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J
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20
25
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pp.
2167
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I
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it
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[
1
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.
T
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ac
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m
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m
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q
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esti
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s
w
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(
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MV
QA
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
I
n
t
J
A
r
ti
f
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
6
7
-
2175
2168
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
ec
au
s
e
it
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
th
e
in
ter
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
of
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
an
al
y
s
e
s
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
in
d
t
h
e
p
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ed
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an
s
w
er
.
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im
p
le
m
en
t
t
h
e
S
MV
Q
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s
y
s
te
m
,
a
co
m
b
in
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n
of
t
w
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tech
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m
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l
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p
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p
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le
ar
ti
f
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n
telli
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(
L
R
P
X
A
I
)
[
2
]
an
d
d
ed
u
cti
v
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
3
]
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
.
L
R
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XA
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tec
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n
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g
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t
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g
io
n
in
t
h
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n
p
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t
th
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s
to
a
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d
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ed
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s
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o
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t
h
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f
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s
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b
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s
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th
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n
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c
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lo
g
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to
w
ar
d
s
d
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in
g
t
h
e
an
s
w
er
.
As
d
ed
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v
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r
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s
o
n
i
n
g
w
i
th
r
esp
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t
to
MV
Q
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is
a
n
e
w
id
ea
to
ap
p
ly
in
th
i
s
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n
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s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
eg
io
n
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
w
ar
d
s
an
s
w
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
Var
io
u
s
XA
I
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
as
o
u
tl
in
ed
by
B
en
n
eto
t
et
al
.
[
4
]
,
in
cl
u
d
e
S
h
ap
le
y
ad
d
iti
v
e
e
x
p
l
an
atio
n
s
(
SH
A
P
)
,
d
iv
er
s
e
co
u
n
ter
f
ac
tu
a
l
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
(
DiC
E
)
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
ter
p
r
et
(
T
I
)
,
lo
g
ic
ten
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
te
m
p
late
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
n
at
u
r
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ex
p
l
an
atio
n
(
T
S4
NL
E
)
,
g
r
ad
ien
t
-
w
ei
g
h
ted
class
ac
ti
v
a
tio
n
m
ap
p
i
n
g
(
Gr
ad
-
C
A
M)
,
a
n
d
L
R
P
XA
I
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
J
o
s
h
i
et
al
.
[
5
]
u
s
ed
Gr
ad
-
C
A
M
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
t
h
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
g
e
n
er
atin
g
an
s
w
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
i
s
u
a
l
q
u
esti
o
n
an
s
w
er
in
g
m
ed
ical
(
VQ
A
-
ME
D)
2020
d
ataset.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
u
tili
ze
d
Gr
ad
-
C
A
M
f
o
r
th
e
VQ
A
-
MED
2019,
VQA
-
R
A
D,
a
n
d
P
ath
-
VQ
A
d
atasets
d
u
e
to
its
a
b
ilit
y
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
r
ic
h
te
x
t
u
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
its
v
is
u
al
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
.
T
h
e
X
A
I
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
VQ
A
w
as
d
ev
e
l
o
p
ed
by
C
a
n
ep
a
et
al
.
[
8
]
f
o
r
VQA
-
MED
2019
d
ataset
but
it
f
ail
s
f
o
r
t
w
o
clo
s
el
y
r
elat
ed
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
of
XA
I
-
b
ased
v
is
u
aliza
t
io
n
s
in
i
d
en
tify
i
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
e
h
in
d
in
c
o
r
r
ec
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
Au
g
m
en
t
i
n
g
t
h
is
,
lev
er
a
g
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
(
E
KB
)
can
m
iti
g
ate
th
is
c
h
allen
g
e.
T
h
u
s
,
Hu
a
n
g
et
al
.
[
9
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
m
ed
ica
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
-
b
a
s
ed
VQA
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
MK
B
N)
f
o
r
an
s
w
er
i
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
on
i
m
a
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
P
atien
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
VQ
A
d
ataset.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
,
Mo
h
a
m
ed
a
n
d
Srin
i
v
asa
n
in
2023
[
1
0
]
d
ev
is
ed
an
E
KB
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
m
ed
ical
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
ter
m
s
f
r
o
m
I
m
a
g
eC
L
E
F
a
n
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
w
eb
s
it
es
to
in
f
er
an
s
w
er
s
b
ased
on
s
e
m
an
tic
r
u
le
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
atu
r
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
clin
ical
tr
ial
(
N
L
I
4
C
T
)
d
ataset.
Fro
m
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
,
it
'
s
ev
id
en
t
t
h
at
MV
Q
A
m
o
d
el
g
en
er
atio
n
co
u
p
led
w
ith
Gr
ad
-
C
A
M
X
AI
v
is
u
aliza
t
io
n
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
i
m
a
g
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
u
t
L
R
P
XA
I
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
i
m
a
g
e
an
d
te
x
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
g
eth
er
.
He
n
ce
,
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
,
L
R
P
X
A
I
is
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
.
A
lo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
is
,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
a
n
d
d
ed
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
L
R
P
X
A
I
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
eg
io
n
s
in
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t,
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
g
en
er
ate
s
t
h
e
in
f
er
en
ce
b
ased
on
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
r
e
g
io
n
a
n
d
d
ed
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
d
er
iv
es
t
h
e
a
n
s
w
er
by
r
etr
ie
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
s
tate
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
in
f
er
en
c
e
th
at
m
atc
h
es
th
e
r
u
les.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMVQ
A
s
y
s
te
m
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
th
e
m
o
d
el
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
s
a
m
p
les
of
t
h
e
ab
n
o
r
m
alit
y
c
ateg
o
r
y
in
t
h
e
d
ataset
s
.
As
th
e
ab
n
o
r
m
alit
y
r
eg
i
on
is
s
m
all
or
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
io
n
s
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
e
g
io
n
a
n
d
d
er
iv
in
g
t
h
e
an
s
w
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
en
er
ated
in
f
er
en
ce
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
r
est
of
t
h
e
pa
p
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Sectio
n
2
g
iv
e
s
a
b
r
ie
f
d
escr
ip
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
e
x
is
t
in
g
MV
Q
A
d
atasets
,
d
esi
g
n
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMVQA
s
y
s
te
m
b
ased
on
in
f
er
en
ce
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
Sectio
n
3
e
x
p
lain
s
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
as
a
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
of
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
w
i
th
sa
m
p
le
in
p
u
t,
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
of
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
an
d
w
r
o
n
g
l
y
cla
s
s
i
f
ied
s
a
m
p
les
an
d
v
a
lid
ates
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
S
MV
Q
A
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
a
n
ti
ta
tiv
e
m
etr
ic
s
.
F
in
al
l
y
,
co
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
s
ec
tio
n
4.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
of
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMVQA
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
MV
QA
d
ataset
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
In
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
,
s
e
v
e
n
MV
Q
A
d
atase
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
e
v
elo
p
t
h
e
SM
VQ
A
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
d
ed
u
cti
v
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
all
d
atase
ts
h
av
e
ab
n
o
r
m
alit
y
t
y
p
e
s
a
m
p
les,
VQ
A
-
MED
2020
an
d
2021
d
atasets
co
m
p
letel
y
b
e
lo
n
g
s
to
ab
n
o
r
m
alit
y
t
y
p
e
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
ese
MV
Q
A
d
atasets
ar
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
i
n
to
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
v
al
id
atio
n
a
n
d
te
s
t
s
ets
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
1.
T
h
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
s
et
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
SMVQ
A
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
tr
a
in
i
n
g
p
h
ase,
te
s
t
s
et
is
u
s
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
in
f
er
en
ce
u
s
i
n
g
g
en
er
ated
SM
VQ
A
m
o
d
el
in
t
h
e
test
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
th
e
n
an
s
w
er
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
f
er
en
c
e
u
s
i
n
g
d
ed
u
ctiv
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
in
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMVQA
s
y
s
te
m
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
as
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
T
r
ain
in
g
,
test
i
n
g
an
d
v
al
id
atio
n
.
In
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
h
ase,
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
of
s
tep
s
is
e
x
ec
u
ted
u
s
i
n
g
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
n
a
m
el
y
,
VGGNet
[
1
1
]
,
lo
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
(
L
ST
M
)
[
1
2
]
,
L
R
P
X
A
I
,
R
e
s
Net
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
co
d
er
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
(
B
E
R
T
)
[
1
4
]
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1.
I
n
i
tiall
y
.
t
he
i
m
ag
e
an
d
te
x
t
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
et
u
s
i
n
g
VG
GNe
t
an
d
L
ST
M.
Fo
r
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
i
m
a
g
e
an
d
tex
t,
L
R
P
XA
I
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
r
eg
io
n
in
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
an
d
tex
t,
n
a
m
ed
as
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
e
d
im
ag
e
(
SII
)
an
d
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
ed
QA
-
P
air
s
(
SI
QA
P
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
en
th
e
r
elev
an
t
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
e
x
tr
ac
t
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
ed
i
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
QA
p
air
s
u
s
i
n
g
R
e
s
Net
a
n
d
B
E
R
T
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
co
n
ca
ten
ated
as
a
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8938
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me
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u
r
e
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ated
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ated
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p
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co
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3.
RE
SU
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AND
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h
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ar
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m
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I
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8938
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3
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J
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20
25
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t
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y
s
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m
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ex
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ig
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r
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t
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g
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r
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3,
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o
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th
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test
s
a
m
p
les.
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ls
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e
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r
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r
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s
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,
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u
lated
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T
ab
l
e
s
2
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d
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r
esp
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u
r
e
2.
P
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s
s
f
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g
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n
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y
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te
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
A
r
ti
f
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8938
S
ema
n
tic
b
a
s
ed
me
d
ica
l v
is
u
a
l q
u
esti
o
n
a
n
s
w
erin
g
w
ith
ex
p
la
in
a
b
le
…
(
S
h
ee
r
in
S
ita
r
a
N
o
o
r
Mo
h
a
med
)
2171
T
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
of
s
tep
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
in
d
er
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g
t
h
e
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f
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r
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test
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m
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s
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o
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g
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r
e
2
f
o
r
clea
r
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n
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er
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n
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.
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h
e
s
a
m
p
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test
i
m
a
g
e
is
a
CT
i
m
a
ge
w
it
h
t
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
as
“
W
h
at
is
m
o
r
e
alar
m
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
th
is
CT
s
ca
n
?
”.
Fo
r
th
i
s
s
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
S
MV
Q
A
tr
ain
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
g
e
n
er
ates
o
n
e
in
f
er
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ce
as
“
T
h
e
ir
r
eg
u
la
r
s
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ct
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r
e
f
o
u
n
d
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e
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u
p
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e
ab
d
o
m
e
n
esp
ec
iall
y
ab
o
v
e
k
id
n
e
y
”.
W
ith
th
i
s
in
f
er
en
ce
s
ta
te
m
en
t,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
li
s
t
is
c
o
m
b
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n
ed
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o
r
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r
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s
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ates
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I
s
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m
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ts
.
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ased
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e
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n
t
of
NE
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s
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e
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7
r
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f
r
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th
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n
ed
32
r
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les
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h
e
32
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les
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h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SMVQA
s
y
s
te
m
is
li
s
ted
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
R
1
.
A
d
r
en
al
g
la
n
d
: S
m
a
ll o
r
g
a
n
&
Up
p
er
r
eg
io
n
o
f
ab
d
o
m
e
n
&
T
o
p
o
f
k
id
n
e
y
R
2
.
L
u
n
g
: M
u
co
u
s
g
la
n
d
&
I
n
s
id
e
ch
est ca
v
it
y
R
3
.
T
u
m
o
r
: So
lid
m
a
s
s
&
A
b
n
o
r
m
al
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ce
lls
R
4
.
T
u
m
o
r
:
A
b
n
o
r
m
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
R
5
.
C
an
ce
r
:
T
u
m
o
r
R
6
.
Ost
eo
:
B
o
n
e
R
7
.
P
u
l
m
o
n
ar
y
:
L
u
n
g
R
8
.
C
y
s
t
:
I
r
r
eg
u
lar
&
P
r
o
j
ec
ti
o
n
R
9
.
L
u
m
p
:
R
ed
&
S
w
al
lo
n
R
1
0
.
E
m
b
o
lis
m
: B
lo
o
d
v
ess
el
&
B
lo
ck
ag
e
R
1
1
.
Kid
n
e
y
:
B
elo
w
r
ib
ca
g
e
&
B
eh
i
n
d
s
p
in
e
R
1
2
.
A
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
ca
r
tilag
e
le
s
io
n
:
Un
eq
u
al
lesi
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
&
Size
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
R
1
3
.
Gr
an
u
lo
m
ato
u
s
co
lit
is
:
I
n
f
la
m
m
at
io
n
&
Mu
co
s
a
R
1
4
.
Villo
u
s
ad
en
o
m
a
:
P
o
ly
p
&
C
o
lo
n
R
1
5
.
B
ilater
al
clef
t p
alate
:
C
le
f
t lip
&
T
o
p
o
f
m
o
u
t
h
R
1
6
.
E
s
o
p
h
ag
u
s
:
T
u
b
e
co
n
n
ec
t
m
o
u
t
h
t
h
r
o
at
an
d
m
o
u
th
R
1
7
.
Stro
m
a
:
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
v
e
tis
s
u
e
R
1
8
.
L
y
m
p
h
o
c
y
tic
le
u
k
e
m
ia
:
B
o
n
e
m
ar
r
o
w
&
C
a
n
ce
r
R
1
9
.
Gastro
in
test
i
n
a
l
s
tr
o
m
al
t
u
m
o
r
:
C
a
n
ce
r
&
Stro
m
a
R
2
0
.
E
s
o
p
h
ag
ea
l v
ar
ice
s
:
E
n
la
r
g
ed
v
ein
&
E
s
o
p
h
a
g
u
s
R
2
1
.
E
n
ch
o
n
d
r
o
m
ato
s
i
s
:
M
u
lt
ip
le
en
ch
o
n
d
r
o
m
a
s
&
As
y
m
e
t
r
ic
ca
r
tilag
e
lesi
o
n
R
2
2
.
Ov
ar
ian
to
r
s
io
n
:
Fallo
p
ian
tu
b
e
&
T
is
s
u
e
d
ea
th
&
T
w
i
s
t in
th
e
t
is
s
u
e
R
2
3
.
Ov
ar
ian
to
r
s
io
n
:
Ov
ar
y
&
T
w
is
t i
n
t
h
e
tis
s
u
e
R
2
4
.
A
z
y
b
o
s
lo
b
e
:
R
i
g
h
t lu
n
g
&
Up
p
er
r
eg
io
n
&
Sli
g
h
t d
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
R
2
5
.
A
p
p
en
d
itis
:
L
o
w
er
A
b
d
o
m
en
&
E
x
tr
a
tis
s
u
e
R
2
6
.
Ho
r
s
esh
o
e
Kid
n
e
y
:
Kid
n
e
y
&
Fu
s
io
n
&
L
o
w
er
e
n
d
R
2
7
.
Ost
eo
s
ar
co
m
a
:
B
o
n
e
&
C
an
ce
r
R
2
8
.
C
h
o
n
d
r
o
ca
lcin
o
s
i
s
: K
n
ee
j
o
in
t
&
C
alci
u
m
d
ep
o
s
it
R
2
9
.
P
u
l
m
o
n
ar
y
E
m
b
o
lis
m
:
L
u
n
g
&
E
m
b
o
lis
m
R
3
0
.
Sar
co
id
o
s
is
:
L
u
n
g
&
L
u
m
p
R
3
1
.
P
h
eo
ch
r
o
m
o
c
y
to
m
a
:
A
d
r
en
al
g
la
n
d
&
T
u
m
o
r
R
3
2
.
A
d
en
o
ca
r
cin
o
m
a
:
M
u
co
u
s
g
lan
d
&
C
a
n
ce
r
T
h
en
th
e
TF
-
I
DF
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
s
elec
t
M
-
in
f
er
en
ce
s
tate
m
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
94
NE
I
s
tate
m
e
n
ts
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
u
le
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
te
s
t
s
a
m
p
le,
s
ix
M
-
i
n
f
er
en
ce
s
tate
m
en
t
s
(
S4
,
S2
3
,
S3
3
,
S5
7
,
S7
6
,
an
d
S9
4
)
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
on
7
r
u
les.
T
h
e
co
u
n
t
of
NE
I
s
tate
m
en
ts
,
M
-
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
tate
m
e
n
ts
an
d
r
u
les
ar
e
n
o
t
u
n
iq
u
e
ac
r
o
s
s
test
s
a
m
p
le
s
.
T
h
e
s
ele
cted
M
-
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
tate
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
r
an
k
ed
as
S3
3
,
S7
6
,
S4
,
S2
3
,
S5
7
,
an
d
S9
4
b
ased
on
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
s
co
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
by
co
s
in
e
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
o
r
ted
M
-
i
n
f
er
e
n
c
e
s
tate
m
en
t
s
,
S3
3
is
s
elec
ted
by
B
M2
5
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
to
p
-
r
an
k
ed
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
M
-
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
tate
m
en
t
s
.
Fin
all
y
,
d
ed
u
cti
v
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
to
p
r
an
k
ed
s
tate
m
e
n
t
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
r
u
les
to
g
en
er
a
te
th
e
s
u
b
-
an
s
w
er
s
“
T
u
m
o
r
”
an
d
“A
d
r
en
al
g
la
n
d
s
”.
Fro
m
t
h
ese
s
u
b
-
an
s
w
er
s
,
f
in
al
an
s
w
er
is
d
er
iv
ed
as
“
P
h
eo
c
h
r
o
m
o
c
y
to
m
a”
.
T
h
e
pr
o
ce
s
s
of
d
er
iv
i
n
g
a
n
s
wer
s
f
o
r
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
test
s
a
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
VQA
-
MED
2021
d
ataset,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
r
ee
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
s
tag
e
s
,
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
as
t
w
o
s
u
b
f
ig
u
r
es.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
f
ig
u
r
es
d
ep
ict
th
e
s
tag
e
-
w
i
s
e
r
es
u
lt
s
t
h
at
h
elp
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
b
eh
i
n
d
t
h
e
d
er
iv
ed
an
s
w
er
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
r
ee
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
ta
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
SII
an
d
SIQ
A
P
,
in
f
er
en
ce
,
an
d
to
p
-
r
an
k
ed
s
tate
m
en
t
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
an
s
w
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e,
i)
t
he
SII
a
n
d
SIQ
A
P
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
r
eg
io
n
s
of
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
th
a
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
an
s
w
er
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
,
u
s
in
g
b
l
u
e
a
n
d
p
in
k
co
lo
r
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
;
ii)
t
he
in
f
er
e
n
ce
is
g
en
er
ated
b
ased
s
o
lel
y
on
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
eg
io
n
s
;
an
d
iii)
t
he
to
p
-
r
an
k
ed
s
tate
m
en
t
is
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
as
e
d
on
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
s
co
r
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
d
ef
in
ed
r
u
les.
T
h
is
s
elec
tio
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
lead
s
to
d
er
iv
in
g
t
h
e
f
in
al
an
s
w
er
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
,
th
e
SII
an
d
SIQ
AP
co
r
r
ec
tly
id
e
n
ti
f
y
an
ab
n
o
r
m
alit
y
in
t
h
e
ad
r
en
al
g
la
n
d
r
eg
io
n
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
i
n
f
er
e
n
ce
a
n
d
to
p
-
r
an
k
ed
s
tate
m
e
n
t,
as
a
r
esu
lt
th
e
a
n
s
w
er
is
d
er
i
v
ed
as
“
P
h
eo
c
h
r
o
m
o
c
y
to
m
a,
”
f
o
r
th
e
CT
s
ca
n
i
m
a
g
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
w
h
ile
th
e
r
ad
io
lo
g
y
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
esen
t
s
an
ab
n
o
r
m
ali
t
y
in
t
h
e
k
n
ee
b
o
n
e
(
‘
Ost
eo
ch
o
n
d
r
o
m
a’
)
,
t
h
e
SII
an
d
SIQ
A
P
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
n
t
J
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r
ti
f
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n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
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.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
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in
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
id
en
t
if
ies
it
as
i
n
f
la
m
m
atio
n
in
t
h
e
p
er
io
s
teu
m
(a
tis
s
u
e
in
th
e
t
h
i
g
h
b
o
n
e)
,
r
es
u
l
tin
g
in
an
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t
d
er
iv
ed
an
s
w
er
.
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
3.
I
n
ter
m
ed
iate
r
es
u
lts
f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tly
a
n
d
w
r
o
n
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l
y
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s
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ied
s
a
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
te
s
t
s
et
(
a)
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o
r
r
ec
tly
clas
s
i
f
ied
s
a
m
p
le
an
d
(
b
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W
r
o
n
g
l
y
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s
s
i
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ied
s
a
m
p
le
T
h
e
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er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
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k
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co
m
p
ar
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w
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th
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
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o
r
k
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ter
m
s
of
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u
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t
itati
v
e
m
etr
ics
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e
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r
ac
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d
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s
co
r
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o
r
s
e
v
en
MV
Q
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d
atasets
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e
g
i
v
en
in
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ab
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2.
T
h
e
SMV
Q
A
s
y
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te
m
ac
h
iev
e
s
an
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
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d
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r
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d
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ly
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e
ac
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y
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2
0
2
3
,
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d
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ath
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VQ
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d
atasets
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ce
ed
s
6
0
.
0
%,
b
ec
au
s
e
of
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
i
m
a
g
es,
a
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
n
u
m
b
er
of
an
s
w
er
s
,
an
d
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r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
n
u
m
b
er
of
s
a
m
p
les
p
e
r
an
s
w
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teg
o
r
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.
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r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
SMVQ
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s
y
s
te
m
o
u
tp
er
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Ex
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3.
C
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p
ar
is
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n
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d
an
al
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of
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Vs
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CO
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SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
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m
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w
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.
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ac
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cr
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r
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th
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t
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f
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all
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.
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m
is
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r
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In
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d
b
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:
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ex
p
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d
i
f
f
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n
t
X
A
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tech
n
iq
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s
f
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m
ed
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d
ataset
s
,
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e
x
p
an
d
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n
g
t
h
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s
ize
of
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KB
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p
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atin
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t
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co
r
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r
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g
d
iv
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s
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
ACK
NO
WL
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D
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th
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s
w
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Dep
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h.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
I
n
t
J
A
r
ti
f
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
6
7
-
2175
2174
F
UNDIN
G
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NF
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RM
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[
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d
d
e
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p
lea
rn
in
g
.
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h
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can
be
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tac
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at
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m
a
il
:
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e
e
rin
s
it
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ra
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d
u
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.
K
a
v
ith
a
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r
i
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sa
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an
a
ss
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c
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p
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r
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ra
m
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n
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of
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n
n
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h
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h
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s
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y
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rs
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c
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x
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n
c
e
in
c
lu
d
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13
y
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a
r
s
of
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s
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e
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d
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ield
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m
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c
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n
d
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t
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p
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ti
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g
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h
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h
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ld
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m
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m
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in
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CM
a
n
d
th
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a
c
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o
m
p
u
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of
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d
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n
d
th
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I
n
d
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f
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c
h
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Ed
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c
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ti
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h
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s
p
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d
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d
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c
e
s.
S
h
e
can
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c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
k
a
v
it
h
a
s@
ss
n
.
e
d
u
.
in
.
Dr
.
Ra
g
h
u
r
a
m
a
n
G
o
p
a
lsa
m
y
is
an
a
ss
o
c
ia
te
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
of
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m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
at
S
ri
S
iv
a
su
b
ra
m
a
n
i
y
a
Na
d
a
r
Co
ll
e
g
e
of
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i.
He
h
a
s
15
y
e
a
rs
of
te
a
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
4
.
5
y
e
a
rs
of
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
x
p
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rien
c
e
in
im
a
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
m
u
lt
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a
g
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n
t
s
y
ste
m
s
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a
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d
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lo
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d
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m
p
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ti
n
g
.
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h
a
s
p
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b
li
sh
e
d
m
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re
th
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n
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se
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rc
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p
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c
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ti
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d
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ls
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d
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re
n
c
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s.
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h
o
l
d
s
m
e
m
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r
sh
ip
in
t
h
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m
p
u
ter
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o
c
iety
of
In
d
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I),
In
d
ia
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o
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o
r
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(IS
T
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a
n
d
IEE
E.
He
can
be
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
il
:
ra
g
h
u
ra
m
a
n
g
@s
sn
.
e
d
u
.
in
.
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