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K
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:
B
an
k
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p
tcy
Fin
an
cial
liter
ac
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Fin
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m
an
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Fin
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C
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A
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p
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co
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1.
I
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D
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Or
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f
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E
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p
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n
a
n
d
Dev
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p
m
en
t
(
OE
C
D)
[
1
]
d
ef
in
es
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
as
a
b
len
d
o
f
awa
r
en
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ac
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in
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cr
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it
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.
I
t
also
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a
p
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s
p
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s
f
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r
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en
t
o
r
o
th
er
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
f
in
an
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g
o
als
[
2
]
.
Fin
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liter
ac
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h
as
b
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n
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ec
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g
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ized
g
lo
b
ally
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b
asic
ap
p
ar
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v
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p
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[
3
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an
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2
1
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ce
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tu
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to
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am
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s
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4
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co
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p
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tial
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s
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v
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p
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d
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[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
B
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f
in
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n
cially
liter
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m
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s
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av
in
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cr
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ev
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s
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iev
in
g
f
in
an
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s
e
cu
r
ity
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
.
Desp
ite
th
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p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
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o
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s
ess
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a
f
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o
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ab
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o
f
f
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n
an
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liter
ac
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o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
in
an
ce
s
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
f
in
an
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ac
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s
till
p
er
s
is
ts
to
b
e
a
p
r
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b
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o
r
b
o
th
em
er
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
h
as
led
to
f
allin
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s
av
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g
s
r
ates
[
1
1
]
,
m
ak
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g
wr
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f
in
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d
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n
s
[
1
2
]
,
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g
less
ac
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s
s
to
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
n
ew
f
in
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p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
m
o
u
n
tin
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
d
e
b
t
[
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
g
r
o
win
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
ex
p
er
ien
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em
o
tio
n
al
s
tr
ess
,
d
ep
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ess
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[
5
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[
1
3
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On
a
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s
ca
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f
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ter
ac
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p
r
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ar
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g
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o
wth
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f
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an
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in
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io
n
[
1
3
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[
1
6
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.
Un
f
o
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tu
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p
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tu
d
en
ts
’
f
in
an
cial
attitu
d
es
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
7
]
wer
e
n
o
t
ex
em
p
ted
f
r
o
m
f
in
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n
cial
cr
is
is
d
u
e
to
o
v
e
r
-
in
d
e
b
ted
n
ess
[
1
8
]
,
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is
tak
es
in
f
in
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d
i
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lan
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ltin
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o
m
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o
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f
in
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n
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liter
ac
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[
9
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
in
d
eb
ted
n
ess
o
r
e
v
en
o
v
er
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i
n
d
eb
ted
n
ess
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
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ial
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r
o
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n
d
p
r
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g
is
s
u
e
all
o
v
er
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
2
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
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lack
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r
o
p
e
r
r
etir
em
e
n
t
p
lan
s
[
1
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,
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
m
in
im
al
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asic
f
i
n
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k
n
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wled
g
e
[
1
6
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,
[
1
7
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wer
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f
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f
n
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cr
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lev
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f
f
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g
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[
1
2
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ca
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s
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g
ad
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er
s
e
im
p
ac
ts
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n
th
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in
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r
s
[
1
5
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.
T
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wid
esp
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s
o
f
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lev
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f
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e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
war
d
s
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
an
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
teac
h
e
r
s
in
a
m
u
n
icip
ality
i
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
teac
h
er
s
’
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile,
an
d
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
cr
ed
it
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
r
etir
em
en
t,
an
d
f
in
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
id
en
tifie
d
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
alo
n
g
with
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
as
th
ese
u
n
co
v
e
r
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
ei
r
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
en
t
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
r
ec
al
ib
r
atio
n
a
n
d
r
ed
ir
ec
tio
n
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
th
eir
f
in
a
n
cial
s
k
ills
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
to
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
to
m
in
im
ize
u
n
wan
ted
d
ev
astatin
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
lik
ely
to
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
f
in
a
n
cial
illi
ter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
also
in
f
o
r
m
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
as
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
th
eir
teac
h
er
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
f
in
an
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
.
I
n
r
etu
r
n
,
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
g
ain
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
to
in
t
eg
r
ate
f
in
an
cial
t
o
p
ics
in
to
th
eir
less
o
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
d
g
etin
g
,
s
av
in
g
,
m
a
n
ag
in
g
d
eb
ts
,
in
s
u
r
an
ce
,
a
n
d
in
v
esti
n
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
.
I
t d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
,
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
en
co
u
n
te
r
ed
b
y
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
teac
h
er
s
in
a
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
in
th
e
n
o
r
th
wester
n
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
Of
th
e
7
0
teac
h
e
r
s
a
t
th
e
s
aid
s
ch
o
o
l,
o
n
ly
4
0
o
f
t
h
em
in
d
icate
d
th
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
as r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
A
v
alid
ated
an
d
r
eliab
le
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
f
in
an
ci
al
liter
ac
y
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
f
in
an
cial
co
alit
io
n
in
g
ath
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
ed
ed
d
ata
to
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
4
0
id
en
tifie
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
was
g
iv
en
a
co
p
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
to
co
m
p
lete.
T
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
ed
em
p
lo
y
e
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
an
d
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
th
ey
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
alo
n
g
with
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
in
a
n
cial
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
eir
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
lev
el
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
an
d
was
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
u
s
in
g
m
ea
n
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
o
f
th
e
a
d
ap
ted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
A
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
(
Ver
y
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
)
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
u
p
er
b
o
r
ex
ce
llen
t,
with
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
in
a
n
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
4
(
Hig
h
ly
p
r
o
f
icie
n
t
)
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
etter
.
Min
im
al
f
in
an
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
;
3
(
M
o
d
er
ately
p
r
o
f
icien
t
)
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
m
in
d
s
et
o
f
ev
er
y
o
n
e.
C
o
n
s
tan
t
f
in
a
n
cial
l
iter
ac
y
s
em
in
ar
s
t
o
ass
is
t
teac
h
er
s
in
a
m
o
r
e
s
o
u
n
d
f
in
an
cia
l
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
;
2
(
Sli
g
h
tly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
)
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
teac
h
er
n
ee
d
s
m
o
r
e
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
s
em
in
ar
s
to
av
o
id
t
ak
in
g
o
n
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
d
eb
ts
;
an
d
1
(
No
t
p
r
o
f
icien
t
)
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
teac
h
er
n
ee
d
s
to
u
n
d
er
g
o
f
in
a
n
cial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
f
in
an
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
pro
f
ile
T
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
w
e
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
5
0
’
s
,
9
0
%
w
e
r
e
f
e
m
a
l
e
,
9
2
.
5
0
%
w
e
r
e
m
a
r
r
i
e
d
,
6
7
.
5
7
%
o
f
s
p
o
u
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
u
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
,
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
3
t
o
4
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
r
7
7
.
5
0
%
h
o
l
d
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
I
I
I
w
i
t
h
a
g
r
o
s
s
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
s
a
l
a
r
y
o
f
P
h
p
3
1
,
3
2
0
.
0
0
(
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
$
5
5
0
.
0
0
U
S
)
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
5
1
.
6
7
%
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
e
x
t
e
n
d
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
h
e
l
p
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
p
a
r
e
n
ts
o
r
s
ti
l
l
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
i
es
o
f
th
e
i
r
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
6
5
%
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ed
to
ea
r
n
in
g
u
n
its
in
th
ei
r
m
aster
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ad
b
ee
n
in
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ice
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
Dep
E
d
)
f
o
r
1
6
.
2
5
y
ea
r
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
9
2
.
5
0
% o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
o
n
ly
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
i
n
co
m
e
is
th
ei
r
m
o
n
th
l
y
s
alar
y
as
p
u
b
lic
-
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
ey
o
n
ly
r
ec
eiv
e
a
n
et
ta
k
e
-
h
o
m
e
p
ay
o
f
Ph
p
7
,
7
5
0
.
0
3
(
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
$
1
3
6
.
0
0
US)
,
wh
ich
is
f
ar
b
elo
w
th
e
p
r
escr
ib
e
d
p
o
v
er
ty
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
Ph
p
1
3
,
7
9
7
.
0
0
(
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
$
2
4
2
.
0
0
US)
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
in
a
n
cia
l
liter
a
cy
o
f seco
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
ers
in
th
e
Dep
a
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tmen
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f E
d
u
ca
tio
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…
(
Ma
r
y
Gra
ce
P
.
P
a
n
ed
a
)
2523
W
ith
th
e
ex
em
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
ly
o
n
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t,
th
e
o
th
er
3
9
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ac
h
er
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u
iv
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t
t
o
9
7
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5
0
%,
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
ex
is
tin
g
lo
an
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
len
d
i
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
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r
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ate
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iv
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o
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titu
tio
n
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(
GL
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s
)
,
Ph
p
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3
7
,
8
3
8
.
3
2
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
v
ate
len
d
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
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s
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,
an
d
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p
2
4
,
0
3
8
.
4
6
an
d
Ph
p
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5
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8
5
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7
1
f
r
o
m
lo
an
s
h
ar
k
s
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
o
f
f
e
r
h
ig
h
m
o
n
th
ly
i
n
ter
e
s
t
r
ates
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
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to
2
0
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p
er
m
o
n
th
.
T
h
ese
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esp
o
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itted
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ein
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a
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r
eso
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f
o
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ie
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r
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o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ak
in
g
b
o
th
en
d
s
m
ee
t
(
5
7
.
5
0
%),
h
o
u
s
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
r
en
o
v
atio
n
(
4
7
.
5
0
%),
an
d
f
in
a
n
cin
g
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
3
5
.
0
0
%).
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
8
5
%
ad
m
itted
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ess
en
tia
l
f
in
an
cial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize,
s
u
ch
as
in
v
estme
n
ts
an
d
in
s
u
r
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
th
e
r
1
5
%
d
is
clo
s
ed
th
a
t
th
ey
h
av
e
s
av
in
g
s
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
tim
e
d
ep
o
s
it
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
an
d
in
v
estme
n
t
ac
co
u
n
ts
wi
th
av
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
es
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
Ph
p
1
,
7
0
2
.
2
5
to
Ph
p
3
6
,
8
7
5
.
0
0
(
$
3
0
0
US to
$
6
4
7
US)
.
On
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
to
r
y
am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
is
th
eir
p
er
io
d
i
c
an
d
h
ab
itu
al
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
lo
an
s
to
g
et
ca
s
h
in
s
tan
tly
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
em
e
r
g
en
cies
an
d
ca
lam
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
in
ab
ilit
y
to
s
et
asid
e
an
am
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
s
av
in
g
s
to
ac
t
as
a
f
in
an
cial
b
u
f
f
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
em
er
g
en
cies
an
d
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
ev
en
ts
p
u
s
h
es
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
r
ely
o
n
lo
an
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
eir
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
y
to
b
o
r
r
o
win
g
m
o
n
ey
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
co
v
er
b
asic
an
d
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
s
r
esu
lted
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
s
o
-
ca
lled
v
icio
u
s
cy
cle
o
f
d
e
b
t
wh
ich
n
e
g
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ted
th
ei
r
f
i
n
an
cial
s
tab
ilit
y
as
ev
id
e
n
ce
d
in
th
ei
r
lo
w
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
av
in
g
s
a
n
d
l
o
w
m
o
n
th
ly
tak
e
-
h
o
m
e
p
ay
s
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
an
cial
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
u
g
g
est v
a
r
io
u
s
c
h
allen
g
es c
o
n
f
r
o
n
tin
g
th
e
teac
h
er
s
alo
n
g
with
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
ese
also
o
p
en
v
ital
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
f
in
an
cial
ex
p
er
ts
to
m
en
to
r
teac
h
e
r
s
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
s
av
in
g
an
d
s
p
en
d
i
n
g
[
2
9
]
.
W
h
ile
lo
an
s
ca
n
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
at
s
o
m
e
p
o
i
n
ts
,
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
also
b
e
m
a
d
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
an
cial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
3
0
]
.
3
.
2
.
F
ina
ncia
l
lite
ra
c
y
t
ra
ini
ng
a
t
t
ended
Su
r
p
r
is
in
g
ly
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
atten
d
in
g
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
n
o
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
lis
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
teac
h
e
r
s
.
Ou
t
o
f
th
e
4
0
teac
h
er
s
,
o
n
ly
f
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
em
h
av
e
atten
d
e
d
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ice
in
s
u
r
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
GS
I
S).
Oth
er
tr
ain
in
g
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
atten
d
ed
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ac
tio
n
ce
ll
(
L
AC
)
s
ess
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
is
a
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
ex
p
lain
th
at
atten
d
in
g
s
em
in
ar
s
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ir
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
s
is
th
eir
u
tm
o
s
t
p
r
io
r
ity
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
u
s
e
th
ese
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Su
ch
a
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
atten
d
an
ce
to
f
in
an
cial
liter
a
cy
tr
ain
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ess
en
tial
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
as
th
eir
f
in
an
cial
s
tatu
s
ca
n
im
p
ac
t th
eir
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
.
3
.
3
.
L
ev
el
o
f
f
ina
ncia
l lit
er
a
cy
o
f
t
he
t
ea
cher
s
3
.
3
.
1
.
F
ina
ncia
l k
no
wledg
e
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
en
d
ea
v
o
r
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
i
n
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
ass
es
s
es
th
eir
s
av
in
g
an
d
s
p
e
n
d
in
g
h
a
b
its
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
h
i
g
h
ly
p
r
o
f
i
cien
t
in
d
ec
id
in
g
wh
eth
er
t
o
b
u
y
o
r
n
o
t
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
o
wer
to
p
u
r
ch
ase
it
o
r
wh
eth
er
th
ey
ca
n
af
f
o
r
d
it
o
r
n
o
t
(
m
ea
n
=
4
.
0
5
)
.
W
h
en
ask
ed
to
ju
s
tify
,
th
ey
d
is
clo
s
ed
th
at
as
lo
n
g
as
t
h
ey
h
av
e
en
o
u
g
h
am
o
u
n
t o
f
m
o
n
ey
to
b
u
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
th
at
t
h
ey
wan
t,
th
e
p
r
ice
is
n
o
t
m
u
ch
o
f
a
c
o
n
ce
r
n
.
Als
o
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
em
i
n
d
icate
d
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
in
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
t
h
at
s
p
en
d
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
ei
r
lev
el
an
d
i
n
co
m
e
(
m
ea
n
=
3
.
9
5
)
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
s
th
eir
id
ea
th
at
c
ar
ef
u
l
p
la
n
n
in
g
in
s
p
en
d
in
g
m
o
n
ey
m
u
s
t b
e
ex
er
cised
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
8
5
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
also
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
d
er
ately
p
r
o
f
icien
t in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
v
esti
n
g
th
eir
m
o
n
e
y
in
v
ar
ied
o
r
m
u
l
tip
le
f
in
an
cial
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
(
m
e
an
=3
.
0
0
)
.
I
t c
an
b
e
r
ec
alled
th
at
o
n
ly
1
5
%
o
f
th
e
m
h
av
e
s
av
in
g
s
o
r
in
v
estme
n
t
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
5
1
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fin
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
.
B
e
f
o
r
e
I
b
u
y
so
met
h
i
n
g
,
I
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
I
c
a
n
a
f
f
o
r
d
i
t
4
.
0
5
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
2
.
M
y
s
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
h
a
b
i
t
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
t
o
my
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
i
n
c
o
me
3
.
9
5
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
m
o
n
e
y
i
s
e
ss
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
su
c
c
e
ssf
u
l
l
y
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
my
l
i
f
e
3
.
8
5
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
4
.
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
o
f
sa
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
t
i
c
k
i
n
g
t
o
i
t
3
.
8
3
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
5
.
I
t
e
n
d
t
o
l
i
v
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
m
y
me
a
n
s
3
.
8
3
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
6
.
I
i
n
v
e
st
mo
n
e
y
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
a
v
e
n
u
e
s
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
i
n
v
e
st
i
n
g
i
n
a
si
n
g
l
e
a
v
e
n
u
e
3
.
0
0
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
m
e
a
n
3
.
5
1
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
252
1
-
2
5
2
9
2524
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
lly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
le
ab
o
u
t
s
p
en
d
in
g
a
n
d
s
av
in
g
[3
2
]
.
T
h
ey
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
ac
ticin
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
s
p
en
d
i
n
g
h
ab
i
t
th
at
is
v
er
y
m
u
ch
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
th
eir
le
v
el.
T
h
i
s
is
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
wh
y
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
em
p
r
ac
tice
ca
r
ef
u
l
b
u
d
g
etin
g
to
r
e
g
u
late
th
eir
ex
p
en
s
es
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Mo
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
em
p
h
asize
th
at
b
asic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
f
in
a
n
cial
co
n
ce
p
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
e
n
ee
d
to
tak
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
em
to
v
ar
io
u
s
f
in
an
cial
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
alig
n
ed
with
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
i
n
v
estme
n
ts
.
I
n
itiated
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
i
ties
,
s
em
in
ar
s
,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
ass
is
t th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
ei
r
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
3
.
3
.
2
.
F
ina
ncia
l
m
a
na
g
em
ent
I
n
T
ab
le
2
,
it
can
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ices
o
f
item
s
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
id
i
n
g
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
p
u
r
c
h
ase
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
9
5
)
.
T
h
ey
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
t
r
ac
k
th
eir
e
x
p
en
s
es
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
6
0
)
a
n
d
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
eir
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
es
ar
e
with
in
th
eir
allo
tted
b
u
d
g
et
(
m
ea
n
=
3
.
5
8
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
r
ef
er
b
u
y
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
with
t
h
e
b
est
q
u
ality
an
d
p
r
ice
f
r
o
m
s
to
r
es
o
f
f
er
in
g
th
e
b
est
s
er
v
ices
(
m
ea
n
=
3
.
5
8
)
.
I
t
is
also
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
to
d
is
cu
s
s
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
te
lo
w
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
in
b
u
y
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
e
v
en
if
th
ese
ar
e
o
n
s
ale.
E
v
id
e
n
tly
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
esira
b
le
f
in
an
cial
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
o
f
wis
e
s
p
e
n
d
in
g
w
h
er
ein
th
e
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
m
p
ar
e
p
r
ices
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
eir
v
iew
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
an
d
s
er
v
ices
as
n
ec
ess
i
ties
r
ath
er
t
h
an
lu
x
u
r
ies
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
f
in
a
n
cial
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fin
an
cial
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
.
I
c
o
mp
a
r
e
p
r
i
c
e
s w
h
e
n
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
f
o
r
maj
o
r
e
x
p
e
n
ses
3
.
9
5
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
2
.
I
a
l
w
a
y
s
k
e
e
p
t
r
a
c
k
o
f
m
y
e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
o
me
3
.
6
0
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
I
u
s
e
a
sp
e
n
d
i
n
g
p
l
a
n
o
r
b
u
d
g
e
t
3
.
5
8
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
4
.
B
e
s
t
p
r
i
c
e
,
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
h
i
n
g
s
I
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
e
v
e
r
y
t
i
me
I
ma
k
e
ma
j
o
r
p
u
r
c
h
a
s
e
3
.
5
8
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
5
.
M
y
e
x
p
e
n
ses
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
t
o
m
y
i
n
c
o
m
e
3
.
4
8
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
6
.
I
l
o
v
e
t
o
b
u
y
i
t
e
ms
o
n
s
a
l
e
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
I
d
o
n
o
t
n
e
e
d
t
h
e
m
2
.
2
3
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
m
e
a
n
3
.
4
0
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
3
.
3
.
Cre
dit/
d
ebt
m
a
na
g
e
ment
T
ab
le
3
r
ev
ea
l
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
cr
ed
it/d
eb
t
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
av
ailin
g
lo
an
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
im
ilar
f
in
an
cial
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
c
o
n
s
id
er
a
p
p
ly
in
g
f
o
r
lo
an
s
f
o
r
em
er
g
e
n
cy
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
7
3
)
,
u
s
u
ally
o
n
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
asis
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
am
o
r
tiz
atio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
lo
wer
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
7
0
)
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
v
ey
f
av
o
r
ab
le
p
r
ac
tice,
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
tab
le
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
cc
asio
n
ally
a
v
ail
lo
an
s
to
s
tar
t
a
b
u
s
in
ess
(
m
ea
n
=2
.
4
0
)
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
in
c
r
ed
it/d
eb
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
4
4
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
r
ed
it/
d
eb
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
.
I
b
o
r
r
o
w
m
o
n
e
y
t
o
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
p
u
r
p
o
ses
3
.
7
3
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
2
.
I
a
l
w
a
y
s
a
v
a
i
l
l
o
a
n
s
o
n
a
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
b
a
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
e
a
p
e
r
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
a
mo
r
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
7
0
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
I
a
l
w
a
y
s
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
ma
k
i
n
g
l
o
a
n
s w
i
t
h
t
h
e
b
a
n
k
s a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
l
e
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
3
.
6
8
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
4
.
I
ma
k
e
w
i
se
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
ma
k
i
n
g
l
o
a
n
s w
i
t
h
b
a
n
k
s a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
l
e
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
3
.
6
0
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
5
.
I
a
m
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
m
y
l
o
a
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
s wi
t
h
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
r
e
d
i
t
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
3
.
5
5
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
6
.
I
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
b
o
r
r
o
w
m
o
n
e
y
t
o
s
t
a
r
t
a
b
u
si
n
e
ss
2
.
4
0
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
3
.
4
4
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
W
h
ile
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lect
f
av
o
r
ab
le
r
ea
s
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
r
av
ailin
g
lo
an
s
,
th
ese
also
co
n
v
ey
th
at
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
lack
em
er
g
en
c
y
s
av
in
g
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
f
o
r
ce
s
th
em
to
r
ely
o
n
lo
an
s
d
u
r
in
g
u
n
f
o
r
eseen
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ANZ
B
an
k
[
2
2
]
,
th
at
teac
h
e
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
av
e
em
er
g
en
cy
f
u
n
d
s
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
u
tili
ze
d
u
r
in
g
u
r
g
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
o
r
as
a
b
u
f
f
er
to
g
et
o
u
t
o
f
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
Desp
ite
h
av
in
g
s
o
m
e
b
asic
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
teac
h
er
s
s
tr
u
g
g
le
t
o
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
e
ir
m
o
n
e
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
ei
r
r
elian
ce
o
n
l
o
an
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
em
er
g
en
cies,
w
h
ich
o
f
te
n
s
ig
n
if
ies
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
d
eb
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
n
atio
n
al
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
wid
esp
r
ea
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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c
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N:
2252
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in
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a
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o
f seco
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ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
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in
th
e
Dep
a
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ca
tio
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(
Ma
r
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ce
P
.
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a
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)
2525
in
f
o
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m
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o
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win
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[
1
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
teac
h
er
s
g
r
asp
b
asic
f
in
an
cial
co
n
ce
p
ts
b
u
t
lack
th
e
s
k
ills
to
ap
p
ly
t
h
em
to
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
lik
e
b
u
d
g
etin
g
,
s
av
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
k
in
g
wis
e
b
o
r
r
o
win
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
cr
ea
tes
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
to
p
o
o
r
f
in
a
n
cial
ch
o
ices,
as
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
th
em
s
elv
es
[3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
Dep
E
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
teac
h
er
d
e
b
t
is
s
u
e
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
f
in
a
n
cial
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
p
u
b
lic
-
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
3
.
3
.
4
.
Sa
v
ing
s
a
nd
re
t
irem
en
t
Fro
m
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
m
o
d
er
ate
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
r
etir
e
m
en
t.
A
s
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
th
e
tab
le,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
av
in
g
an
d
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
r
et
ir
em
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
ey
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
m
o
d
er
ate
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
o
f
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
co
n
tr
ast
wit
h
wh
at
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
clai
m
s
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
f
in
an
cially
liter
ate
p
eo
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
r
etir
em
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
f
in
an
cially
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
le
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
m
o
r
e
wo
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
r
etir
em
en
t
p
lan
s
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
v
iew
s
av
in
g
s
as
th
e
r
ea
l
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
r
etir
em
en
t
[3
7
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
s
et
s
o
m
e
m
o
n
ey
asid
e,
b
y
an
d
lar
g
e,
a
n
ticip
ate
th
at
th
e
y
will
b
e
in
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
af
ter
r
etir
em
en
t
an
d
r
ely
o
n
s
o
cial
s
ec
u
r
ity
am
id
b
r
illi
an
t
y
ea
r
s
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
p
r
o
m
p
t
p
o
o
r
r
etir
e
m
en
t
f
u
l
f
illme
n
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Hig
h
er
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
is
em
p
h
ati
ca
lly
id
en
tifie
d
with
r
etir
em
en
t
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
in
v
esti
n
g
in
p
en
s
io
n
f
u
n
d
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
As
m
en
tio
n
e
d
,
f
in
a
n
cially
liter
ate
p
eo
p
le
u
tili
ze
a
m
ix
o
f
d
eb
t
an
d
eq
u
ity
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
s
to
ck
s
in
th
eir
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
r
is
k
d
iv
er
s
if
icatio
n
[
3
]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Sav
in
g
s
an
d
r
etir
e
m
e
n
t
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1.
I
p
r
e
f
e
r
sav
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
sp
e
n
d
i
n
g
.
3
.
3
5
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
2.
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
v
e
r
y
p
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
r
e
t
i
r
e
me
n
t
I
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
o
s
u
r
v
i
v
e
b
u
t
t
o
e
n
j
o
y
l
i
f
e
.
3
.
2
8
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3.
I
mad
e
p
l
a
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
r
e
t
i
r
e
me
n
t
i
n
c
o
me
.
3
.
0
8
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
4.
I
a
m w
o
r
r
i
e
d
t
h
a
t
I
w
o
n
’
t
h
a
v
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
f
u
n
d
s
t
o
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
my
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
o
f
l
i
v
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
I
r
e
t
i
r
e
.
3
.
0
0
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
5.
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
m
y
f
i
r
st
o
n
e
mi
l
l
i
o
n
i
s
v
e
r
y
h
a
r
d
b
u
t
my
n
e
x
t
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
s
e
a
s
y
a
s
1
,
2
,
a
n
d
3
.
3
.
0
0
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
6.
W
h
e
n
I
r
e
t
i
r
e
,
m
y
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
l
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
my
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
n
e
e
d
s.
2
.
3
5
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
3
.
0
1
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
3
.
5
.
F
ina
ncia
l
inv
estm
ent
T
ab
le
5
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
s
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
in
v
estm
en
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
th
e
y
ad
m
itted
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
d
e
r
ately
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
ab
o
u
t
f
in
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
t
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
f
in
an
cial
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
in
v
estme
n
ts
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
ass
ets,
g
ain
s
an
d
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
f
in
an
cial
r
is
k
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
im
p
ly
em
p
h
asized
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
i
n
an
cial
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
f
in
a
n
cial
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
wer
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
f
in
an
cial
m
ar
k
et.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
y
lack
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
f
in
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
ts
o
p
er
ate
a
n
d
h
o
w
th
ey
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
th
ei
r
b
e
n
ef
i
ts
.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
also
n
o
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
]
,
[
3
8
]
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
lev
el
o
f
f
in
an
ci
al
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
Af
r
ica
n
-
A
m
er
ican
p
eo
p
le
was
q
u
ite
lo
w
an
d
th
at
h
o
w
f
in
an
ci
al
m
ar
k
ets wo
r
k
was n
o
t w
ell
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
th
em
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Fin
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
t
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1.
I
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m i
n
v
e
s
t
me
n
t
s
a
n
d
i
t
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
i
n
m
y
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
.
3
.
4
8
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
2.
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
a
m
o
d
e
st
d
e
c
l
i
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
v
a
l
u
e
i
n
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
i
s
n
o
t
l
o
s
i
n
g
mo
n
e
y
b
u
t
a
n
a
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
r
e
t
u
r
n
.
3
.
1
5
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3.
I
h
a
v
e
a
g
o
o
d
i
d
e
a
f
o
r
p
u
r
c
h
a
si
n
g
a
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
ss
e
t
.
3
.
1
3
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
4.
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
r
i
sk
s
o
f
l
o
si
n
g
m
o
n
e
y
i
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
v
e
s
t
me
n
t
i
s
a
l
w
a
y
s m
y
f
e
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
t
i
m
e
I
i
n
v
e
st
.
3
.
0
3
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
5.
I
see
k
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
d
v
i
c
e
f
r
o
m fi
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
ma
k
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
.
3
.
0
0
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
6.
I
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
y
m
o
n
e
y
t
o
g
e
t
a
h
u
g
e
r
e
t
u
r
n
i
n
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
t
i
me
2
.
5
0
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
3
.
0
4
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
3
.
6
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
f
ina
ncia
l
lite
ra
cy
o
f
s
ec
o
nd
a
ry
s
cho
o
l t
ea
cher
s
T
ab
le
6
en
ca
p
s
u
lates
th
e
lev
el
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
its
f
iv
e
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
eten
cies:
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
f
in
a
n
cial
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
cr
ed
it/d
eb
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
s
av
i
n
g
s
an
d
r
etir
e
m
en
t,
an
d
f
in
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
ts
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
f
in
a
n
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
f
in
an
cial
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
cr
e
d
it/d
eb
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ey
p
o
s
s
ess
a
m
o
d
er
ate
f
in
an
ci
al
liter
ac
y
in
ter
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
252
1
-
2
5
2
9
2526
o
f
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
r
etir
em
en
t,
an
d
f
in
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
t.
Ge
n
e
r
ally
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
f
in
a
n
c
ial
liter
ac
y
is
at
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el.
Sin
ce
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
is
ab
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
m
o
n
e
y
,
f
in
a
n
ce
s
,
an
d
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
co
n
f
id
en
tly
ap
p
ly
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
m
a
k
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
f
in
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
asp
ec
ts
o
f
f
i
n
an
ci
al
liter
ac
y
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
ze
th
eir
f
in
a
n
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
m
ak
i
n
g
f
i
n
an
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
an
d
b
e
n
ef
its
.
Sav
in
g
m
o
n
e
y
f
o
r
e
m
er
g
en
cy
an
d
u
n
a
n
ticip
ated
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
b
e
tak
en
s
er
io
u
s
ly
b
y
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
less
en
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
lo
an
s
wh
ich
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
r
u
i
n
th
ei
r
b
u
d
g
etin
g
a
n
d
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
s
d
u
e
to
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
to
b
e
p
ai
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
ter
ests
an
d
p
en
alties,
in
ca
s
e
p
ay
m
en
t
was
n
o
t
m
ad
e
p
r
o
m
p
tly
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
s
ee
k
th
e
a
d
v
ic
e
o
f
f
i
n
an
cial
ex
p
er
ts
to
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
f
in
a
n
cia
l
in
v
estme
n
ts
an
d
ass
ets
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
u
tili
ze
s
o
o
n
er
o
r
later
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
in
a
n
cial
tr
ain
in
g
s
an
d
s
em
in
ar
s
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
n
atten
d
to
t
h
at
ca
n
ef
f
ec
t a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
f
in
an
cial
p
r
ac
tices.
T
ab
le
6
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
n
f
in
a
n
cia
l liter
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
3
.
5
1
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
3
.
4
0
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
C
r
e
d
i
t
/
D
e
b
t
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
3
.
4
4
H
i
g
h
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
S
a
v
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
r
e
t
i
r
e
me
n
t
3
.
0
1
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
3
.
0
4
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
mea
n
3
.
2
8
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
4
.
P
r
o
blem
s
enco
un
t
er
ed
a
lo
ng
f
ina
ncia
l lit
er
a
cy
T
ab
le
7
r
ev
ea
l
s
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
is
clo
s
ed
f
iv
e
f
in
an
cial
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
ig
h
ly
s
er
io
u
s
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
b
an
k
r
u
p
tcy
an
d
f
o
r
ec
lo
s
u
r
es
o
f
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
d
u
e
to
f
ailu
r
e
to
p
ay
d
eb
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
also
ad
m
itted
th
at
th
eir
p
o
o
r
in
v
estme
n
t
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
also
led
t
h
em
t
o
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
eir
lack
o
f
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
em
er
g
en
c
y
f
u
n
d
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
n
ee
d
s
o
f
u
n
f
o
r
eseen
ev
en
ts
f
o
r
ce
s
th
em
to
r
ely
o
n
lo
a
n
s
th
at
ca
u
s
e
th
em
to
p
a
y
h
ig
h
in
te
r
est
r
ates.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
a
r
e
also
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
t
o
p
awn
in
g
th
eir
AT
M
ca
r
d
s
in
ex
ch
an
g
e
f
o
r
a
n
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
o
n
ey
b
o
r
r
o
wed
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
v
ate
p
er
s
o
n
s
o
r
f
in
a
n
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Pro
b
lem
s
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
alo
n
g
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
.
B
a
n
k
r
u
p
t
c
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
c
l
o
s
u
r
e
s
4
.
5
0
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
ser
i
o
u
s
2
.
P
o
o
r
i
n
v
e
st
me
n
t
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
4
.
3
3
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
ser
i
o
u
s
3
.
N
o
e
mer
g
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
i
n
g
e
n
c
y
f
u
n
d
s f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
u
n
f
o
r
e
se
e
n
l
i
f
e
e
v
e
n
t
s
4
.
2
5
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
ser
i
o
u
s
4
.
U
n
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
r
e
t
i
r
e
me
n
t
4
.
2
0
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
ser
i
o
u
s
5
.
A
T
M
c
a
r
d
s
a
r
e
p
a
w
n
e
d
i
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
l
o
a
n
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
4
.
2
0
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
l
y
ser
i
o
u
s
6
.
H
a
v
e
l
i
t
t
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
b
a
si
c
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
3
.
6
5
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
y
ser
i
o
u
s
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
4
.
1
9
H
i
g
h
l
y
s
e
r
i
o
u
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
L
a
Un
i
o
n
,
P
h
ilip
p
in
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
a
m
o
d
er
ate
le
v
el
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
in
an
cial
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
f
in
an
cia
l
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
cr
ed
it/d
e
b
t
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
r
etir
e
m
en
t,
a
n
d
f
in
an
cial
in
v
estme
n
t.
Sev
er
al
is
s
u
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
f
in
a
n
cial
liter
ac
y
we
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
T
h
es
e
in
clu
d
e
h
ea
v
y
r
elian
ce
o
n
lo
a
n
s
,
lo
w
f
a
m
ily
s
av
in
g
s
,
an
d
u
n
f
av
o
r
ab
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
r
etir
em
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
f
i
n
an
cial
liter
ac
y
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icien
cy
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
a
k
in
g
s
o
u
n
d
f
in
a
n
cial
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
av
ailab
le
f
in
an
cia
l a
s
s
ets.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
as
an
es
s
en
tial
s
k
ill
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
I
t
is
a
m
u
s
t
to
p
o
s
s
ess
in
o
r
d
er
to
t
h
r
iv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
in
to
d
ay
’
s
s
o
ciety
an
d
m
ak
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
leth
o
r
a
o
f
f
in
an
cial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
f
in
an
cial
m
ar
k
et
an
d
m
ak
e
s
o
u
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
v
ital
asp
ec
ts
o
f
f
in
an
cial
lite
r
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ar
ea
s
o
f
f
in
an
cial
liter
ac
y
th
at
n
ee
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
B
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
is
g
ap
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
m
o
r
e
f
in
a
n
cially
liter
ate
an
d
em
p
o
wer
ed
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
in
a
n
cia
l
liter
a
cy
o
f seco
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
a
ch
ers
in
th
e
Dep
a
r
tmen
t o
f E
d
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
Ma
r
y
Gra
ce
P
.
P
a
n
ed
a
)
2527
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
titl
ed
“Fin
an
cial
li
ter
ac
y
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
tea
ch
er
s
in
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
–
Div
is
io
n
o
f
L
a
Un
io
n
”
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Sen
i
o
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
T
u
b
ao
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l.
Fu
n
d
in
g
was
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
R
esear
ch
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
Gr
an
t
f
o
r
Ac
ad
em
ic
Yea
r
2
0
2
4
-
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
c
o
v
er
ed
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
am
if
ied
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
d
ata
-
g
at
h
er
in
g
to
o
l
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
No
ex
ter
n
al
o
r
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
t
y
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ma
r
y
Gr
ac
e
P.
Pan
ed
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
d
u
ar
d
M.
Alb
ay
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
n
o
co
m
p
e
tin
g
in
ter
ests
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
W
h
ile
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
o
f
T
u
b
a
o
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
a
n
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
D
ep
E
d
)
was
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
n
o
f
in
an
cial
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
t
h
e
d
esig
n
,
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
titl
ed
“Fin
an
cia
l
liter
ac
y
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
–
Div
is
io
n
o
f
L
a
Un
io
n
”.
All
a
u
th
o
r
s
af
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
was c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
an
d
o
b
jectiv
ely
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
“Fin
an
cial
liter
ac
y
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
in
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
–
Div
is
io
n
o
f
L
a
Un
io
n
,
”
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
[
MG
PP
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
e
q
u
est.
Du
e
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
a
n
d
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
th
e
f
u
ll
d
at
aset
is
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
s
h
ar
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
an
o
n
y
m
ized
s
u
m
m
ar
ies
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
s
eg
m
en
ts
m
ay
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est,
s
u
b
ject
to
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
b
y
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics C
o
m
m
ittee
a
n
d
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
d
ata
p
r
o
tectio
n
g
u
i
d
elin
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
O
EC
D
,
“
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
”
i
n
T
h
e
Pa
l
g
r
a
v
e
E
n
c
y
c
l
o
p
e
d
i
a
o
f
U
r
b
a
n
a
n
d
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
Fu
t
u
r
e
s
,
R
.
C
.
B
r
e
a
r
s,
E
d
.
,
C
h
a
m:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
7
–
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1
8
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
030
-
8
7
7
4
5
-
3
_
3
0
0
4
6
3
.
[
2
]
A
.
L
u
sar
d
i
a
n
d
O
.
S
.
M
i
t
c
h
e
l
l
,
“
T
h
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
O
p
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
e
w
f
i
e
l
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
Pe
rs
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
–
1
5
4
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
5
7
/
j
e
p
.
3
7
.
4
.
1
3
7
.
[
3
]
R
.
P
.
P
r
a
d
h
a
n
,
M
.
B
.
A
r
v
i
n
,
M
.
S
.
N
a
i
r
,
J
.
H
.
H
a
l
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
E.
B
e
n
n
e
t
t
,
“
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
:
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
,
I
C
T
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
F
o
re
c
a
st
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
9
,
p
.
1
2
0
7
5
8
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
e
c
h
f
o
r
e
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
2
0
7
5
8
.
[
4
]
E.
M
u
ñ
o
z
-
C
é
s
p
e
d
e
s
,
R
.
I
b
a
r
-
A
l
o
n
s
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
d
e
L.
R
o
s
,
“
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
s
u
mer
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
.
9
1
4
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
su
1
3
1
6
9
1
4
5
.
[
5
]
S
.
E.
G
.
L
e
a
,
“
D
e
b
t
a
n
d
O
v
e
r
i
n
d
e
b
t
e
d
n
e
ss:
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
p
o
l
i
c
y
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
I
ss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Po
l
i
c
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
–
1
7
9
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
s
i
p
r
.
1
2
0
7
4
.
[
6
]
J.
N
o
v
i
a
r
i
n
i
,
A
.
C
o
l
e
man
,
H
.
R
o
b
e
r
t
s,
a
n
d
R
.
H
.
W
h
i
t
i
n
g
,
“
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
d
e
b
t
,
r
i
sk
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
r
e
t
i
r
e
me
n
t
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s:
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
N
e
w
Ze
a
l
a
n
d
,
”
Pa
c
i
f
i
c
Ba
si
n
Fi
n
a
n
c
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
p
.
1
0
1
5
9
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
a
c
f
i
n
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
1
5
9
8
.
[
7
]
D
.
A
sen
o
v
a
,
S
.
J.
B
a
i
l
e
y
,
a
n
d
C
.
M
c
C
a
n
n
,
“
P
u
b
l
i
c
se
c
t
o
r
r
i
s
k
ma
n
a
g
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
c
u
t
s:
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
r
i
s
k
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
i
sk
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
2
–
5
6
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
6
9
8
7
7
.
2
0
1
4
.
9
1
0
6
8
3
.
[
8
]
P
.
J.
M
o
r
g
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