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l J
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I
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Vo
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14
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J
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20
25
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p
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I
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g
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siz
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leg
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p
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th
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n
o
v
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ti
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
u
se
o
f
AI.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AI
e
v
alu
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Ass
ig
n
m
en
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f
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b
ac
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Dis
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s
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p
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a
rticle
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n
d
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Dian
Nu
r
d
ian
a
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Sy
s
tem
s
Stu
d
y
Pr
o
g
r
am
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
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a
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d
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ec
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n
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lo
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U
n
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a
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C
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B
an
ten
1
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4
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7
,
I
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d
o
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m
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ian
.
n
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r
d
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a@
ec
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p
u
s
.
u
t.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Gen
er
ativ
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
ar
tifi
cial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
GAI
)
h
as
n
o
w
r
ea
ch
ed
a
n
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
p
o
in
t,
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
task
s
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
u
m
a
n
in
tellig
en
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
[
1
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
n
at
u
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
p
u
ter
v
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
h
a
v
e
en
a
b
led
GAI
to
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
a
v
a
r
ie
ty
o
f
s
ec
to
r
s
,
f
r
o
m
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
,
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
,
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
GAI
in
clu
d
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
b
ased
o
n
f
aster
an
d
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
a
u
to
m
ate
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
ig
h
-
p
r
ec
is
io
n
[
5
]
,
[
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
GAI
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
th
e
way
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
On
e
e
x
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
GAI
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
GAI
ca
n
h
elp
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
ali
ze
d
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
a
r
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
eir
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Gen
era
tive
a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
a
s
a
n
ev
a
l
u
a
to
r
a
n
d
feed
b
a
ck
to
o
l in
d
is
ta
n
ce
le
a
r
n
in
g
:
…
(
Dia
n
N
u
r
d
ia
n
a
)
2491
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
GAI
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
GAI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
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lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
er
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
t
ed
to
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
[
1
2
]
.
GAI
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
tu
d
y
g
u
id
es
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
an
y
tim
e,
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
em
ain
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
ey
ar
e
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
o
r
lectu
r
e
r
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
GAI
-
b
ased
v
ir
tu
a
l
ass
i
s
tan
ts
ca
n
a
ls
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
co
m
p
letin
g
th
eir
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ass
is
tan
ce
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
leg
al
s
cien
ce
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
GAI
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
c
o
m
p
lex
leg
al
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
p
r
e
p
ar
e
th
em
f
o
r
in
-
d
e
p
th
leg
al
ca
s
e
a
n
aly
s
is
[
1
6
]
.
L
eg
al
s
cien
ce
is
a
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ield
,
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
a
n
in
-
d
ep
th
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
l
eg
al
tex
ts
,
ju
r
id
ical
p
r
ec
ed
en
ts
,
an
d
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
s
es
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
in
law
f
o
cu
s
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
also
o
n
a
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
ab
il
ity
to
ap
p
ly
leg
al
p
r
in
ci
p
les
to
f
ac
tu
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Feed
b
ac
k
g
iv
e
n
to
law
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
g
u
id
e
th
em
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
law
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
an
aly
tical
s
k
ills
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
GAI
in
le
g
al
s
cien
ce
is
lim
ited
to
to
o
ls
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
leg
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
aly
zi
n
g
leg
al
te
x
ts
,
an
d
s
im
u
latin
g
s
im
p
le
ca
s
es
[
1
6
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
its
u
s
e
in
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
til
l
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
[
2
4
]
.
Ma
n
u
ally
e
v
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
tim
e
a
n
d
ef
f
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tim
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
o
th
er
teac
h
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
GAI
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
a
u
t
o
m
ated
s
o
t
h
at
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
G
A
I
h
a
s
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
d
is
t
a
n
ce
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
[
2
9
]
.
G
A
I
c
a
n
a
l
l
o
w
f
o
r
l
i
m
it
e
d
d
i
r
e
ct
i
n
te
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
b
etw
e
e
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
r
s
,
s
o
t
i
m
e
l
y
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
i
s
c
r
it
i
c
al
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
a
s
t
,
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
t
u
r
n
c
a
n
h
e
l
p
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l b
e
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
t
h
e
i
r
m
i
s
ta
k
e
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
e
l
y
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
as
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
m
a
i
n
l
y
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
t
h
at
c
an
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
es
f
a
c
e
d
b
y
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
th
at
AI
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
w
th
at
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
ex
ce
llen
t
p
o
te
n
tial
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
c
h
s
p
ec
if
ically
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
GAI
in
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
lim
ited
[
3
7
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Su
an
d
Yan
g
[
3
8
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
h
atGPT
in
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
DE
E
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
d
esire
d
r
esu
lts
,
lev
el
o
f
au
to
m
atio
n
,
eth
ics,
an
d
ev
alu
at
io
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
C
h
atGPT
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ici
en
cy
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
er
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es in
clu
d
e
u
n
test
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
d
ata
q
u
ality
,
an
d
eth
ical
an
d
s
af
ety
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
g
r
ea
t p
o
ten
tial o
f
C
h
atGPT
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
u
t sti
ll e
m
p
h
asize
s
th
e
n
ee
d
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
GAI
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
ev
alu
atio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
laws in
leg
al
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
GAI
as
an
ev
alu
ato
r
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
er
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
in
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
le
g
al
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
v
o
l
v
es
test
in
g
f
iv
e
ty
p
es
o
f
GAI
,
n
am
ely
C
h
atGPT
,
Per
p
lex
ity
,
Gem
in
i,
B
in
g
,
an
d
Yo
u
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
2
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
as sam
p
les.
E
ac
h
GAI
will
ass
e
s
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
laws
i
n
leg
al
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
leg
al
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
asp
ec
ts
:
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ex
ten
t to
wh
ich
GAI
c
an
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
c
o
m
p
ly
with
ap
p
licab
le
ac
a
d
em
ic
a
n
d
leg
a
l
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
So
m
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
tates
th
at
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
A
I
in
task
ev
alu
atio
n
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
ed
a
n
d
th
e
d
ata
o
n
w
h
ich
it
was
tr
ain
ed
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tatem
en
t
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
o
f
[
4
2
]
w
h
o
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
t
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
th
at
AI
h
as
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
cu
r
at
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
if
it is
tr
ain
ed
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
r
elev
an
t
d
ata.
Me
an
wh
ile,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
q
u
ality
in
v
o
lv
es
ev
alu
atin
g
h
o
w
in
-
d
e
p
th
an
d
v
alu
a
b
le
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
GAI
is
[
3
9
]
.
Qu
ality
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t
er
r
o
r
s
,
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
th
at
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
ip
n
ev
ich
an
d
Pan
ad
er
o
[
4
5
]
,
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
em
p
h
asi
ze
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
clea
r
,
s
p
ec
if
ic,
an
d
r
ele
v
an
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
ass
ess
e
s
h
o
w
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
in
h
elp
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
r
r
ec
t
m
is
tak
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
[
4
6
]
.
Help
f
u
l
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
th
at
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
im
m
ed
iately
ap
p
ly
i
n
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
[
4
7
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
s
elf
-
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
[
4
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
4
9
0
-
2
5
0
5
2492
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
g
en
er
ati
v
e
AI
as
an
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
to
o
l
in
d
is
tan
ce
leg
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
GAI
in
ass
ess
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
law
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
h
o
w
GAI
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
av
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
law.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
en
r
ic
h
es
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
atu
r
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
GAI
i
n
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
law.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
an
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
f
i
v
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
w
h
ich
wer
e
th
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
.
Usi
n
g
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
-
d
e
p
th
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
h
o
w
GAI
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
in
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
f
lo
w
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
s
tag
es
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
o
r
g
an
ized
m
eth
o
d
icall
y
,
with
ea
c
h
s
tag
e
clea
r
l
y
d
e
f
i
n
ed
an
d
s
eq
u
en
ce
d
.
R
ef
er
to
Fig
u
r
e
1
to
s
ee
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
c
h
f
l
o
w
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
b
eg
an
with
co
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
to
co
m
p
lete
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
aim
to
test
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
s
k
ills
in
law,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
an
d
p
ate
n
t
r
ig
h
ts
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
wer
e
g
iv
en
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
em
to
an
aly
ze
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l
ca
s
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
g
iv
en
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tim
e
to
wo
r
k
o
n
an
d
co
llect
th
eir
an
s
wer
s
v
ia
th
e
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
2
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
b
ased
o
n
o
b
tain
in
g
a
s
am
p
le
th
at
was
r
e
p
r
esen
ta
tiv
e
en
o
u
g
h
b
u
t
co
u
ld
s
till
b
e
m
an
a
g
ed
well
in
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
.
E
ac
h
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
u
b
m
its
wr
itten
an
s
wer
s
r
ef
l
ec
tin
g
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
wo
r
k
s
c
an
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
b
y
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t a
n
d
p
aten
ts
p
er
r
ele
v
an
t r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
t
h
eo
r
ies.
On
ce
all
th
e
an
s
wer
s
ar
e
co
lle
cted
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tag
e
is
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
an
s
wer
s
u
s
in
g
f
iv
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
GAI
.
E
ac
h
GAI
ass
ess
es
s
tu
d
en
t
an
s
wer
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
cr
iter
ia,
s
u
ch
as
ac
cu
r
a
cy
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
co
n
f
o
r
m
ity
with
r
ele
v
an
t
leg
al
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
an
s
wer
q
u
esti
o
n
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
GAI
is
th
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
leg
al
e
x
p
er
ts
.
L
eg
al
ex
p
e
r
ts
ass
es
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
u
s
in
g
th
eir
in
-
d
ep
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
a
n
d
p
aten
t
law,
a
s
well
as
ap
p
licab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
aim
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
ass
ess
m
en
ts
b
y
GAI
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
ex
p
er
t a
s
s
ess
m
en
ts
,
as w
ell
as to
id
en
tify
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
AI
an
d
h
u
m
an
ev
alu
atio
n
s
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
t
ics.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
g
en
er
al
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
t
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
c
o
llected
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
GAI
an
d
e
x
p
er
ts
.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
e
p
th
a
n
aly
s
is
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Gen
era
tive
a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
a
s
a
n
ev
a
l
u
a
to
r
a
n
d
feed
b
a
ck
to
o
l in
d
is
ta
n
ce
le
a
r
n
in
g
:
…
(
Dia
n
N
u
r
d
ia
n
a
)
2493
non
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
c
er
tain
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ata
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
i
n
clu
d
es
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
T
est
to
test
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
GAI
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
th
e
in
tr
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
I
C
C
)
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
r
r
eliab
i
lity
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
ts
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
s
an
d
e
x
p
er
ts
,
as
well
as
Kap
p
a
a
n
d
Ken
d
all'
s
W
to
ass
es
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
s
an
d
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
GAI
'
s
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
GAI
'
s
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
with
ex
p
er
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
tr
u
e
m
etr
ic
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
T
P),
tr
u
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
(
T
N)
,
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
FP
)
,
an
d
f
alse
n
e
g
ativ
e
(
FN)
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
ea
ch
GAI
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
u
s
in
g
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
ac
cu
r
ate,
r
ele
v
an
t,
an
d
v
alu
ab
le
in
an
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
t
[
5
3
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
also
ask
ed
to
r
a
te
th
e
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
ed
u
s
in
g
a
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
GA
I
s
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
g
iv
e
n
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
B
lo
o
m
'
s
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
s
ix
co
g
n
itiv
e
le
v
els:
r
em
em
b
er
in
g
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
,
an
al
y
zin
g
,
ass
ess
in
g
,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
an
d
p
aten
t
r
ig
h
ts
,
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
an
d
p
aten
t
r
ig
h
ts
,
u
s
e
r
elev
an
t
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
wo
r
k
A
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
b
y
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
o
r
p
aten
t
r
ig
h
ts
,
an
aly
ze
th
e
g
iv
en
ca
s
e
to
id
en
tify
th
e
elem
en
ts
-
elem
en
ts
th
at
q
u
alif
y
f
o
r
c
o
p
y
r
ig
h
t
an
d
p
aten
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
ass
ess
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
af
f
o
r
d
e
d
to
A'
s
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
ap
p
licab
le
law,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
l
o
g
ical
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
eir
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
o
f
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
f
iv
e
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
i
s
as
s
ess
m
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
with
f
iv
e
lev
els
o
n
a
s
ca
le
o
f
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
,
2
(
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
,
3
(
n
e
u
tr
al)
,
4
(
ag
r
ee
)
,
a
n
d
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
[
5
5
]
.
E
x
p
e
r
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
a
s
s
es
s
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
GAI
,
as
s
tated
b
y
[
5
6
]
.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
in
clu
d
ed
clar
ity
(
h
o
w
clea
r
an
d
ea
s
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
)
,
r
elev
an
ce
(
h
o
w
r
elev
an
t
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
to
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
task
)
,
d
ep
th
(
h
o
w
in
-
d
ep
th
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
ad
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ar
e)
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
ity
(
h
o
w
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
iv
e
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
in
h
elp
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
r
r
ec
t
m
is
tak
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
)
.
2
.
3
.
Uses
o
f
f
ee
db
a
c
k
a
cc
o
rding
t
o
s
t
ud
ent
s
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
also
ask
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
ey
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
'
s
b
en
ef
its
(
h
o
w
v
alu
ab
l
e
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
)
an
d
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
(
h
o
w
ea
s
y
th
e
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
is
to
a
p
p
ly
in
f
u
tu
r
e
a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
)
.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
was
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
am
e
f
iv
e
-
lev
el
L
ik
er
t scale
[
5
7
]
.
2
.
4
.
Student
a
s
s
ig
nm
ent
qu
estio
ns
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
g
iv
en
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
an
s
wer
ed
b
y
th
e
f
iv
e
GAI
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Af
ter
th
at,
t
h
e
an
s
wer
s
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
leg
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
GAI
,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
lies
i
n
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
o
m
ain
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
es k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
cr
itic
al
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
B
lo
o
m
'
s
tax
o
n
o
m
y
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lev
els o
f
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
y
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
n
AI
t
e
s
tin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
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tell
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
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4
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0
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2
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2494
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
GAI
as
a
n
ev
alu
ato
r
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
er
o
f
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
law
in
leg
al
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
to
tal
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
i
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
wer
e
2
0
Un
iv
er
s
itas
T
er
b
u
k
a
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
g
is
ter
ed
in
th
e
leg
al
s
tu
d
ies
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Usi
n
g
f
i
v
e
ty
p
es
o
f
GAI
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
m
e
asu
r
es
th
r
ee
m
ain
asp
ec
ts
:
ass
ess
m
en
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
3
.
1
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
a
cc
ura
cy
a
n
a
ly
s
is
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
etr
ic
u
s
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
h
o
w
well
GAI
m
ee
ts
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
its
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
le
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
two
way
s
:
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
GAI
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
,
an
d
b
y
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
tr
u
e
o
r
f
alse
r
esu
lts
b
etwe
en
GAI
an
d
le
g
al
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es h
elp
g
a
u
g
e
th
e
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
o
f
GAI
'
s
ev
alu
atio
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
G
AI'
s
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
wit
h leg
a
l e
x
pert
s
I
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
g
iv
en
b
y
ea
ch
GAI
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
g
iv
e
n
b
y
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
s
ee
wh
eth
er
GAI
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
o
r
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
to
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
an
aly
s
is
,
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
leg
al
ca
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
ea
ch
GAI
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
leg
al
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
GAI
ass
es
s
m
en
t d
ata
with
ex
p
er
ts
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
o
f
th
e
task
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
s
co
r
es
g
iv
e
n
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
th
at
GAI
ten
d
s
to
g
iv
e
h
ig
h
er
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
an
th
e
as
s
ess
m
en
ts
g
iv
en
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
ca
s
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
1
,
th
e
s
co
r
e
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
t
is
8
5
,
wh
ile
C
h
atG
PT
g
iv
es
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
0
0
,
Per
p
lex
ity
9
0
,
Gem
in
i
8
0
,
B
in
g
9
0
,
an
d
Yo
u
9
0
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
AI
m
eth
o
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
ten
d
s
to
g
iv
e
h
i
g
h
er
s
co
r
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
co
r
in
g
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
n
u
m
b
er
4
,
C
h
atGPT
,
Per
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
Gem
in
i
g
iv
e
a
r
atin
g
o
f
9
5
,
w
h
ile
B
in
g
g
iv
es
a
9
0
,
a
n
d
Yo
u
g
iv
es
an
8
5
.
D
esp
ite
th
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as C
h
atGPT
an
d
Gem
in
i sh
o
w
an
o
v
e
r
all
tr
en
d
lev
el
cl
o
s
er
to
th
e
s
co
r
es g
iv
en
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
t
o
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
AI
ar
e
also
v
is
ib
le
in
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
th
e
AI
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
m
ar
k
e
d
with
“
m
ax
im
u
m
c
h
ar
ac
ter
lim
it
r
e
ac
h
ed
”
o
r
“u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
u
m
e
r
ical
v
alu
e
”.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
s
o
m
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
AI
m
ay
en
co
u
n
ter
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
r
b
e
u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
a)
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
is
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
ea
ch
AI
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
leg
al
s
tu
d
ies
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tical
an
aly
s
is
is
a
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e,
s
h
o
w,
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
el
y
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ed
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
GAI
)
m
o
d
els
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
y
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
m
ea
n
(
av
e
r
ag
e)
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
g
en
er
al
d
escr
ip
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
c
y
an
d
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
d
ata
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
r
atin
g
s
g
iv
en
,
wh
ich
ca
n
h
elp
id
en
tif
y
h
o
w
clo
s
e
th
e
AI
's
ass
es
s
m
en
t
is
to
th
e
ex
p
er
t'
s
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t.
Stan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
ar
e
s
p
r
ea
d
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
ea
n
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
t
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Gen
era
tive
a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
a
s
a
n
ev
a
l
u
a
to
r
a
n
d
feed
b
a
ck
to
o
l in
d
is
ta
n
ce
le
a
r
n
in
g
:
…
(
Dia
n
N
u
r
d
ia
n
a
)
2495
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
ea
ch
AI
m
eth
o
d
[
6
0
]
–
[
6
2
]
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
is
ess
en
tial
to
ev
alu
ate
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
r
e
is
a
GAI
m
eth
o
d
th
at
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
at
is
clo
s
e
to
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
to
s
ee
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
ea
ch
AI
m
eth
o
d
.
T
ab
le
1
is
a
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
co
r
es b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
th
e
f
iv
e
GAI
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ex
p
e
r
t a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
s
an
d
GAI
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
R
a
t
e
r
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Ex
p
e
r
t
7
7
.
0
5
1
0
.
1
5
C
h
a
t
G
P
T
8
2
.
6
5
1
1
.
9
6
P
e
r
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
9
2
.
9
8
2
.
7
7
G
e
mi
n
i
8
2
.
7
5
5
.
2
5
B
i
n
g
8
6
.
2
7
3
.
6
7
Y
o
u
9
0
.
3
3
3
.
0
2
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
T
a
b
le
1
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
s
,
it
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
n
o
ar
tific
ial
i
n
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
m
eth
o
d
r
ea
ch
es
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
r
atin
g
g
iv
en
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
,
wh
ich
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
7
7
.
0
5
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
all
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
ten
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
ig
h
er
r
atin
g
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
p
e
r
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
.
Per
p
lex
ity
an
d
Yo
u
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
-
s
co
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
lo
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
f
2
.
7
7
an
d
3
.
0
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
lo
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
ese
two
m
eth
o
d
s
ten
d
to
b
e
s
tab
le
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
in
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
r
esu
lts
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
m
ay
n
o
t
r
ea
c
h
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
ts
g
iv
en
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
[
6
0
]
,
[
6
3
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
C
h
atGPT
s
h
o
ws
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iati
o
n
in
r
atin
g
s
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
1
1
.
9
6
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
r
atin
g
s
f
r
o
m
C
h
atGPT
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
ar
iatio
n
,
m
ea
n
in
g
r
atin
g
s
ca
n
v
ar
y
wid
el
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
ask
ed
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
v
ar
iatio
n
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
s
co
r
in
g
,
it
also
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
g
r
ad
es
m
ay
b
e
lo
wer
th
an
Per
p
lex
ity
an
d
Yo
u
[
6
4
]
,
[
6
5
]
.
T
o
ex
p
lain
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
ev
alu
atio
n
t
h
eo
r
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
L
o
w
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
as
in
Per
p
le
x
ity
an
d
Yo
u
,
in
d
icate
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
m
ay
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
b
e
p
er
f
ec
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ex
p
er
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
y
ten
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esu
lts
[
6
6
]
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
C
h
atGPT
's
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
it
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
ar
y
in
g
r
esu
lts
,
th
er
e
is
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
6
7
]
.
I
n
ev
al
u
atin
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
r
elativ
e
to
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
co
m
p
ar
e
av
er
a
g
e
r
esu
lts
,
s
u
ch
as
C
h
atG
PT
an
d
Gem
in
i,
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
av
e
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
es
clo
s
e
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
ex
p
er
t'
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
C
h
atGPT
an
d
Gem
in
i a
s
s
ess
m
en
ts
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
ten
d
en
cy
wh
en
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
b)
Par
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
tica
l a
n
aly
s
is
I
n
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
t
ics
b
ec
o
m
e
r
elev
an
t
w
h
en
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ata
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
r
d
ata
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
u
n
m
et.
No
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
tics
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
ata
to
f
o
llo
w
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
o
it
is
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
to
u
s
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
6
8
]
,
[
6
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
t
esti
n
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
with
o
u
t
s
o
lid
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
h
a
p
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
7
0
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
T
est,
I
C
C
,
an
d
Kap
p
a
an
d
Ken
d
all'
s
W
in
ev
alu
atin
g
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
GAI
in
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t,
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
AI
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
ex
p
er
t sco
r
es in
ac
a
d
em
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
.
c)
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
AI
ev
alu
atio
n
in
d
is
tan
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
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e
ter
m
in
e
if
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
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er
e
n
ce
s
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ess
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s
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n
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y
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ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
Z
v
alu
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d
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ig
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ica
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icate
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eth
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ig
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ican
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ilco
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test
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T
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ese
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h
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if
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er
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ce
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h
u
s
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
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d
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p
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h
ig
h
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ess
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ts
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an
ex
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er
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
d)
I
n
tr
ac
lass
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t
I
C
C
is
a
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
u
s
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t
o
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ea
s
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r
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th
e
lev
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o
f
co
n
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cy
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eliab
ilit
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etwe
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es
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en
ts
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ad
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e
r
al
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es
s
o
r
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
to
o
ls
[
7
2
]
,
[
7
3
]
.
I
n
ev
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
I
C
C
h
elp
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ex
te
n
t
to
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e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
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id
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y
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AI
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r
ee
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ch
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d
th
e
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s
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I
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th
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tu
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y
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I
C
C
was
u
s
ed
to
e
v
alu
ate
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e
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elia
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ilit
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o
f
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p
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C
h
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,
Per
p
lex
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Gem
in
i,
B
in
g
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d
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u
.
Hig
h
I
C
C
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
wh
ile
lo
w
I
C
C
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
I
C
C
r
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
C
C
r
esu
lts
I
t
e
ms
I
n
t
r
a
c
l
a
s
s
c
o
r
r
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l
a
t
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o
n
b
9
5
%
C
o
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f
i
d
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e
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p
p
e
r
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d
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M
e
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4
3
9
c
0
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4
0
.
7
1
7
I
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C
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.
4
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,
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%
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f
id
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ce
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ter
v
al
[
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7
1
7
]
,
in
d
icatin
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e
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ate
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ag
r
ee
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e
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etwe
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ater
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en
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ati
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n
s
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t
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o
m
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
v
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iatio
n
i
n
s
co
r
in
g
was
s
till
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ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
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im
p
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v
in
g
s
co
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
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ater
tr
ain
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n
g
to
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h
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ig
h
er
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eliab
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y
.
T
h
e
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
n
f
id
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ter
v
als also
in
d
icate
s
u
n
ce
r
t
ain
ty
in
th
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m
ates,
r
ein
f
o
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cin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t.
e)
Kap
p
a
an
d
Ke
n
d
all'
s
W
T
wo
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
tics
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ex
p
er
t
j
u
d
g
m
en
t:
Kap
p
a
(
C
o
h
en
'
s
Kap
p
a
)
an
d
Ken
d
all'
s
W
(
Ken
d
all's
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
co
n
co
r
d
an
ce
)
.
Kap
p
a
is
a
s
t
atis
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
ass
e
s
s
es
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
ater
s
f
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
ical
d
ata,
with
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
-
1
to
1
.
Neg
ativ
e
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
th
an
e
x
p
ec
ted
b
y
ch
a
n
ce
;
ze
r
o
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
ex
p
ec
ted
b
y
ch
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
v
alu
es
i
n
d
icate
h
ig
h
er
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
th
a
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
b
y
ch
a
n
ce
[
7
4
]
,
[
7
5
]
.
Ke
n
d
all'
s
W
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
m
u
ltip
le
r
ater
s
f
o
r
o
r
d
in
al
d
ata,
with
v
a
lu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
(
n
o
ag
r
ee
m
en
t)
to
1
(
p
er
f
ec
t
ag
r
ee
m
en
t)
[
7
6
]
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
alig
n
with
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
t
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
iv
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
ab
le
4
will p
r
esen
t th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
Kap
p
a
an
d
Ken
d
all'
s
W
c
alcu
latio
n
s
[
7
7
]
,
[
7
8
]
.
T
ab
le
4.
Kap
p
a
an
d
Ken
d
all'
s
W
r
esu
lts
I
t
e
ms
V
a
l
u
e
K
a
p
p
a
-
0
.
058
K
e
n
d
a
l
l
's W
0
.
5
7
6
T
h
e
Kap
p
a
v
alu
e
o
f
-
0
.
0
5
8
s
h
o
ws
s
h
allo
w
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
e
twee
n
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
th
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
GAI
.
B
ased
o
n
Ke
n
d
all'
s
W
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
7
6
,
it sh
o
ws th
at
th
er
e
is
a
p
r
etty
g
o
o
d
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
GAI
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
an
k
in
g
o
r
p
r
e
f
er
en
c
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
p
er
f
ec
t,
th
er
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
way
th
ey
s
o
r
t
o
r
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
t a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
J
ud
g
m
ent
o
f
rig
ht
a
nd
wro
ng
bet
wee
n
G
AI a
nd
e
x
pert
s
A
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
in
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
is
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
tr
u
e
o
r
f
alse
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
g
iv
en
b
y
t
h
e
GAI
with
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
g
iv
en
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
h
elp
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
GAI
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
alig
n
with
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
et
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
t
s
d
ata
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
an
s
wer
s
.
E
ac
h
e
n
tr
y
in
th
e
tab
le
in
d
icate
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
ea
ch
GAI
m
et
h
o
d
is
c
o
r
r
ec
t
o
r
in
co
r
r
ec
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
t.
An
ac
cu
r
ate
ev
alu
atio
n
in
d
icate
s
co
n
f
o
r
m
it
y
to
ex
p
er
t
s
tan
d
ar
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1
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3
.
Acc
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ess
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Ass
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m
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r
ac
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im
p
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7
9
]
.
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th
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aly
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is
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m
ay
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e
a
f
f
ec
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r
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p
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r
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s
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r
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th
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ten
t
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f
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b
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k
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c
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is
co
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s
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d
ac
cu
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ate,
r
elev
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n
t
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d
v
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th
e
co
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tex
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o
f
leg
al
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u
ca
tio
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[
8
0
]
.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
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GAI
p
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s
q
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ality
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ee
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k
f
o
llo
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g
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ad
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s
tan
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a
r
d
s
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d
s
tu
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lear
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s
.
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h
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d
ata
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th
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d
es
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ip
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tain
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c
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'
s
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e
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d
v
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ck
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.
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ased
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n
th
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ess
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en
t
r
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b
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x
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ts
,
C
h
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s
h
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b
est
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e
r
f
o
r
m
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ce
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v
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ess
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4
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2
2
.
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h
is
in
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icate
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th
at
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ee
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b
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p
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d
b
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d
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n
tex
t
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f
leg
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ca
tio
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.
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ll
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wed
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wh
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o
t
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n
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ati
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g
o
f
4
.
1
5
,
s
h
o
win
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t
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at
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also
p
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d
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n
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d
,
Y
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g
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f
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9
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T
h
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in
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s
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g
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tu
d
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as
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ig
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is
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tex
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B
in
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an
d
Per
p
lex
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s
h
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w
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ter
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atin
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s
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f
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.
0
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n
d
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9
9
r
esp
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ee
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ac
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co
n
s
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u
ite
g
o
o
d
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
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d
r
elev
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n
ce
o
f
th
eir
f
ee
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b
ac
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
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tif
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,
No
.
3
,
J
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n
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20
25
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2498
r
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s
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tu
d
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ig
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ield
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f
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al
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ca
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h
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d
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r
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r
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k
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Y
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u
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g
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n
d
Per
p
lex
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.
3
.
3
.
Usef
uln
ess
o
f
f
ee
db
a
ck
(
s
t
ud
ent
s
)
T
h
e
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
f
iv
e
GAI
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
an
s
wer
s
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
1
-
5
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
as
k
ed
to
r
ate
th
e
ex
ten
t
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wh
ich
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
C
h
atGPT
,
Per
p
lex
ity
,
Gem
in
i,
B
in
g
,
an
d
Yo
u
f
o
u
n
d
th
em
h
el
p
f
u
l,
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
a
d
eq
u
ate
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
leg
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
ass
es
s
m
en
t
aim
s
to
id
en
tif
y
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ty
p
es
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
h
o
w
th
e
y
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
ea
ch
GAI
.
T
h
e
d
ata
will
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
GAI
in
g
iv
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
th
at
m
ee
ts
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
n
ee
d
s
in
o
n
lin
e
lea
r
n
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
test
r
esu
lts
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ap
p
ea
r
e
d
to
h
av
e
v
a
r
ied
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
ty
p
es o
f
GAI
u
s
ed
as
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
o
ls
.
C
h
atGPT
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
r
a
tin
g
with
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
1
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
f
ee
l
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
C
h
atGPT
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
eir
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
tiv
ities
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Gem
i
n
i
also
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
h
i
g
h
r
atin
g
with
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
4
.
0
7
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
Gem
in
i a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
GAI
s
th
at
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
v
alu
ab
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
B
in
g
an
d
Yo
u
r
ec
eiv
e
d
lo
wer
r
atin
g
s
with
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
3
.
9
1
an
d
3
.
80
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
b
e
less
s
atis
f
i
ed
with
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
b
o
t
h
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
p
er
h
ap
s
d
u
e
t
o
a
lack
o
f
d
ep
t
h
o
r
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
.
Desp
ite
h
av
in
g
a
m
e
an
o
f
3
.
9
8
,
Per
p
le
x
ity
s
h
o
ws
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
ar
iatio
n
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
atin
g
s
,
with
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
iv
in
g
lo
w
r
ati
n
g
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
Per
p
le
x
ity
ten
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
f
ee
l
th
at
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
d
o
es
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
m
atch
th
eir
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
r
n
ee
d
s
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
ad
a
p
tin
g
GAI
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
in
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
ev
alu
atio
n
is
also
n
ee
d
ed
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
GAI
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
GAI
h
as
n
o
w
ex
p
an
d
ed
to
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
8
1
]
.
GAI
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
h
elp
s
in
co
n
ten
t
c
r
ea
tio
n
a
n
d
au
to
m
ati
o
n
o
f
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
task
s
,
b
u
t
also
h
as
e
x
ce
llen
t
p
o
ten
tial
as
an
ev
al
u
ato
r
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
er
i
n
d
is
tan
c
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
l
e
g
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
8
2
]
,
[
8
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
AI
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
,
f
r
o
m
p
er
s
o
n
alizin
g
lear
n
in
g
to
au
to
m
atin
g
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
[
8
4
]
,
[
8
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
AI
h
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
ch
an
g
es
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
te
d
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
e
n
t
[
8
6
]
,
[
8
7
]
.
AI
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
a
n
aly
ze
s
tu
d
en
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
m
ater
ial
o
r
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
[
2
4
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
AI
is
also
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
en
a
b
le
b
r
o
ad
er
ac
ce
s
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sp
e
cif
ically
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
leg
al
s
cien
ce
,
AI
ca
n
ass
is
t
in
a
n
aly
zin
g
leg
al
ca
s
es,
g
u
id
e
leg
al
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
ev
en
i
n
wr
itin
g
co
m
p
lex
leg
al
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
[
8
8
]
,
[
8
9
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
ev
alu
ati
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
in
th
e
leg
al
f
ield
h
as
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial.
Stu
d
ies
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
[
9
0
]
,
[
9
1
]
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
s
o
m
e
AI
m
eth
o
d
s
ten
d
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
ig
h
er
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
th
an
as
s
ess
m
en
t
s
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
ass
es
s
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
[
9
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
im
p
lies
t
h
at
alth
o
u
g
h
AI
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ast
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
t
h
er
e
is
s
till
a
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
T
h
e
g
ap
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
lack
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
at
a
o
n
h
o
w
ea
c
h
AI
m
eth
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
in
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
in
th
e
l
eg
al
f
ield
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
test
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
el
ev
an
ce
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
GAI
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
4
.
1
.
Acc
ura
cy
o
f
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
wit
h e
x
pert
s
Acc
u
r
ac
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
ci
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
i
n
e
v
al
u
ati
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
G
AI
.
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
i
n
t
h
is
c
o
n
te
x
t
r
ef
er
s
t
o
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
GA
I
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
as
s
ess
m
e
n
ts
t
h
a
t c
o
m
p
l
y
wit
h
a
p
p
li
ca
b
l
e
ac
a
d
em
i
c
a
n
d
l
eg
al
s
t
an
d
a
r
d
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
s
t
u
d
ies
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
AI
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
is
h
ig
h
l
y
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
e
d
a
n
d
th
e
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
th
e
d
at
a
u
s
e
d
t
o
t
r
ai
n
t
h
e
A
I
.
S
tat
ed
t
h
at
th
e
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
AI
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
al
u
ati
o
n
o
f
a
ca
d
e
m
ic
ass
i
g
n
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
v
a
r
y
g
r
ea
t
ly
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
h
o
w
t
h
e
d
a
ta
is
c
o
l
lec
te
d
an
d
p
r
o
c
ess
e
d
[
9
3
]
.
R
ese
ar
c
h
b
y
L
i
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
i
t
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
s
h
o
wi
n
g
th
at
AI
h
as
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
ate
ev
alu
atio
n
s
if
tr
ain
ed
with
r
elev
an
t,
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
d
at
a.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
v
a
r
iab
le
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
two
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es:
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
ts
b
etwe
en
GAI
an
d
leg
al
ex
p
er
t
s
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
tr
u
e
o
r
f
a
ls
e
r
esu
lts
b
etwe
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2252
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8
9
3
8
Gen
era
tive
a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
a
s
a
n
ev
a
l
u
a
to
r
a
n
d
feed
b
a
ck
to
o
l in
d
is
ta
n
ce
le
a
r
n
in
g
:
…
(
Dia
n
N
u
r
d
ia
n
a
)
2499
GAI
an
d
leg
al
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
ten
d
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
er
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
an
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
Ge
m
in
i
a
n
d
C
h
at
GPT
s
h
o
w
r
el
ati
v
ely
g
o
o
d
le
v
els
o
f
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
wi
th
r
ati
n
g
s
t
en
d
i
n
g
to
b
e
cl
o
s
e
t
o
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
co
r
es
i
n
s
o
m
e
an
s
we
r
s
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
v
ar
i
a
tio
n
s
i
n
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
w
er
e
als
o
v
is
ib
l
e,
es
p
e
cia
ll
y
in
an
s
w
er
s
1
2
an
d
1
3
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
e
was
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
c
o
r
es
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
ts
a
n
d
th
e
s
co
r
es
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
Pe
r
p
le
x
it
y
(
9
5
v
s
.
7
1
)
.
T
h
ese
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
AI
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
d
at
a
is
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
v
e
r
s
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
e
v
al
u
a
ti
o
n
s
c
e
n
ar
i
o
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
.
C
h
atGP
T
an
d
Ge
m
i
n
i'
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
q
u
al
it
y
is
r
at
ed
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
wit
h
m
o
r
e
d
etai
le
d
a
n
d
r
ele
v
a
n
t
ass
ess
m
e
n
ts
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
ls
o
s
i
tu
ati
o
n
s
w
h
e
r
e
GA
I
ca
n
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
an
ev
al
u
a
ti
o
n
,
as
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
"N/A
"
an
d
"N
/B
"
in
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
h
a
p
p
e
n
e
d
t
o
s
o
m
e
a
n
s
w
er
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
t
o
B
in
g
a
n
d
Y
o
u
,
s
u
g
g
es
ti
n
g
t
h
a
t
th
e
r
e
ar
e
l
im
ita
ti
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
AI
alg
o
r
it
h
m
th
at
m
ay
n
o
t
h
a
n
d
l
e
all
t
y
p
es
o
f
q
u
est
io
n
s
o
r
c
o
n
te
x
ts
wel
l.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
ts
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
f
iv
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
(
C
h
atGPT
,
Per
p
lex
ity
,
Ge
m
in
i,
B
in
g
,
an
d
Yo
u
)
an
d
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
ten
d
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tatis
ti
ca
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
r
a
tin
g
s
th
an
ex
p
e
r
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
GAI
'
s
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
I
C
C
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
en
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Desp
ite
th
is
,
v
ar
iatio
n
in
s
co
r
in
g
was
s
till
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
co
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
r
ater
tr
ain
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
e
r
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
Kap
p
a
a
n
d
Ken
d
all'
s
W
s
h
o
ws
lo
w
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
et
wee
n
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
th
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
Ka
p
p
a.
Ho
we
v
er
,
Ke
n
d
all'
s
W
v
alu
e
s
h
o
ws
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
i
n
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
s
o
r
t o
r
g
r
ad
e
s
tu
d
en
t a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
ev
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
it is
n
o
t
p
er
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
C
r
o
s
s
tab
tab
le
s
h
o
ws
th
at
Gem
in
i
g
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
f
alse
r
atin
g
s
as
e
x
p
er
ts
with
1
6
a
n
s
wer
s
,
C
h
atGPT
h
ad
1
2
an
s
wer
s
,
Per
p
lex
ity
h
a
d
1
0
a
n
s
wer
s
,
an
d
B
in
g
an
d
Yo
u
h
ad
9
an
s
wer
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
Gem
in
i's
an
d
C
h
atGPT
's
tr
u
e
an
d
f
alse
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ex
p
er
ts
'
tr
u
e
an
d
f
alse ju
d
g
m
en
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
GAI
m
eth
o
d
s
ac
h
iev
ed
ex
p
e
r
t ju
d
g
m
e
n
t a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
Gem
in
i sh
o
wed
th
e
clo
s
est
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
ate
at
8
0
%.
C
h
atGPT
,
wh
ile
n
o
t
as
ac
c
u
r
ate
as
Gem
in
i,
is
s
till
q
u
ite
r
eliab
le
with
a
6
0
%
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
ate.
Ho
wev
er
,
h
ig
h
e
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
C
h
atGPT
s
co
r
in
g
ar
e
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
,
as th
ey
m
ay
af
f
ec
t its
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
i
ca
te
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
GAI
h
as
ex
ce
llen
t
p
o
te
n
tial
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
r
e
liab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
AI
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
m
ain
l
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
co
m
p
ly
with
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ap
p
lied
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
AI
'
s
lim
itatio
n
s
in
g
iv
in
g
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
in
ce
r
tain
s
itu
atio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
u
s
ed
.
4
.
2
.
F
ee
db
a
c
k
q
ua
lity
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
GAI
'
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
q
u
ality
is
also
ess
en
t
ial
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
.
Feed
b
ac
k
q
u
ality
in
v
o
lv
es
h
o
w
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
an
d
h
elp
f
u
l
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
i
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Hig
h
-
q
u
ality
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ex
p
lan
a
tio
n
s
th
at
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
E
m
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
clea
r
,
s
p
ec
if
ic,
r
elev
an
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
GAI
is
as
s
es
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
h
o
w
m
u
ch
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ater
ial
b
etter
an
d
c
o
r
r
ec
t th
ei
r
m
is
tak
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
g
iv
en
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
,
C
h
atGPT
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
est
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
an
av
er
ag
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
4
.
2
2
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
C
h
atGPT
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
v
alu
a
b
le
in
leg
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
,
in
an
s
wer
n
u
m
b
er
1
,
C
h
atGPT
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
8
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
C
h
atGPT
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
v
er
y
in
s
ig
h
t
f
u
l
an
d
r
elev
an
t.
C
h
atGPT
'
s
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ac
r
o
s
s
an
s
wer
s
s
h
o
ws
its
p
o
ten
tial
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
in
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t
t
h
eir
m
is
tak
es.
Gem
in
i
f
o
llo
w
s
with
an
av
e
r
ag
e
r
atin
g
o
f
4
.
1
5
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
Gem
in
i
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
q
u
ite
g
o
o
d
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
On
s
o
m
e
an
s
wer
s
,
s
u
ch
as
n
u
m
b
er
s
2
a
n
d
5
,
Gem
i
n
i
r
ec
eiv
ed
h
ig
h
m
ar
k
s
,
4
.
6
ea
ch
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
v
alu
a
b
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
W
ith
alm
o
s
t
eq
u
iv
alen
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
C
h
atGPT
,
Gem
in
i
ca
n
b
e
a
r
eliab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
g
iv
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
in
th
e
leg
al
f
ield
.
B
in
g
an
d
Per
p
lex
ity
s
h
o
wed
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
s
co
r
es
w
ith
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
s
o
f
4
.
0
9
a
n
d
3
.
9
9
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
GAI
s
was c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
q
u
i
te
g
o
o
d
,
t
h
er
e
wer
e
s
ev
er
al
an
s
wer
s
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
er
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
ei
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
u
l
d
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
in
a
n
s
wer
n
u
m
b
er
1
,
B
in
g
s
co
r
ed
3
.
8
,
w
h
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
its
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
s
till
less
in
-
d
ep
th
th
an
C
h
atGPT
o
r
Gem
in
i.
P
er
p
lex
ity
,
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lo
west
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e,
also
s
h
o
wed
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
its
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
in
its
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata.
Yo
u
r
ec
eiv
e
d
th
e
lo
west
r
atin
g
with
an
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
3
.
9
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
Yo
u
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
a
d
e
q
u
ate
o
r
n
o
t
as
ac
cu
r
ate
as
o
t
h
er
GAI
s
in
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
On
s
o
m
e
an
s
wer
s
,
s
u
ch
as
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
1
2
a
n
d
2
0
,
Y
o
u
s
co
r
e
d
as
l
o
w
as
3
.
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
o
f
ten
n
o
t
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
o
r
r
elev
an
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
r
r
ec
t
t
h
eir
m
is
tak
es.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
Yo
u
'
s
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t to
c
o
m
p
ete
with
o
th
er
GAI
s
.
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