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CC B
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Un
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Ma
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I
NT
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T
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C
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1
9
p
an
d
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as
cr
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m
ajo
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ch
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lo
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Go
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m
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s
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tr
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d
m
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ask
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h
an
d
wash
in
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,
an
d
v
ac
cin
atio
n
to
s
lo
w
th
e
v
ir
u
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
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f
ec
tiv
e,
b
u
t
m
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y
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s
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le
to
f
o
llo
w
th
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c
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n
s
is
ten
tly
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
is
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
as
n
ew
v
ar
ian
ts
o
f
th
e
SAR
S
-
C
o
V
-
2
v
ir
u
s
em
er
g
e,
m
a
k
in
g
v
ac
ci
n
es
alo
n
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
New
way
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
ad
h
er
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ce
t
o
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
r
e
u
r
g
e
n
tly
n
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d
ed
.
On
e
k
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is
s
u
e
is
th
e
p
u
b
lic’
s
o
v
er
-
r
elian
ce
o
n
v
ac
cin
es
as
t
h
e
m
ain
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
4
]
.
Vac
cin
es
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
g
u
ar
an
tee
f
u
ll
im
m
u
n
ity
,
esp
ec
iall
y
as
th
e
v
ir
u
s
m
u
tates
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
elian
ce
h
as
ca
u
s
ed
a
d
r
o
p
in
o
th
er
ess
en
tial
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
lik
e
wea
r
i
n
g
m
a
s
k
s
an
d
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
cin
g
.
Ma
n
y
p
e
o
p
le
a
b
an
d
o
n
th
ese
p
r
ac
tices a
f
ter
v
ac
cin
ati
o
n
[
4
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ar
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ex
p
l
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r
in
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way
s
to
b
o
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s
t
p
u
b
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co
m
p
lian
ce
.
Hea
lth
ca
m
p
a
ig
n
s
h
av
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in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
ask
u
s
e
[
2
]
,
an
d
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
cin
g
[
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
k
ee
p
in
g
p
e
o
p
le
en
g
ag
ed
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
em
ain
s
a
ch
allen
g
e.
Gam
if
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n
,
wh
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h
u
s
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g
am
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lik
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elem
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s
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ch
as
r
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s
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lead
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s
,
h
as
em
er
g
ed
a
s
a
p
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ten
tial
s
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lu
tio
n
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
m
o
tiv
ates
u
s
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
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n
an
d
ac
h
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en
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
W
h
il
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
C
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D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
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n
tio
n
is
n
o
t
y
et
well
-
s
tu
d
ied
.
E
v
id
en
ce
o
f
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
s
u
s
tain
in
g
h
ea
lth
b
eh
av
io
r
s
is
s
till
lim
i
ted
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
g
a
mifica
tio
n
to
in
crea
s
e
u
s
ers
’
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t to
a
d
h
ere
C
OV
I
D
-
19
…
(
Mo
h
d
H
a
z
im
A
fiq
K
a
la
n
a
)
1937
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
g
a
m
if
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n
ca
n
im
p
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o
v
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
C
OVI
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-
1
9
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
t
u
s
es
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
t
o
g
u
i
d
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
AM
e
x
p
la
in
s
h
o
w
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
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f
f
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t
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p
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s
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
o
f
n
ew
to
o
ls
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
T
AM
an
d
g
am
if
icatio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
eir
p
o
te
n
tial
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
a
d
h
er
e
n
ce
to
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h pro
po
s
ed
f
ra
m
ewo
rk
a
nd
m
o
del
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
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h
o
w
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a
m
if
icatio
n
im
p
ac
ts
u
s
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
t
b
u
ild
s
o
n
ea
r
lier
r
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f
o
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s
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g
o
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lik
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icatio
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,
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s
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ln
ess
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s
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o
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attitu
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p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
T
AM
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
ad
o
p
t
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
2
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l e
qu
a
t
io
n
m
o
delin
g
(
SE
M
)
SEM
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
escr
ib
e
d
b
y
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
a
n
b
y
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
k
e
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
in
cl
u
d
ed
h
av
in
g
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
,
n
o
o
u
tlier
s
,
an
d
lo
w
co
llin
ea
r
i
ty
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
d
ef
i
n
in
g
ca
u
s
al
p
ath
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
a
n
d
esti
m
atio
n
p
h
ases
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
ass
ess
its
o
v
er
all
f
it.
Var
io
u
s
in
d
ices
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
q
u
ality
,
an
d
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
as n
ee
d
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
f
it.
2
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
es dev
elo
pm
ent
2
.
3
.
1
.
G
a
m
if
ica
t
io
n per
ce
iv
e
d e
a
s
e
o
f
us
e
(
G
E
O
U)
Gam
if
icatio
n
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
(
GE
OU)
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
Da
v
is
’
s
T
AM
th
eo
r
y
[
1
6
]
.
I
t
r
ef
e
r
s
to
h
o
w
s
im
p
le
u
s
er
s
f
in
d
th
e
g
am
if
ied
s
y
s
tem
to
u
s
e
[
2
3
]
.
B
u
i
ld
in
g
o
n
th
is
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
:
H1
:
Per
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
en
h
an
ce
s
u
s
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
p
r
ac
ticin
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
H2
:
Per
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
h
as
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
u
s
er
s
’
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
g
am
if
icat
io
n
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
H3
:
Per
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
b
o
o
s
ts
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
2
.
3
.
2
.
G
a
m
if
ica
t
io
n per
ce
iv
e
d us
ef
ul
nes
s
(
G
P
U)
Gam
if
icatio
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
(
GPU)
is
a
k
ey
co
n
ce
p
t
in
T
AM
.
I
t
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
b
elief
th
at
g
am
if
icatio
n
h
elp
s
p
e
o
p
le
f
o
llo
w
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
4
]
.
Pas
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
u
s
er
attitu
d
es
an
d
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Giv
en
t
h
is
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
s
u
g
g
ested
:
H4
:
Per
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
u
s
er
s
’
attit
u
d
e
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
g
a
m
if
ica
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
H5
: P
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
in
cr
ea
s
es u
s
er
s
’
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
2
.
3
.
3
.
At
t
it
ud
e
t
o
wa
rds
us
ing
g
a
m
if
ic
a
t
io
n
Attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
g
am
if
icatio
n
is
u
s
er
s
’
o
v
er
all
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
was d
ev
elo
p
ed
:
H6
: U
s
er
s
'
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
g
am
if
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
eir
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
2
.
3
.
4
.
Users’
eng
a
g
em
ent
T
h
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
esp
ec
ial
ly
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
.
L
o
o
y
esty
n
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
c
an
in
v
o
lv
e
eith
er
a
s
in
g
le
in
s
tan
ce
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
an
ac
tiv
ity
,
wh
ich
is
v
ital
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ed
a
d
h
er
en
ce
to
h
ea
lth
g
u
id
elin
es.
W
ith
o
u
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lik
e
m
ask
-
wea
r
in
g
,
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
cin
g
,
v
ac
cin
atio
n
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
B
y
le
v
er
ag
in
g
g
am
if
icat
io
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
p
r
o
m
o
te
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ch
an
g
e,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
[
3
0
]
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
u
s
er
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
r
ef
er
s
to
s
tim
u
latin
g
u
s
er
s
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
d
esire
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
with
g
r
ea
te
r
en
th
u
s
iasm
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
t
h
eir
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
o
i
llu
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
b
ein
g
test
ed
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
X
-
T
en
d
ed
g
am
if
icatio
n
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
m
o
d
el
(X
-
GAM
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
v
is
u
al
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
ese
ar
ch
m
o
d
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
93
6
-
1
94
5
1938
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
c
h
m
o
d
el
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
2
.
4
.
G
a
m
if
ied
CO
VID
-
1
9
mo
bil
e
a
pp
lica
t
io
n
T
h
e
ap
p
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
o
ti
v
ates
u
s
er
s
to
ad
h
er
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
g
u
id
eli
n
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
am
if
icatio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ewa
r
d
s
lik
e
p
o
i
n
ts
,
b
ad
g
es,
lev
els,
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
all
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
W
HO
-
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
is
s
im
p
le
an
d
ea
s
y
to
n
av
ig
ate,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
a
co
h
esiv
e
v
is
u
al
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
with
a
clea
n
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
v
is
u
al
lay
o
u
t
.
User
s
ac
cu
m
u
late
p
o
in
ts
an
d
r
ewa
r
d
s
f
o
r
f
in
is
h
i
n
g
task
s
an
d
q
u
izze
s
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ec
a
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
th
eir
p
r
o
g
r
ess
is
r
eset
d
aily
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
g
am
if
ied
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
m
ain
m
en
u
s
h
o
win
g
u
s
er
s
’
o
v
er
all
s
co
r
es,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
a
lis
t o
f
ta
s
k
s
u
s
er
s
ca
n
co
m
p
lete.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es f
o
r
(
a)
m
ain
m
en
u
an
d
u
s
er
s
’
o
v
er
all
s
co
r
es
an
d
(
b
)
task
lis
t scr
ee
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
g
a
mifica
tio
n
to
in
crea
s
e
u
s
ers
’
en
g
a
g
eme
n
t to
a
d
h
ere
C
OV
I
D
-
19
…
(
Mo
h
d
H
a
z
im
A
fiq
K
a
la
n
a
)
1939
2
.
5
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
2
.
5
.
1
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
it
em
des
ig
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
g
at
h
er
ed
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
item
s
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
ad
ju
s
ted
f
o
r
g
am
if
icatio
n
,
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
attitu
d
e,
an
d
u
s
er
s
’
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Gam
if
icatio
n
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
a
s
s
es
s
ed
with
f
o
u
r
item
s
,
an
d
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
th
r
ee
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m
s
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5
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p
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L
ik
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A
p
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r
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lp
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e
f
in
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th
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q
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esti
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n
s
an
d
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r
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alid
ity
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T
a
b
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ts
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e
in
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T
en
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am
if
icatio
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(X
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d
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elate
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s
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T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
d
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f
X
-
ten
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d
g
am
if
icatio
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a
cc
ep
tan
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m
o
d
el
an
d
s
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r
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q
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esti
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s
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S
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e
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s m
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C
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V
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D
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1
9
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.
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mp
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v
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a
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o
m
p
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i
o
n
[
3
1
]
U
si
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V
I
D
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1
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r
e
q
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e
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c
y
/
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i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
3
2
]
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si
n
g
t
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m
i
f
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V
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D
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p
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En
h
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k
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e
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3
3
]
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C
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D
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19.
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sefu
l
[
3
3
]
G
EO
U
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d
t
h
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g
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m
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3
3
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Th
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.
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ser fr
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l
y
[
3
3
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U
si
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h
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m
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f
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c
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p
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d
m
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me
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f
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m me
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t
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[
3
3
]
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n
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t
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sy
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o
u
se
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3
3
]
A
TU
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b
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O
V
I
D
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p
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t
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mea
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e
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3
3
]
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mi
f
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f
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[
3
3
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3
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]
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l
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p
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3
3
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Th
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19.
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3
3
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Th
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3
3
]
Th
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g
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mi
f
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ma
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D
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me
[
3
3
]
2
.
6
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
a
nd
pro
ce
du
r
es
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
ad
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
o
n
e
f
o
r
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
d
ata
an
d
an
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
k
e
y
v
ar
iab
les.
C
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
lin
e
b
etwe
en
J
an
u
ar
y
3
1
s
t
an
d
Feb
r
u
ar
y
1
4
th
,
2
0
2
2
,
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
ec
eiv
e
d
1
7
0
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
1
5
0
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
a
n
aly
ze
d
af
ter
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
in
c
o
m
p
lete
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
co
m
p
lete
s
u
r
v
ey
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
q
u
ality
,
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
u
n
a
n
s
wer
ed
k
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
r
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
y
o
u
n
g
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
u
s
er
s
ag
ed
1
6
-
1
8
,
with
4
7
%
m
ale
an
d
5
3
%
f
em
ale.
Ag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
2
9
%
(
1
6
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
s
)
,
3
8
%
(
1
7
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
s
)
,
an
d
3
3
%
(
1
8
-
y
e
ar
-
o
l
d
s
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
SEM
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
AM
OS
2
6
s
o
f
twar
e
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata.
SEM
en
ab
les
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
b
o
th
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
ed
ev
a
lu
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
o
u
r
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
SEM
a
ls
o
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
a
n
d
r
eliab
le.
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
a
nd
re
s
ult
Var
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
in
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
was
ap
p
lied
to
p
in
p
o
i
n
t
k
ey
v
a
r
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
g
am
if
icatio
n
’
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
g
am
if
i
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
u
s
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
k
aiser
-
m
ey
e
r
-
o
lk
in
(
KM
O)
v
alu
e
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
0
.
9
4
9
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
6
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was a
d
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
[
3
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
93
6
-
1
94
5
1940
3
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
f
it
AM
OS
em
p
lo
y
ed
m
u
ltip
le
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
m
etr
ics
to
o
b
tain
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
esti
m
ati
o
n
(
ML
E
)
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ix
.
F
o
llo
win
g
Alam
r
i
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
,
a
s
et
o
f
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
m
e
asu
r
es
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
s
u
itab
ilit
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
v
alu
es th
at
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
id
m
ee
t th
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
f
it
g
o
o
d
n
ess
cr
iter
io
n
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it in
d
ices o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
3
.
3
.
Co
nv
er
g
ent
a
nd
dis
cr
im
ina
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
Data
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
2
6
.
0
s
o
f
twar
e.
As
s
tated
b
y
Kn
ek
ta
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
,
ea
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
item
’
s
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
m
u
s
t
ex
ce
e
d
0
.
4
0
to
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
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ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
f
ac
to
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d
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g
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e
x
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r
esh
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atin
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2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
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f
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f
it in
d
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Ty
p
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r
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t
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l
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Le
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me
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5
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le
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s
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o
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ato
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aly
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I
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ms
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7
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Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
at
all
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lo
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g
s
f
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r
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ir
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ately
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o
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r
r
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tify
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o
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ata
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aly
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is
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Kee
p
in
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ite
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s
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elp
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tain
th
e
r
eliab
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d
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o
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en
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A
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7
r
ef
lects
ad
eq
u
ate
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
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y
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
Similar
ly
,
co
m
p
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ite
r
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(
C
R
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alu
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d
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er
0
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5
a
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3
9
]
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As
n
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[
4
0
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,
th
ese
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en
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ar
k
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lis
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th
e
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o
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d
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ally
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an
0
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0
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te
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o
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ab
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4
p
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e
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in
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r
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d
v
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is
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r
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4
.
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5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
o
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J
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&
C
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m
p
Sci
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N:
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-
4
7
5
2
I
n
teg
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a
mifica
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to
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a
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(
Mo
h
d
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im
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1941
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Me
asu
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n
t m
o
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el
3
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4
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H
y
po
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es a
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esting
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h
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s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
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ed
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
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icatio
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u
s
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t
a
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p
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r
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r
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e
n
er
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h
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lth
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
o
n
s
u
s
tain
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g
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t
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m
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r
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ee
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to
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p
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if
icatio
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ce
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D
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1
9
p
r
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ls
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h
e
h
y
p
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th
esis
test
in
g
r
esu
lts
,
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
,
in
d
icate
th
at
m
o
s
t
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n
s
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ip
s
wer
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s
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p
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ted
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co
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ir
m
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d
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li
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k
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n
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s
e
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d
p
e
r
ce
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ed
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s
ef
u
ln
ess
(
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=
0
.
7
4
6
,
t
=
1
3
.
6
7
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
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g
th
at
u
s
er
s
f
in
d
th
e
ap
p
m
o
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l
wh
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it
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e.
H2
also
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m
ed
th
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e
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s
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
ts
u
s
er
s
’
attit
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d
es
to
war
d
s
g
am
if
icatio
n
(
β
=
0
.
2
8
4
,
t
=
4
.
3
6
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
H3
,
wh
ich
p
r
ed
icte
d
a
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
o
n
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
(
β
=
0
.
0
9
6
,
t
=
1
.
2
9
7
,
p
=
0
.
1
9
4
)
,
was
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
H4
an
d
H5
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
b
o
th
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
g
am
if
icatio
n
(
β
=
0
.
6
1
5
,
t
=
9
.
4
4
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
u
s
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
(
β
=
0
.
4
2
4
,
t
=
4
.
8
1
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
L
astl
y
,
H6
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
g
am
if
icatio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
(
β
=
0
.
3
5
8
,
t
=
4
.
0
9
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
in
s
h
ap
in
g
u
s
er
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
3
3
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
er
s
to
d
esig
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
i
v
e
as
v
alu
a
b
le.
B
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
h
i
g
h
er
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
id
ea
t
h
at
u
s
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
clin
ed
to
in
te
r
ac
t
with
ap
p
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
,
tan
g
i
b
le
b
en
ef
i
ts
.
H3
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
ir
ec
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
o
n
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
was
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
,
d
iv
e
r
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
0
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
m
ay
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
g
am
i
f
ied
ap
p
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
th
at
in
co
m
p
lete
f
ea
tu
r
es
m
ay
h
av
e
h
in
d
er
ed
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
i
d
en
ce
th
at
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
h
y
p
o
th
eses
H4
,
H5
,
an
d
H6
.
T
h
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
ca
s
e
f
o
r
em
p
lo
y
in
g
g
am
if
icatio
n
i
n
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
ap
p
s
,
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
ttit
u
d
es
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tly
d
r
iv
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
h
as
also
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
t
o
war
d
g
am
if
icatio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
its
v
a
lid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
X
-
GAM
with
in
a
h
ea
lth
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
g
am
if
ie
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
B
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
o
n
u
s
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
id
ea
th
at
s
im
p
licity
in
d
esig
n
is
cr
u
cia
l
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
,
a
k
e
y
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
d
e
v
elo
p
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
s
id
er
wh
en
cr
ea
tin
g
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
a
p
p
s
.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
im
ila
r
ly
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
u
s
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
u
tili
ty
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
ap
p
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
m
in
im
iz
in
g
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
a
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
n
av
ig
ate
c
o
n
ten
t
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
o
v
er
all
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t w
ith
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
lik
ely
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
H3
,
wh
er
e
in
co
m
p
lete
f
ea
tu
r
es
m
a
y
h
av
e
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
an
d
lo
wer
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
lev
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
93
6
-
1
94
5
1942
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Sar
awa
k
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
lim
its
t
h
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
o
th
e
r
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
s
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
aim
to
test
a
f
u
lly
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
an
d
in
clu
d
e
a
m
o
r
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
am
p
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
a
p
p
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
d
esig
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
a
f
u
lly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
g
am
if
ied
ap
p
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
tr
u
e
r
o
le
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
in
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
4
7
]
.
B
r
o
a
d
en
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
en
co
m
p
ass
d
iv
er
s
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
m
ay
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
let
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
'
s
im
p
ac
t.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
ch
a
n
g
e
c
o
u
ld
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
cr
u
cial
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
elp
s
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
g
a
m
if
i
ed
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
er
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
B
y
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
X
-
GAM
m
o
d
el
with
in
a
p
u
b
l
ic
h
ea
lth
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
i
g
h
ts
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
en
g
ag
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
lim
itatio
n
s
ex
i
s
t,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
ap
p
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
lay
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
aim
ed
at
r
ef
in
in
g
g
am
if
ied
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
h
e
alth
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
e
asp
ec
ts
ca
n
lead
to
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
an
d
em
i
cs a
n
d
b
ey
o
n
d
.
T
ab
le
5
.
R
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
r
esu
lts
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
S
t
d
.
Est
S
.
E
C
.
R
.
P
R
e
s
u
l
t
H1
G
EO
U
-
>
G
P
U
0
.
7
4
6
0
.
0
4
8
1
3
.
6
7
7
***
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H2
G
EO
U
-
>
A
TU
G
0
.
2
8
4
0
.
0
6
2
4
.
3
6
4
***
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H3
G
EO
U
-
>
U
E
0
.
0
9
6
0
.
0
7
6
1
.
2
9
7
0
.
1
9
4
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H4
G
P
U
-
>
A
TU
G
0
.
6
1
5
0
.
0
7
0
9
.
4
4
8
***
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H5
G
P
U
-
>
U
E
0
.
4
2
4
0
.
1
0
2
4
.
8
1
2
***
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H6
A
TU
G
-
>
U
E
0
.
3
5
8
0
.
0
9
5
4
.
0
9
4
***
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
N
o
t
e
:
S
t
d
.
Est
=
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
Est
i
ma
t
e
,
S
.
E
=
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
Er
r
o
r
,
C
.
R
=
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
R
a
t
i
o
N
o
t
e
:
*
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
s
to
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
b
y
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
g
am
i
f
icatio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es u
s
er
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t w
ith
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
it
with
th
e
T
AM
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
b
eh
in
d
th
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
Un
lik
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
b
r
o
a
d
ly
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
ar
r
o
ws
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
esh
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
g
am
e
-
lik
e
elem
en
ts
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
b
eh
av
io
r
c
h
an
g
e
.
B
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
t
h
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
in
s
ig
h
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
lay
s
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
in
cr
ea
tin
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
g
am
if
i
ed
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
l
th
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Ma
lay
s
ia
S
ar
awa
k
(
UNI
MA
S)
u
n
d
er
g
r
an
t
n
o
.
F0
8
/PAR
T
NE
R
S/2
1
1
3
/2
0
2
1
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
Na
m
e
o
f
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[
1
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f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(F
CS
IT)
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
s
ia
S
a
ra
wa
k
(UN
IM
AS).
He
wa
s
th
e
De
p
u
ty
Dire
c
to
r
(Lea
r
n
in
g
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
)
a
t
th
e
Ce
n
tre
fo
r
Ap
p
li
e
d
Lea
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
(CALM
)
,
UN
IM
AS.
He
is
a
lso
th
e
re
c
ip
ien
t
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
lay
sia
Tea
c
h
in
g
Aw
a
rd
(Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
)
a
t
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
Aw
a
rd
(AA
N)
2
0
1
7
.
He
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
h
is
a
rti
c
les
in
to
p
-
ti
e
r
Q1
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
su
c
h
a
s
A
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
S
y
ste
m
s
(IF
:
6
.
6
)
jo
u
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Clea
n
e
r
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
(
1
1
.
1
).
He
is
a
ls
o
a
r
e
v
iew
e
r
fo
r
v
a
rio
u
s
Q1
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
In
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
-
C
o
m
p
u
ter
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
,
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
T
o
o
ls
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
I
EE
E
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
z
in
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sy
a
h
r
u
l
n
@u
n
i
m
a
s.m
y
.
S
u
r
ia
ti
K
h
a
r
tin
i
J
a
li
is
c
u
rr
e
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
s
we
ll
a
s
De
p
u
ty
Dire
c
to
r
a
t
th
e
In
stit
u
te
f
o
r
To
u
rism
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
,
Un
iv
e
r
siti
M
a
lay
sia
S
a
ra
wa
k
(UN
IM
AS
).
S
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
.
in
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
fro
m
t
h
e
S
e
rio
u
s
G
a
m
e
s
In
stit
u
te,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
Co
v
e
n
tr
y
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
UK.
Sh
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tacte
d
at
em
ail:
js
k
h
ar
tin
i@
u
n
im
as.m
y
.
Yuse
p
Ro
sm
a
n
sy
a
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
t
h
e
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(IT
B),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
i
n
1
9
9
3
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
.
S
c
.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
u
rre
y
,
U.K.
,
i
n
1
9
9
6
a
n
d
2
0
0
3
,
r
e
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
n
d
a
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
sm
a
rt
m
u
lt
ime
d
ia
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
wi
th
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
ITB.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
m
u
lt
ime
d
ia,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
r
.
He
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tacte
d
at
em
ail:
y
u
s
ep
r
o
s
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
.
Atin
a
Pu
tr
i
is
a
Do
c
to
ra
l
S
tu
d
e
n
t
a
t
In
stit
u
t
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
Ba
n
d
u
n
g
,
o
n
e
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
’s
lea
d
in
g
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ba
se
d
in
Wes
t
Ja
v
a
,
sh
e
is
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
wit
h
in
h
e
r
field
,
c
o
n
t
rib
u
ti
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
at
ITB.
Sh
e
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
tacte
d
at
em
ail:
atin
a@
itb
.
ac
.
id
.
Ahm
a
d
Alif
K
a
m
a
l
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
Ce
n
tre
o
f
P
re
-
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
S
t
u
d
ies
,
UN
IM
AS,
h
e
tea
c
h
e
s
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
ICT
c
o
u
rse
s.
His
m
a
i
n
i
n
t
e
re
st
re
se
a
rc
h
is
in
th
e
field
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
stu
d
ies
,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
re
a
li
ty
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
sp
o
rts.
He
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tacte
d
at
em
ail:
k
aa
lif@u
n
i
m
as.m
y
.
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