;
is
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
m
is
u
s
e.
Var
io
u
s
p
av
em
e
n
t
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
els
m
ay
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
is
lead
in
g
r
esu
lt
s
is
wh
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
d
eq
u
ac
y
in
th
e
ev
alu
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
in
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
a
v
em
en
t m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
2
3
]
e
x
am
in
es
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
AHP
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
m
u
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
to
ap
p
ly
th
e
AHP
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
id
ea
l
lev
e
l
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ess
.
Fro
m
K
u
mp
u
la
n
I
kra
m
S
d
n
B
h
d
(
I
KR
AM
)
an
d
Ja
b
a
ta
n
K
erja
R
a
ya
(
J
KR
)
,
th
e
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
s
k
illed
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
als
wer
e
th
en
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
ef
i
n
ed
f
o
u
r
cr
iter
ia
i.e
.
,
cr
ac
k
i
n
g
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
e
f
ec
ts
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
th
o
les
[
2
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ain
cr
iter
ia,
th
e
s
u
b
-
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
cr
ac
k
in
g
was th
e
m
o
s
t im
p
o
r
tan
t f
ac
to
r
,
with
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
weig
h
t o
f
0
.
5
5
0
0
; f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
(
0
.
2
3
0
0
)
,
p
atch
in
g
an
d
p
o
th
o
les
(
0
.
1
6
0
0
)
,
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
laws
(
0
.
0
6
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
cr
ac
k
in
g
co
n
s
titu
ted
th
e
m
o
s
t sig
n
if
ican
t p
av
e
m
en
t
d
ef
ec
t i
n
f
lex
i
b
le
p
av
em
e
n
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
attem
p
t
at
p
av
em
en
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
em
p
h
asizin
g
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
e
n
t
d
ef
ec
ts
,
r
es
u
ltin
g
in
lim
ited
d
ir
ec
tly
c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
liter
atu
r
e
with
in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
3
6
-
344
338
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
r
aws
u
p
o
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
f
ie
ld
o
f
p
r
o
ject
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
9
]
to
estab
lis
h
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
les
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
d
i
v
er
s
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
e
n
t
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
p
o
th
o
le
s
,
allig
ato
r
cr
ac
k
s
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
tr
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
s
,
h
u
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
,
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
,
s
h
o
v
in
g
,
r
u
ttin
g
,
an
d
r
av
elin
g
.
Qu
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
u
r
v
ey
s
a
n
d
in
te
r
v
i
ews,
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
.
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
c
r
itical
in
d
ex
a
n
d
s
p
ea
r
m
en
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
,
aim
to
d
is
ce
r
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
lo
o
k
ed
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
p
av
em
en
t
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
is
tr
ess
ty
p
es
u
s
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
AHP,
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
th
eir
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
-
d
r
iv
e
n
p
r
i
o
r
itizatio
n
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
g
ath
er
ed
will
g
u
id
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
o
ad
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
d
ep
lo
y
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
b
o
th
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
elem
en
tar
y
g
o
al
was
to
o
b
tain
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
k
ey
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
with
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
a
n
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
i.e
.
,
p
u
b
lic
s
e
cto
r
,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
,
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ia.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
d
ata
co
llec
tio
n
to
o
l
d
u
e
to
its
ef
f
icien
cy
in
g
ath
er
in
g
th
e
tar
g
eted
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
i
ed
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
esig
n
ed
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
it
co
u
ld
ca
p
tu
r
e
a
wid
e
ar
r
a
y
o
f
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
av
em
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
(
i.e
.
,
p
a
v
em
en
t d
e
f
ec
ts
)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
c
o
u
ld
b
e
co
llected
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
to
r
ef
i
n
e
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
clar
ity
;
th
e
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
also
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
is
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
ev
iew
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
r
ep
o
r
t
s
was
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t state
o
f
p
a
v
em
en
t m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
to
id
en
tify
th
e
g
ap
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
aim
e
d
to
f
ill.
T
h
is
two
-
f
o
l
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
led
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
p
a
v
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
P
rima
ry
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
d
esig
n
e
d
in
a
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
m
an
n
e
r
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
th
o
le
s
,
m
ap
/allig
ato
r
cr
a
ck
s
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
tr
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
s
,
h
u
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
a
ce
,
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
,
s
h
o
v
in
g
,
r
u
ttin
g
,
r
av
elin
g
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
th
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
th
e
tar
g
ete
d
in
d
iv
id
u
als th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
an
n
els i.e
.
,
em
ail,
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
n
am
ely
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ician
s
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ec
eiv
ed
was
1
7
6
;
o
u
t
o
f
w
h
ich
4
4
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
,
8
4
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
,
a
n
d
4
8
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Seco
nd
a
ry
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
d
u
cted
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
with
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
f
a
cto
r
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
is
is
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
p
o
n
p
r
io
r
i in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
th
at
th
e
g
ap
in
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
t
o
p
ic
is
id
en
tifie
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ex
is
tin
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
an
d
d
atab
ases
wer
e
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
t
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
r
ev
iew.
W
h
ile
co
llecti
ng
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ata,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
,
an
d
th
eir
co
n
s
en
t
was
tak
en
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
d
en
tiality
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
s
tr
ict
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
tak
en
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
co
llectio
n
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
v
al
u
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
a
v
e
m
en
t m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ass
ess
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
id
en
tifie
d
f
ac
to
r
s
,
a
one
-
way
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
F
-
test
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
tatis
tical
te
s
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
f
o
r
all
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
u
n
d
er
ex
am
in
ati
o
n
wer
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i
)
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H0
)
:
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
an
d
ii
)
alter
n
ate
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
:
t
h
e
r
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
p
o
s
th
o
c
test
(
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
T
u
k
ey
h
o
n
estl
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
(
HSD
)
test
)
was
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
wh
ich
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
was
s
ee
n
.
T
ab
le
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
test
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lyzi
n
g
th
e
ke
y
f
a
cto
r
s
a
n
d
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f sta
ke
h
o
ld
ers
i
n
p
a
ve
men
t m
a
i
n
ten
a
n
ce
(
Ja
y
ku
ma
r
S
o
n
i
)
339
2
.
2
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
v
a
ria
nce
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ANOV
A
F
-
te
s
t
was
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
n
o
tab
le
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ex
is
ted
in
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
er
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
was
r
ejec
ted
.
T
ab
le
1
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
ac
h
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
AN
OVA
an
aly
s
is
.
Fro
m
T
a
b
le
1
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
in
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ess
ty
p
es
lik
e
m
ap
/allig
ato
r
cr
ac
k
,
l
o
n
g
i
tu
d
in
al
cr
ac
k
,
h
u
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
,
s
h
o
v
in
g
,
r
u
ttin
g
,
an
d
r
av
elin
g
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
o
p
in
io
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
d
i
s
tr
ess
ty
p
es
lik
e
p
o
th
o
le
an
d
tr
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
ac
h
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ANOV
A
F
a
c
t
o
r
df
F
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
P
o
t
h
o
l
e
2
1
.
4
4
0
.
2
3
9
N
o
t
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
M
a
p
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l
l
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t
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c
k
2
7
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4
8
0
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0
0
1
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g
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c
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r
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c
k
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i
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f
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c
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k
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4
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0
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g
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t
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1
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0
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f
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c
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2
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2
.
2
.
P
o
s
t
ho
c
a
na
ly
s
is
As
ex
p
lain
ed
ea
r
lier
,
th
is
test
h
elp
ed
e
v
alu
ate
if
t
h
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
lev
el
o
f
f
ac
t
o
r
s
v
ar
ied
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
th
e
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
test
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
ca
teg
o
r
ies
wh
er
e
th
ese
d
iv
er
g
en
t
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
ex
is
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
T
a
b
le
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
test
,
lik
ely
co
n
d
u
cted
a
f
ter
an
ANOV
A,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t secto
r
s
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
p
av
em
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Po
s
t h
o
c
an
aly
s
is
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
S
EC
TO
R
(I)
S
EC
TO
R
(
J)
M
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(I
-
J)
S
t
d
.
e
r
r
o
r
S
i
g
.
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
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d
e
n
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e
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n
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e
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l
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w
e
r
b
o
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n
d
U
p
p
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r
b
o
u
n
d
M
a
p
/
a
l
l
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g
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t
o
r
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c
k
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b
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Th
e
m
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
s s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
5
l
e
v
e
l
.
Her
e'
s
an
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
:
i)
Ma
p
cr
ac
k
in
g
:
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
(
p
=0
.
0
0
1
)
,
as
well
as
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
(
p
=0
.
0
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
d
if
f
er
in
th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
m
ap
/allig
ato
r
c
r
ac
k
;
ii)
L
o
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
cr
ac
k
:
a
s
ta
tis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
an
d
b
o
th
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
(
p
=0
.
0
5
)
an
d
th
e
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
cr
ac
k
am
o
n
g
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
;
iii)
Hu
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e:
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
(
p
=0
.
0
0
4
)
an
d
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
a
n
d
r
esear
c
h
er
s
(
p
=0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
Hu
n
g
r
y
Su
r
f
ac
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ec
to
r
s
;
iv
)
Stre
ak
in
g
:
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
n
o
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
5
)
an
d
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
(
p
=0
.
0
0
1
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
d
if
f
e
r
in
g
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
;
v
)
S
h
o
v
in
g
:
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
a
r
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
:
p
u
b
lic
v
s
.
p
r
i
v
ate
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
p
u
b
lic
v
s
.
r
esear
ch
er
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
)
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
v
s
.
r
esear
ch
er
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
s
h
o
v
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
ec
to
r
s
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
3
6
-
344
340
v
i)
R
u
ttin
g
:
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ex
is
t
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
s
e
cto
r
(
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
a
n
d
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
r
u
ttin
g
;
an
d
v
ii)
R
av
elin
g
:
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
u
b
l
ic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
(
p
=0
.
0
0
4
)
an
d
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
(
p
=0
.
0
0
4
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
n
r
av
elin
g
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
h
o
c
tes
t
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
s
tatis
ti
ca
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
av
em
en
t
d
ef
ec
t,
o
r
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
p
r
io
r
itize
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
av
e
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
y
id
en
tify
in
g
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
i
n
p
o
in
tin
g
ar
e
a
s
th
at
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
o
v
er
all
p
av
em
en
t p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
av
em
e
n
t
d
i
s
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
th
o
les,
allig
a
to
r
cr
ac
k
s
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
cr
ac
k
s
,
tr
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
s
,
h
u
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
,
s
h
o
v
in
g
,
r
u
ttin
g
,
an
d
r
av
elin
g
.
Data
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
in
ter
v
iews,
an
d
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
with
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
o
f
f
er
e
d
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
ese
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
h
o
w
t
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
av
e
m
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
Crit
ica
lit
y
ind
ex
-
ra
nk
in
g
o
f
f
a
ct
o
rs f
o
r
t
he
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
pa
v
em
ent
m
a
inte
na
nce
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
p
av
e
m
en
t
m
a
in
ten
an
ce
is
in
tr
icate
ly
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
cr
u
ci
al
asp
ec
ts
b
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
A
c
r
iticality
in
d
ex
(
C
I
)
was
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
g
r
ad
ed
f
o
r
s
ev
e
r
al
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
,
an
d
r
esear
c
h
e
r
s
,
as
well
a
s
co
llectiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
o
n
th
e
asp
ec
ts
th
at
en
h
an
ce
th
e
a
p
p
ea
l
o
f
p
av
e
m
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
T
h
e
tab
le
c
o
n
t
ain
s
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t'
s
m
ea
n
v
alu
es,
C
I
,
an
d
r
a
n
k
s
.
T
ab
l
e
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
C
I
r
atin
g
s
f
o
r
n
in
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
0
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
p
o
th
o
les
to
0
.
5
6
f
o
r
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
an
d
s
h
o
v
in
g
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
m
en
tio
n
in
g
th
at
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
as
"m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e"
(
with
a
v
a
lu
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
9
)
o
r
"n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e"
(
with
a
v
alu
e
les
s
th
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
0
.
5
0
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
an
ticip
ated
s
in
ce
s
u
r
v
ey
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
ten
r
ef
r
ain
f
r
o
m
g
iv
i
n
g
ex
tr
e
m
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
v
e
r
y
in
f
l
u
en
tial o
r
i
n
ef
f
ec
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
s
c
o
r
es
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
L
ik
er
t
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
m
ay
h
av
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
d
if
f
icu
lties
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
n
u
a
n
ce
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
v
iews a
t th
e
ex
t
r
em
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
P
u
b
l
i
c
S
e
c
t
o
r
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
S
e
c
t
o
r
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
M
e
a
n
SD
CI
R
a
n
k
M
e
a
n
SD
CI
R
a
n
k
M
e
a
n
SD
CI
R
a
n
k
M
e
a
n
SD
CI
R
a
n
k
P
o
t
h
o
l
e
3
.
7
1
1
.
5
2
0
.
7
4
1
4
.
1
4
1
.
2
2
0
.
8
3
1
4
.
0
0
1
.
1
5
0
.
8
0
1
4
.
0
0
1
.
2
8
0
.
8
0
1
M
a
p
/
a
l
l
i
g
a
t
o
r
c
r
a
c
k
3
.
2
9
1
.
3
5
0
.
6
6
3
3
.
8
1
0
.
9
9
0
.
7
6
2
3
.
5
2
1
.
0
5
0
.
7
0
2
3
.
6
0
1
.
1
1
0
.
7
2
2
Lo
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
c
r
a
c
k
3
.
3
8
1
.
2
4
0
.
6
8
2
3
.
2
1
1
.
0
9
0
.
6
4
3
3
.
1
2
1
.
0
1
0
.
6
2
3
3
.
2
3
1
.
1
0
0
.
6
5
3
Tr
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
c
r
a
c
k
3
.
1
4
1
.
3
1
0
.
6
3
4
3
.
0
5
1
.
2
3
0
.
6
1
4
3
.
1
2
1
.
3
0
0
.
6
2
3
3
.
0
9
1
.
2
6
0
.
6
2
4
H
u
n
g
r
y
su
r
f
a
c
e
2
.
8
6
1
.
3
9
0
.
5
7
8
2
.
9
3
1
.
1
1
0
.
5
9
6
2
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6
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t
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e
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k
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5
6
8
R
u
t
t
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g
3
.
0
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1
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4
0
0
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6
1
7
3
.
0
5
1
.
2
1
0
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6
1
4
3
.
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0
8
0
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6
0
5
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2
1
0
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1
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R
a
v
e
l
i
n
g
3
.
1
0
1
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4
5
0
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2
5
2
.
8
6
1
.
2
0
0
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7
7
2
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Ver
y
ef
f
e
ct
iv
e
i
m
pa
ct
i
ng
f
a
ct
o
rs
(
0
.
9
<
CI≤0
.
6
5
)
T
h
e
1
s
t
f
ac
to
r
h
i
g
h
ly
im
p
ac
tin
g
p
av
e
m
en
t
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
is
p
o
th
o
les
with
a
C
I
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
0
.
Po
th
o
les
p
o
s
e
a
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
p
a
v
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
,
g
i
v
en
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
is
s
u
es
th
ey
ca
u
s
e.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
s
af
ety
r
is
k
s
,
d
am
ag
e
to
v
eh
icles,
d
e
ter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
h
ig
h
er
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
ex
p
en
s
es,
tr
af
f
ic
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
wate
r
s
ee
p
ag
e,
n
eg
ativ
e
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
p
o
ten
tial
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
tim
ely
r
ep
air
s
,
an
d
leg
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
au
th
o
r
ities
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
u
r
g
en
t
is
s
u
es
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
Po
th
o
les
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lyzi
n
g
th
e
ke
y
f
a
cto
r
s
a
n
d
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f sta
ke
h
o
ld
ers
i
n
p
a
ve
men
t m
a
i
n
ten
a
n
ce
(
Ja
y
ku
ma
r
S
o
n
i
)
341
cr
itical
d
is
tr
ess
th
at
d
em
an
d
s
im
m
ed
iate
atten
tio
n
.
Stu
d
ies
[
3
0
]
an
d
[
3
1
]
h
av
e
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
p
o
th
o
les in
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
o
f
p
av
e
m
en
t; wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
2
n
d
f
ac
to
r
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
f
lex
i
b
le
p
av
e
m
en
t
is
th
e
m
ap
/allig
ato
r
cr
ac
k
s
with
a
C
I
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
2
.
T
h
e
cr
iticality
o
f
m
a
p
/allig
ato
r
cr
ac
k
s
is
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
in
d
icate
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
d
is
tr
ess
,
s
af
ety
h
az
ar
d
s
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
wate
r
d
am
ag
e,
h
ig
h
er
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
e
x
p
en
s
es,
tr
af
f
ic
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
p
u
b
lic
o
p
in
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
2
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
tly
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
allig
ato
r
cr
ac
k
s
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
r
o
a
d
s
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
p
u
b
lic
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
3
r
d
f
ac
to
r
im
p
ac
tin
g
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
is
th
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
cr
ac
k
s
with
a
C
I
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
5
.
Fo
cu
s
in
g
o
n
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
cr
ac
k
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
it
im
p
ac
ts
t
h
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
i
n
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
o
ad
s
.
T
h
ese
cr
ac
k
s
allo
w
th
e
wat
er
to
p
e
n
etr
ate
th
e
p
av
em
e
n
t
lay
er
s
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
an
d
weak
en
in
g
o
f
p
a
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
3
3
]
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
c
r
ac
k
s
in
p
a
v
em
e
n
t m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
i
m
pa
ct
ing
f
a
ct
o
rs (
0
.
6
2
<
CI≤0
.
5
8
)
T
r
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
is
th
e
4
th
m
o
s
t
im
p
ac
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
with
a
C
I
o
f
0
.
6
2
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tr
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
s
is
in
ev
itab
le
d
u
e
to
its
p
o
ten
ti
al
to
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
a
l
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
av
e
m
en
t.
T
r
an
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
th
e
r
m
al
ex
p
an
s
io
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
tio
n
th
at
le
ad
s
to
wate
r
i
n
f
iltra
tio
n
.
T
h
es
e
cr
ac
k
s
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
ev
er
e
d
am
a
g
e
if
lef
t
u
n
tr
ea
te
d
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
e
cr
ac
k
s
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
3
4
]
.
W
ith
a
C
I
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
1
,
r
u
tti
n
g
,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
s
o
n
tr
ac
k
s
in
th
e
wh
ee
l
p
ath
s
o
f
th
e
p
av
em
en
t,
is
th
e
5
th
im
p
ac
tin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
.
R
u
ttin
g
ca
n
lead
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
k
id
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
m
ay
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
p
av
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
5
]
a
ls
o
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
m
p
t m
ain
te
n
an
ce
.
R
av
elin
g
is
th
e
6
th
im
p
ac
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
with
a
C
I
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
8
.
R
av
elin
g
i
s
th
e
d
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
ates
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
in
d
er
t
h
at
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
er
o
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
av
em
en
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
av
em
en
t b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
av
em
en
t
t
o
r
esis
t
wh
ee
l
lo
ad
s
.
W
h
en
it
is
ab
o
u
t
en
s
u
r
ed
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
,
r
av
elin
g
h
as
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
as
ex
p
la
in
ed
in
[
3
6
]
;
w
h
ich
also
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
L
ea
s
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
im
pa
ct
i
ng
f
a
ct
o
rs (
0
.
5
6
<
CI
≤
0
.
5
0
)
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
i.
e.
,
h
u
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
s
tr
ea
k
in
g
,
an
d
s
h
o
v
i
n
g
(
C
I
=0
.
5
6
)
a
r
e
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
u
e
to
h
av
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
a
v
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
.
A
h
u
n
g
r
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
wh
ic
h
is
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
x
tu
r
e
an
d
b
in
d
er
,
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
k
id
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Stre
ak
in
g
ca
n
cr
ea
te
u
n
e
v
en
p
atter
n
s
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
lead
to
s
ev
er
e
d
eter
io
r
at
io
n
.
Sh
o
v
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
later
al
f
o
r
ce
s
,
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
a
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
a
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
3
.
2
.
Sp
ea
r
m
en
ra
nk
c
o
rr
ela
t
io
n
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
h
o
w
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
p
er
ce
i
v
e
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
p
av
em
en
t,
a
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
a
n
k
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
a
b
le
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
Sp
ea
r
m
a
n
r
an
k
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
o
r
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
in
h
o
w
v
a
r
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
ass
es
s
p
av
em
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
h
elp
in
g
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
v
iews
ac
r
o
s
s
s
e
cto
r
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
-
1
to
+1
wh
er
e
-
1
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
wh
ile
+1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
er
f
ec
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
d
0
r
ep
r
esen
ts
n
o
co
r
r
elatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
ub
lic
v
s
.
priv
a
t
e
W
ith
a
Sp
ea
r
m
an
r
an
k
c
o
r
r
e
latio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
7
8
,
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
e
twee
n
th
e
d
is
tr
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
in
h
o
w
b
o
th
s
ec
to
r
s
ass
ess
p
av
e
m
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
9
]
,
wh
ich
also
n
o
ted
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
s
i
n
th
e
way
th
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
p
av
em
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
,
f
u
r
th
er
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
t
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
P
ub
lic
v
s
.
re
s
ea
rc
her
B
etwe
en
th
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ia
(
r
esear
ch
)
s
ec
to
r
s
,
th
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
is
0
.
9
0
wh
ic
h
s
u
g
g
ests
a
h
ig
h
ly
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
b
o
th
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
ec
to
r
h
av
e
a
s
im
ilar
ity
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
2
5
]
in
wh
i
ch
th
e
clo
s
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
in
th
e
p
av
em
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
ag
e
n
cies a
n
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
5
:
3
3
6
-
344
342
3
.
2
.
3
.
P
riv
a
t
e
v
s
.
re
s
ea
rc
her
W
ith
th
e
S
p
ea
r
m
an
r
an
k
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
8
8
,
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
an
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
s
ec
to
r
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
a
clo
s
e
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
in
h
o
w
th
e
s
e
s
ec
to
r
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
p
av
e
m
en
t
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
r
e
in
clo
s
e
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
4
0
]
,
wh
ich
also
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
a
s
tr
in
g
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
i
c
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
lead
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
alo
n
e
is
n
o
t e
n
o
u
g
h
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
r
esu
lts
in
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
i
v
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
cr
itic
al
p
av
em
en
t in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Sp
ea
r
m
en
r
a
n
k
co
r
r
el
atio
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
P
u
b
l
i
c
1
P
r
i
v
a
t
e
0
.
7
8
1
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
0
.
9
0
0
.
8
8
1
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
ess
en
tial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
f
ield
o
f
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
a
n
d
th
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
.
Fro
m
th
e
C
I
,
it
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
o
b
v
io
u
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
th
o
les
an
d
cr
ac
k
in
g
w
h
ile
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
av
em
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
o
licies
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
as
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
av
e
m
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
p
u
b
lic,
p
r
iv
ate,
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
tailo
r
ed
s
tr
ateg
i
es d
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
f
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
o
n
o
t
o
n
ly
c
o
v
er
th
e
id
en
tif
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
a
v
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
lear
n
ed
t
h
at
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
th
o
les
an
d
allig
ato
r
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
o
n
es
t
h
at
ar
e
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
p
r
io
r
ity
wh
il
e
in
itiatin
g
p
av
em
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
p
o
licies
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
s
u
ch
as
p
u
b
lic,
p
r
i
v
ate,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ia
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
p
av
em
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
a
n
d
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
k
e
y
d
is
tr
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
,
it
m
a
y
n
o
t
co
v
e
r
th
e
en
tire
p
av
em
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
on
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
tex
ts
o
r
e
x
am
in
e
h
o
w
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
ig
h
t
im
p
ac
t
p
av
em
e
n
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
a
ctice
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
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n
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in
g
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
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NS ST
A
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h
is
jo
u
r
n
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u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
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u
to
r
R
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les
T
ax
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y
(
C
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ip
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R
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tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lyzi
n
g
th
e
ke
y
f
a
cto
r
s
a
n
d
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
f sta
ke
h
o
ld
ers
i
n
p
a
ve
men
t m
a
i
n
ten
a
n
ce
(
Ja
y
ku
ma
r
S
o
n
i
)
343
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
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[
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[
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.
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sp
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tern
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c
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h
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sp
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h
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in
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g
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m
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g
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g
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r.
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n
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l
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g
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g
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ra
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sa
i
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iv
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