I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
4
~
3
2
4
8
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
1
4
i
4
.
3
1
7
3
6
3234
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ta
sk
-
ba
sed ma
te
ria
l desig
n in Ja
p
a
nese tour g
uide
co
urses
:
f
o
stering
ada
ptab
ility a
nd sus
taina
ble learning
Q
ia
nn
a
n L
iu
1,
2
,
B
ee
E
ng
Wo
ng
1
,
Richa
rd
P
et
er
B
a
iley
1
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
L
i
b
e
r
a
l
A
r
t
s
,
U
C
S
I
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
K
u
a
l
a
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
F
o
r
e
i
g
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
s,
X
i
n
h
u
a
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
N
i
n
g
x
i
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
Y
i
n
c
h
u
a
n
,
C
h
i
n
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
14
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
May
21
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
2
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
ra
p
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
to
u
rism
h
a
s
sig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
in
c
r
e
a
se
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
h
i
n
e
se
v
isit
o
rs
t
o
Ja
p
a
n
a
n
d
v
ice
v
e
rsa
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
a
h
e
ig
h
ten
e
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
fo
r
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
s
flu
e
n
t
in
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
th
e
lac
k
o
f
s
p
e
c
ialize
d
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
c
o
u
rse
s
in
C
h
in
e
se
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
to
u
rism
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
h
a
s
re
su
lt
e
d
in
a
sh
o
r
tag
e
o
f
q
u
a
li
fied
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
ls.
T
h
e
re
fo
re
,
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
tea
c
h
in
g
m
a
teria
ls
t
h
a
t
su
p
p
o
rt
th
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
o
f
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
a
m
o
n
g
Ch
i
n
e
se
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
imi
n
g
to
b
e
c
o
m
e
flu
e
n
t
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
t
o
fil
l
th
is g
a
p
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ims
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
t
e
tas
k
-
b
a
se
d
tea
c
h
in
g
m
a
teria
ls d
e
sig
n
e
d
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
trai
n
e
e
s
’
o
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
sk
il
ls
a
n
d
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
th
e
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
p
u
rp
o
se
(
JTG
P
)
in
re
a
l
-
wo
rld
g
u
i
d
in
g
sc
e
n
a
rio
s.
Th
e
tas
k
-
b
a
se
d
m
a
teria
l
d
e
sig
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
in
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
o
ra
l
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
a
b
il
it
ies
wh
il
e
fo
ste
rin
g
a
d
a
p
tab
il
it
y
a
n
d
su
sta
i
n
a
b
il
i
ty
i
n
th
e
ir
lea
rn
in
g
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
with
to
u
rism
stu
d
e
n
ts
fr
o
m
Nin
g
x
ia
Un
i
v
e
rsity
Xin
h
u
a
Co
l
leg
e
,
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
tes
ts,
se
m
i
-
stru
c
tu
re
d
i
n
terv
iew
s,
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
a
ta.
Ac
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
tas
k
-
b
a
se
d
m
a
teria
ls,
e
n
s
u
rin
g
th
a
t
th
e
y
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
p
r
o
m
o
te
lan
g
u
a
g
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
wh
il
e
a
lso
targ
e
ti
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
lt
iv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
a
p
tab
i
li
ty
a
n
d
su
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
re
su
l
ts
in
d
ica
te
a
stro
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
i
n
tere
st
i
n
t
h
e
tas
k
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
u
rse
s,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
t
h
e
i
n
tera
c
ti
v
e
e
lem
e
n
ts,
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
t
h
e
ir
a
d
a
p
tab
il
it
y
to
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
ro
le an
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
fo
r
s
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
th
i
n
k
in
g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
n
o
v
atio
n
I
n
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
L
an
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
L
if
elo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
Qu
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
SDG
4
)
T
ask
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Qian
n
an
L
iu
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Fo
r
eig
n
L
an
g
u
ag
es,
Xin
h
u
a
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Nin
g
x
ia
Un
iv
er
s
ity
6
6
8
Hela
n
W
est R
o
ad
,
Xix
ia
Dis
tr
ict,
Yin
ch
u
an
C
ity
,
Nin
g
x
ia,
C
h
in
a
E
m
ail:
q
ian
n
an
liu
5
2
1
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
to
d
a
y
’
s
to
u
r
is
m
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
,
m
aster
y
o
f
J
ap
a
n
ese
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
a
c
r
u
cial
r
es
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
,
esp
ec
ially
in
to
u
r
g
u
id
i
n
g
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
to
u
r
is
m
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
b
asic
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
task
s
in
J
ap
an
ese.
T
o
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
J
ap
an
ese
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
f
lu
en
tly
ex
p
lain
in
g
,
an
s
wer
in
g
in
q
u
ir
ies,
an
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
to
u
r
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
]
.
B
esid
es
lin
g
u
is
tic
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
h
a
n
d
lin
g
em
e
r
g
en
cies
an
d
n
av
ig
atin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
to
u
r
g
u
id
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es in
J
ap
an
ese
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
o
f
te
n
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
ed
d
esp
ite
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
to
u
r
is
m
[
2
]
.
L
an
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
is
att
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
task
-
b
ased
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
(
T
B
L
T
)
as
an
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
(
C
L
T
)
,
wh
er
e
task
s
co
n
s
titu
te
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
asp
ec
t
[
3
]
.
Sch
o
lar
s
h
av
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
task
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
[
4
]
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
n
d
u
c
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
a
s
ec
o
n
d
l
an
g
u
ag
e
(
L
2
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
v
er
s
e
task
s
.
W
ith
in
m
ater
ials
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
task
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ta
s
k
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
teri
a
l d
esig
n
in
Ja
p
a
n
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
co
u
r
s
es:
fo
s
teri
n
g
a
d
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
…
(
Qia
n
n
a
n
Liu
)
3235
teac
h
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
ap
te
d
to
lea
r
n
er
s
’
n
ee
d
s
b
y
wa
y
o
f
a
n
ee
d
s
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
o
n
ten
t
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
ar
g
et
task
s
,
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ic
task
s
,
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
p
iv
o
tal
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
task
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
[
4
]
,
with
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
a
s
er
ies
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
ac
ilit
ates
lear
n
in
g
as
a
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
to
w
ar
d
s
task
co
m
p
letio
n
[
5
]
.
T
as
k
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
also
s
ee
n
as
a
co
n
d
u
it
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t la
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
s
t
ag
es,
aid
in
g
in
L
2
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
6
]
.
E
ar
ly
r
esear
c
h
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
to
u
r
is
m
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
J
ap
an
ese
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
lac
k
in
g
a
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
f
ail
to
en
g
ag
e
lear
n
er
s
o
r
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
p
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ater
ials
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
em
p
h
asize
g
en
er
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
o
v
er
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
to
u
r
is
m
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
s
task
-
b
ased
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
r
al
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
to
u
r
is
m
m
ajo
r
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
in
teac
h
in
g
s
p
o
k
e
n
J
ap
an
e
s
e
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
em
in
to
u
r
is
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
c
h
allen
g
es.
T
B
L
T
f
o
s
ter
s
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
f
lu
en
c
y
,
co
n
tex
t,
an
d
task
co
m
p
letio
n
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
lear
n
i
n
g
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
n
o
t
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
ask
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
to
u
r
is
m
J
ap
an
ese
c
o
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
T
he
na
t
ure
o
f
J
a
pa
nes
e
f
o
r
t
o
ur
g
uid
e
pu
rpo
s
e
s
T
h
e
T
o
u
r
is
m
J
ap
an
ese
c
o
u
r
s
e,
o
f
f
er
ed
as
an
elec
tiv
e
with
in
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
m
ajo
r
,
aim
s
to
d
ev
el
o
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
to
u
r
is
m
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
J
ap
an
.
Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
aster
y
is
o
f
ten
s
ee
n
as
cr
itical
in
to
u
r
is
m
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
f
o
r
r
o
les
s
u
ch
as
to
u
r
g
u
id
es
[
1
]
.
B
ein
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
s
p
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
es
g
lo
b
ally
,
J
ap
an
ese
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
attr
ac
tin
g
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
is
ts
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
to
u
r
is
t
attr
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
tr
av
el
itin
er
a
r
ies.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
co
u
r
s
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
h
an
ce
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
is
ts
an
d
g
ain
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
J
ap
an
ese
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
er
v
ic
e
q
u
ality
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
u
r
s
e'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
r
elev
an
t
to
to
u
r
is
m
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
T
a
s
k
-
ba
s
ed
m
a
t
er
ia
l desig
n
T
ask
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
i
n
v
o
lv
es
cr
ea
tin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
ar
o
u
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
task
s
o
r
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
task
s
,
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
en
g
ag
e
lear
n
er
s
in
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e,
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
iti
o
n
,
ar
e
th
e
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
en
co
m
p
ass
in
p
u
t,
co
n
ten
t,
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
cu
s
,
an
d
task
s
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
p
u
t
r
ef
er
s
to
a
n
y
s
tim
u
lu
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
v
id
eo
o
r
r
ele
v
an
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ata,
wh
ile
th
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
f
o
cu
s
aim
s
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
lear
n
er
s
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
tiv
ely
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
a
r
ch
in
g
o
b
jectiv
e
is
t
o
m
o
n
ito
r
lear
n
er
s
'
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
s
f
o
r
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
es
ty
p
ically
f
o
llo
w
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
s
eq
u
en
tial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
m
ater
ials
m
ee
t
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
au
d
ien
ce
a
n
d
alig
n
with
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
al
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
o
f
ten
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
to
as
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
in
v
o
lv
es
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
id
es,
s
u
ch
as
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
er
v
ice
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
g
ath
e
r
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
tar
g
et
au
d
ien
ce
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
t
h
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
th
e
ty
p
ical
t
o
u
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
t
h
ey
en
co
u
n
te
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
k
e
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
task
s
th
ey
m
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
b
y
o
u
tlin
in
g
clea
r
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es
to
g
u
id
e
th
e
m
ater
ial
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
a
s
e,
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
,
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
h
ase,
task
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
p
r
i
n
cip
les
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
d
esig
n
r
elev
an
t
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
cr
ea
tin
g
r
ea
li
s
tic
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
task
s
th
at
t
o
u
r
g
u
id
es
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
en
co
u
n
te
r
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
to
u
r
i
s
t
s
ite
s
,
an
s
wer
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
to
u
r
is
ts
,
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
lo
g
is
tics
.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
is
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
c
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
th
e
n
tic,
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l ta
s
k
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
lear
n
er
s
to
u
s
e
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
t
ask
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
b
u
ild
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
g
u
i
d
es
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
r
o
les
co
n
f
id
en
tly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fi
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
r
e
v
is
io
n
in
v
o
lv
es
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
ty
p
ic
ally
in
clu
d
es
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
wi
th
ac
tu
al
lear
n
er
s
,
g
ath
er
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
lea
r
n
er
s
a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
'
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
ev
alu
atio
n
,
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
ar
e
m
a
d
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
ar
e
b
o
th
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ically
s
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tically
u
s
ef
u
l.
T
h
is
iter
ati
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
th
eo
r
e
tically
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
an
d
tailo
r
ed
t
o
m
ee
t
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
es'
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
an
d
s
in
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
ask
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
an
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
a
n
ce
lear
n
er
s
'
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
task
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
l
an
g
u
ag
e
in
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
,
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
a
m
m
ar
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
task
-
b
ased
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
3
2
3
4
-
3
2
4
8
3236
ad
v
o
ca
tes f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
lear
n
er
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ex
p
r
ess
th
em
s
elv
es in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
s
u
ch
as th
o
s
e
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
in
ac
tu
al
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
wo
r
k
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
f
o
s
ter
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
task
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
with
in
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
io
r
itize
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
[
6
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
task
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
lear
n
e
r
s
ca
n
e
f
f
icien
tly
ac
q
u
ir
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
as a
to
u
r
g
u
id
e.
2
.
3
.
P
re
v
io
us
s
t
ud
ies
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
T
B
L
T
h
as
g
ain
ed
wid
esp
r
ea
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
an
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
f
o
r
ei
g
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
r
n
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
ettin
g
s
wh
er
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
is
ess
en
tial
.
T
ask
-
b
ased
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
E
FL)
lear
n
er
s
'
willin
g
n
ess
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
(
W
T
C
)
,
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
en
lear
n
e
r
s
ar
e
en
g
a
g
ed
in
a
u
th
en
tic,
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
task
s
th
at
s
im
u
late
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
i
n
th
e
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
T
B
L
T
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
u
s
in
g
task
s
as
th
e
co
r
e
u
n
it
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
r
ac
tical
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
e
r
at
h
er
th
an
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
o
r
is
o
lated
s
k
ill
p
r
ac
tice.
R
esear
ch
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
in
T
B
L
T
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
h
at
m
ax
im
ize
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
[
1
8
]
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
clu
d
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
task
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
lear
n
e
r
s
to
n
eg
o
tia
te
m
ea
n
in
g
,
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
u
s
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
o
cially
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
cr
ea
tin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
to
en
g
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
b
u
t
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
is
ess
en
tial
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
f
lu
en
cy
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
i
n
th
e
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
B
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
lear
n
er
s
m
u
s
t
co
m
m
u
n
icate
to
co
m
p
lete
task
s
,
T
B
L
T
n
atu
r
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Similar
ly
,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
E
FL
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
E
SL)
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
tly
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
r
al
J
ap
an
ese
ab
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
J
ap
an
ese
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
J
FL)
lear
n
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
task
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
cr
itical,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
aim
in
g
to
u
s
e
J
ap
an
ese
in
p
r
ac
tical,
r
ea
l
-
life
s
c
en
ar
io
s
s
u
ch
as
g
u
id
in
g
to
u
r
is
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
task
co
m
p
letio
n
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
w
h
o
n
ee
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
p
ea
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
q
u
i
ck
ly
.
Fo
cu
s
in
g
o
n
T
h
ai
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
,
T
ac
h
o
m
[
2
0
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
eir
ch
allen
g
es d
u
r
in
g
in
ter
v
iew
-
b
ased
task
s
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
a
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
b
y
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
with
in
a
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
x
t,
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
n
u
an
ce
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
u
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
ich
is
esp
e
cially
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
lea
r
n
in
g
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
(
J
T
GP)
.
A
s
o
c
io
cu
ltu
r
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
T
B
L
T
b
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
lear
n
er
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
an
d
h
o
w
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
r
esear
ch
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
th
em
atic
r
o
le
-
p
la
y
in
T
B
L
T
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ci
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
J
FL
lear
n
er
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
r
o
le
-
p
lay
task
s
s
im
u
late
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
to
u
r
is
ts
o
r
n
av
ig
atin
g
c
u
ltu
r
al
ex
c
h
an
g
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
t
o
J
T
GP
co
u
r
s
es,
an
d
th
at
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
th
e
ch
allen
g
es lea
r
n
er
’
s
en
co
u
n
ter
d
u
r
in
g
r
o
le
-
p
lay
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ab
ilit
ies.
R
o
le
-
p
lay
in
g
allo
ws
lear
n
er
s
to
ex
p
er
im
en
t
with
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
e
i
n
a
s
af
e,
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t w
h
ile
r
ec
eiv
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
f
lu
en
c
y
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
u
s
in
g
J
ap
an
ese.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
task
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
J
FL
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
en
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
cu
s
to
m
izin
g
m
ater
ials
s
p
e
cif
ically
f
o
r
J
T
GP
co
u
r
s
es
r
ef
lects
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
to
a
d
ap
t
T
B
L
T
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
er
e
lear
n
er
s
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
b
o
th
li
n
g
u
is
tic
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
th
eir
r
o
les
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
task
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
,
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
a
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
ited
f
o
r
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
lear
n
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
c
h
allen
g
es th
e
y
will f
ac
e
as to
u
r
g
u
id
es.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
O
bje
ct
iv
e
a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
d
ev
el
o
p
an
d
ev
alu
ate
task
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
d
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
f
o
s
ter
ed
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
J
T
GP.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
to
u
r
is
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
r
id
g
e
g
ap
s
i
n
ex
is
tin
g
m
ater
ials
,
u
ltima
tely
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
a
d
ap
ti
v
ely
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
to
u
r
is
m
co
n
tex
ts
.
A
m
i
x
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ad
o
p
ted
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tex
t,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
v
alid
ate
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
task
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ta
s
k
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
teri
a
l d
esig
n
in
Ja
p
a
n
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
co
u
r
s
es:
fo
s
teri
n
g
a
d
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
…
(
Qia
n
n
a
n
Liu
)
3237
to
u
r
is
m
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ad
ap
tab
il
ity
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
g
u
id
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
-
W
h
at
wer
e
th
e
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
o
f
to
u
r
is
m
s
tu
d
en
t
s
lear
n
in
g
J
ap
an
ese,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
elatio
n
to
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
?
-
Ho
w
d
id
task
-
b
ased
m
ate
r
ial
d
esig
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
e
n
h
an
c
em
en
t
o
f
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
?
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
d
esig
n
f
o
r
task
-
b
ased
J
ap
an
ese
m
ater
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
to
u
r
gu
id
es.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
e
s
ig
n
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
J
ap
an
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
ater
ials
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
was
m
eth
o
d
ically
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
tag
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
an
with
th
e
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
s
tag
e,
wh
er
e
a
d
etai
led
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
co
m
p
et
en
cies
th
r
o
u
g
h
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
tar
g
et
a
n
d
p
r
esen
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews
wi
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
in
itial
p
h
ase
was
cr
u
cial
in
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
tailo
r
e
d
to
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
to
u
r
g
u
id
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
m
ater
ials
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
aim
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
tag
e,
was
g
u
id
ed
b
y
an
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
em
p
h
asized
s
y
llab
u
s
d
esig
n
a
n
d
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t
t
o
p
ics
,
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
p
h
ase
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
y
llab
u
s
an
d
to
p
ics
alig
n
ed
with
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
d
em
an
d
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
m
ater
ials
th
at
m
ir
r
o
r
ed
au
th
e
n
tic
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
en
a
b
led
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ap
p
ly
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
a
s
y
s
tem
atic,
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
cy
cles
o
f
p
lan
n
in
g
,
ac
ti
o
n
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
.
I
t
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ev
o
lv
e
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
d
esig
n
f
o
r
task
-
b
ased
J
ap
an
ese
m
ater
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
3
2
3
4
-
3
2
4
8
3238
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
cu
lm
in
ated
in
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
ev
is
io
n
s
tag
e
,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
ater
ials
u
n
d
er
wen
t
e
x
p
er
t
r
e
v
iews,
co
m
p
lian
ce
ch
ec
k
s
,
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
test
in
g
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
t
o
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
atio
n
test
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase,
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
ac
tio
n
r
ese
ar
ch
p
r
in
cip
les,
estab
lis
h
ed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
th
at
en
a
b
led
th
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
r
em
ain
e
d
ali
g
n
ed
with
lear
n
i
n
g
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
.
Div
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
ex
p
er
ts
,
g
ath
er
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t r
em
ai
n
ed
h
i
g
h
ly
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
tag
e
wer
e
th
e
n
r
ein
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
tag
e
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
d
y
n
am
ic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
t
h
at
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
o
p
tim
ize
d
th
e
m
ater
ials
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
r
ef
in
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
ee
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
at
th
e
m
ater
ials
r
em
ain
e
d
ad
a
p
ti
v
e
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
th
e
e
v
o
l
v
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
in
p
u
t,
co
n
ten
t
f
o
cu
s
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
cu
s
,
an
d
task
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
ed
t
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
llen
g
es
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
lea
r
n
in
g
at
Xin
h
u
a
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Nin
g
x
ia
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
ev
al
u
a
tio
n
an
d
m
ater
ial
r
ef
in
em
en
t
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
h
ig
h
ly
tailo
r
ed
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
,
u
ltima
tely
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
ely
as
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
es.
3
.
3
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h se
t
t
ing
T
ea
ch
er
s
as
co
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
W
e
en
lis
ted
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
with
o
v
er
ten
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
to
u
r
is
m
-
r
elate
d
J
ap
an
ese
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
all
h
o
ld
i
n
g
lectu
r
er
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
r
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
t
s
wer
e
in
teg
r
al
in
two
k
ey
r
esear
ch
s
tag
es.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tag
e
o
f
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
th
e
y
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ter
v
iews
to
s
et
in
itial
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
ev
is
io
n
,
th
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
al
p
r
e
-
test
s
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
(
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
atio
n
test
)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
'
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
.
Stu
d
en
ts
as
ac
tiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
,
3
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ajo
r
in
g
in
t
o
u
r
is
m
with
J
ap
an
ese
as
th
ei
r
lan
g
u
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
Xin
h
u
a
C
o
lleg
e
at
Nin
g
x
ia
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
C
h
in
a,
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
leted
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
a
n
e
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
test
as
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
to
estab
lis
h
b
aselin
e
co
m
p
eten
cies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
iv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
ter
v
ie
wed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tag
e
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
e
v
is
io
n
,
af
ter
e
ac
h
o
f
two
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
c
y
cles,
f
iv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
an
in
ter
v
i
ew,
an
d
an
o
th
e
r
f
i
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
g
r
o
u
p
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cy
cle,
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
ea
ted
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
test
a
s
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
en
s
u
r
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ef
in
e
m
en
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t ta
ilo
r
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
.
3
.
4
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ts
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t'
s
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
li
t
y
.
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
,
s
e
m
i
-
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
ed
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
ws
w
it
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
h
p
r
e
l
i
m
in
a
r
y
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
n
e
e
d
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
,
f
ee
d
b
a
c
k
w
as
r
e
f
i
n
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
ws
wi
t
h
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
t
a
r
g
e
t
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
i
le
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
ex
p
e
r
t
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
n
te
r
v
i
e
w
s
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
at
e
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
.
T
h
e
t
o
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
J
a
p
a
n
e
s
e
s
i
t
u
at
i
o
n
t
es
ts
s
e
r
v
e
d
a
s
b
o
t
h
p
r
e
-
t
es
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
es
t
to
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
b
as
e
li
n
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
es
a
n
d
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
,
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
to
t
o
u
r
g
u
i
d
i
n
g
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
it
e
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
e
s
,
a
n
d
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
s
i
t
u
a
ti
o
n
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
ll
s
.
A
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
e
x
p
e
r
t
e
v
al
u
a
ti
o
n
c
h
e
c
k
l
i
s
t
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
f
i
v
e
s
p
e
c
ia
l
is
ts
in
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
-
r
e
la
t
e
d
J
a
p
a
n
es
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
o
a
s
s
es
s
ed
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
n
es
s
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
als
b
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
it
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
es
t
s
.
T
h
e
i
r
e
v
al
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
d
en
t
i
f
i
e
d
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
a
n
d
a
r
e
a
s
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
m
e
t
t
h
e
s
t
r
in
g
e
n
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
o
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
n
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
d
in
q
u
ir
ies
ab
o
u
t
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
,
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
aster
in
g
J
ap
an
ese
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
,
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
ese
i
n
ter
v
iews
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
to
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
.
As
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
est,
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
atio
n
test
ass
e
s
s
ed
f
o
u
r
ty
p
es
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
to
u
r
is
m
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
p
r
ac
tical
s
c
en
ar
io
s
,
s
ite
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
to
p
ics.
T
h
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ev
alu
ate
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ab
il
ity
to
u
s
e
J
ap
an
ese
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
au
th
en
tic
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
ev
alu
atio
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
o
f
m
a
ter
ial
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
r
elev
an
ce
to
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
alig
n
m
en
t
with
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ta
s
k
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
teri
a
l d
esig
n
in
Ja
p
a
n
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
co
u
r
s
es:
fo
s
teri
n
g
a
d
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
…
(
Qia
n
n
a
n
Liu
)
3239
th
e
m
ater
ials
m
et
th
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
t
r
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
en
s
u
r
ed
p
r
ec
is
e
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
at
ea
ch
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
s
itu
atio
n
,
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tatu
s
,
an
d
th
em
atic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
5
]
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
m
ater
ial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
elec
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
p
ics
r
e
lated
to
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
s
k
ills
an
d
ch
o
o
s
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
ef
lec
tin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
ata
[
2
2
]
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
J
T
GP
(
i.e
.
,
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
n
e
)
.
All
co
m
m
en
ts
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
co
llected
f
r
o
m
co
u
r
s
e
-
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
eir
ass
ess
in
g
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
co
d
ed
to
id
en
tif
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ata
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
d
is
p
lay
,
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
v
er
if
icatio
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fo
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
ical
f
o
u
r
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ef
i
n
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
ev
alu
at
e
its
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
g
an
with
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
in
ter
v
iews
with
lear
n
er
s
to
i
d
en
tify
a
n
d
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
teac
h
in
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
Gr
o
u
p
ev
alu
atio
n
s
f
o
llo
wed
th
is
to
test
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
ch
an
g
es
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
Nex
t,
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
in
t
er
v
iews
with
s
u
b
ject
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
tal
p
o
t
en
tial
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
s
tep
was
a
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
atio
n
al
te
s
t,
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
th
e
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
an
d
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
J
T
GP sk
ills
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
cy
cle
was
ex
ec
u
ted
in
two
p
h
ases
with
in
an
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
in
itial
cy
cle
g
en
e
r
ated
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
r
ep
o
r
t
an
d
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
th
e
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
c
y
cle
test
ed
th
e
r
ev
is
ed
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
cl
ar
ity
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
m
ater
ial
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ili
ty
,
an
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
test
s
an
d
o
v
er
all
teac
h
in
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
ts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
ts
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
clar
i
ty
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lear
n
e
r
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Gr
o
u
p
ass
ess
m
en
ts
a
im
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
eir
in
ter
est,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
elev
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t.
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e,
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
atio
n
al
test
s
as
s
ess
ed
p
r
ac
ticality
,
q
u
ality
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fiv
e
ass
ess
o
r
s
co
n
d
u
cted
p
r
e
-
test
s
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
ese
test
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
as
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t,
lear
n
e
r
s
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
:
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
at
io
n
test
.
W
ith
in
a
30
-
m
in
u
te
p
er
io
d
,
lear
n
er
s
en
g
ag
ed
with
a
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
an
y
is
s
u
es
o
r
em
er
g
e
n
cies
th
at
ar
o
s
e,
s
u
ch
as
m
a
n
ag
in
g
a
welc
o
m
e
ce
r
em
o
n
y
at
th
e
air
p
o
r
t.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tr
a
teg
y
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
m
ater
ials
wer
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
ted
an
d
r
ef
i
n
ed
to
m
ee
t t
h
e
ev
o
l
v
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
im
a
r
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
g
ath
e
r
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
lear
n
e
r
s
,
h
av
in
g
ex
p
er
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
u
b
ject
ex
p
er
ts
ex
ter
n
al
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
ject,
was
eq
u
ally
ess
en
tial
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
in
v
o
lv
ed
t
h
r
ee
J
ap
a
n
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
as
e
x
p
er
ts
in
teac
h
in
g
J
T
GP
an
d
two
s
u
b
ject
ex
p
er
ts
in
to
u
r
is
m
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t
an
d
m
ate
r
ial
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ey
r
ev
iewe
d
b
o
th
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
n
ee
d
s
a
n
aly
s
is
,
ev
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
n
ewly
d
esig
n
ed
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
as p
r
er
eq
u
is
ites
.
A
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
was a
ls
o
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
(
teac
h
er
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
v
iews)
with
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
(
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
alo
n
g
w
ith
ex
p
er
t
ev
alu
atio
n
ch
ec
k
lis
t
r
esu
lts
)
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
m
u
lti
-
f
ac
eted
an
d
m
u
lti
-
an
g
led
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
s
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
en
s
u
r
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
g
o
als
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
th
u
s
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
d
ep
t
h
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
T
he
o
utc
o
m
es o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
ent
s
’
needs
a
na
ly
s
i
s
o
f
J
T
G
P
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
b
eg
an
b
y
c
o
llectin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
wh
at
lear
n
er
s
wan
ted
,
n
ee
d
e
d
,
an
d
d
esire
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
J
ap
an
es
e
m
ater
ials
aim
ed
at
tr
ain
in
g
to
u
r
g
u
id
es.
T
h
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
tal
s
tag
es in
clu
d
ed
: i)
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
p
o
k
en
J
ap
an
ese
s
k
ills
as to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
;
ii
)
d
esig
n
in
g
to
o
ls
to
ass
es
s
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es;
iii)
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
;
an
d
iv
)
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
m
ate
r
ial
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
p
r
e
-
test
in
g
in
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews with
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
tai
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
em
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
4
.
1
.
1
.
T
a
rg
et
s
it
ua
t
io
n a
na
l
y
s
is
re
s
ult
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
co
n
tex
t,
b
ased
o
n
teac
h
er
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
te
r
v
iew
d
ata,
r
e
v
ea
led
f
o
u
r
k
ey
th
em
es.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
k
ills
em
er
g
ed
as
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
3
2
3
4
-
3
2
4
8
3240
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
is
s
u
es
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
lear
n
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
p
o
s
s
ess
s
p
e
cialize
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
to
u
r
is
t
attr
ac
tio
n
s
in
b
o
t
h
C
h
in
a
an
d
J
ap
an
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
cc
u
r
ate
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
g
u
id
ed
to
u
r
s
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
s
itu
ati
o
n
s
an
d
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
b
a
s
ic
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
to
m
an
ag
e
em
er
g
e
n
cies
—
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
f
o
r
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
es.
L
a
s
tly
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
J
ap
an
ese
cu
ltu
r
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
en
j
o
y
ab
le
t
o
u
r
is
t e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
f
licts
.
T
h
ese
th
em
es
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
e
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jecti
v
es
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
J
T
GP
.
T
h
e
y
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
asis
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
liter
ac
y
,
m
aster
in
g
e
m
er
g
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
to
u
r
is
m
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
a
r
e
in
teg
r
al
to
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
th
ese
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
4
.
1
.
2
.
P
re
s
ent
s
it
ua
t
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
re
s
ult
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
em
p
h
asized
t
h
at
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
ie
ws r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
in
lear
n
er
s
'
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
k
ills
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
J
T
GP.
T
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
m
an
y
lear
n
er
s
lack
ed
im
m
er
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
au
th
en
tic
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
ze
J
ap
an
ese
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
er
e
wer
e
ev
id
en
t d
ef
icien
cies in
le
ar
n
er
s
'
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
im
p
ed
in
g
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
f
o
r
t
o
u
r
is
ts
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
t
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ex
ac
er
b
ated
t
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
as
lear
n
er
s
s
tr
u
g
g
led
t
o
r
ec
ei
v
e
tim
ely
g
u
id
an
ce
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
e,
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
tech
n
iq
u
es,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
n
u
a
n
ce
s
.
L
astl
y
,
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
au
th
en
tic
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
ch
as
au
d
io
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
s
o
f
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
,
h
in
d
er
e
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
in
r
elev
an
t
co
n
tex
ts
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
te
n
wer
e
r
elu
ctan
t
to
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
ar
tly
d
u
e
to
a
f
ea
r
o
f
m
ak
in
g
m
is
tak
es
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
ast
f
ailu
r
es.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
J
T
GP le
ar
n
in
g
.
4
.
1
.
3
.
L
ea
rning
s
it
ua
t
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
re
s
u
lt
Fro
m
b
o
th
teac
h
er
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
J
T
GP
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
to
lear
n
awa
r
en
ess
in
J
T
GP
m
ate
r
ials
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
J
T
GP
c
o
n
ten
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
en
co
m
p
a
s
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
s
u
ch
as
w
elco
m
in
g
to
u
r
is
ts
,
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
ig
h
ts
ee
in
g
g
u
id
an
ce
,
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
ass
is
tan
ce
,
d
in
in
g
etiq
u
ette,
h
o
tel
ch
ec
k
-
in
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
h
an
d
lin
g
em
er
g
en
cies.
T
h
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
alig
n
with
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
b
jectiv
es,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
eir
r
ele
v
an
ce
to
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
it
y
o
f
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
ti
n
g
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
te
g
i
es
i
n
t
o
J
T
GP
t
r
a
in
in
g
m
at
er
ials
,
em
p
h
as
izi
n
g
th
e
in
c
lu
s
i
o
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
t
r
at
eg
ies
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
ei
r
l
ac
k
o
f
p
r
a
cti
ca
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ce
i
n
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
.
T
h
ey
als
o
e
x
p
ec
t JT
GP
m
at
er
i
als t
o
b
e
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
ask
s
a
n
d
a
cti
v
it
ies
,
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
ici
p
ati
o
n
in
au
th
e
n
ti
c
t
ask
s
r
ela
te
d
t
o
t
h
ei
r
r
e
al
-
li
f
e
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
ce
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
ei
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
k
il
ls
i
n
J
T
GP.
T
h
e
y
b
el
ie
v
e
d
t
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
w
o
u
l
d
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
b
o
r
e
d
o
m
a
n
d
f
o
s
te
r
a
c
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
J
T
GP
c
o
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
lear
n
er
s
'
n
ee
d
f
o
r
J
ap
a
n
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
m
ater
ials
p
lay
e
d
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e,
lear
n
er
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
atten
tiv
e
t
o
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
as
it
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
e
x
p
er
tis
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
o
u
tlin
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
t
o
:
i)
p
o
s
s
ess
lan
g
u
ag
e
e
x
p
r
es
s
io
n
ab
ilit
ies
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
p
r
ac
tical
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
wo
r
k
;
ii)
h
an
d
le
to
u
r
is
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
eso
lv
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
c
h
allen
g
es
;
iii)
l
e
ar
n
to
r
esp
ec
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
ltu
r
es
a
n
d
ad
ap
t
f
l
ex
ib
ly
to
p
o
ten
tial
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
;
a
n
d
iv
)
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
g
r
ad
u
al
ly
b
u
ild
in
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
4
.
2
.
T
he
qu
a
lity
o
f
t
he
t
a
s
k
-
ba
s
e
d m
a
t
er
ia
l desig
n t
o
i
m
pro
v
e
J
T
G
P
s
k
ills
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
with
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
J
T
GP
task
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
e
n
ab
l
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
wh
at
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
,
wh
ich
m
ater
ials
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
r
s
k
ills
,
an
d
wh
at
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
d
o
p
te
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
ap
an
ese
m
ater
ials
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
alig
n
ed
task
-
b
ased
m
ate
r
ials
wit
h
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
J
T
GP
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
alig
n
m
en
t
was
d
u
e
to
th
eir
g
o
al
o
f
ac
h
iev
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
ap
p
licab
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
As
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
,
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
task
s
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
to
u
tili
ze
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
J
T
GP
all
o
wed
lear
n
er
s
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
task
s
,
u
s
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
L
an
g
u
ag
e
was
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
a
m
ea
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
also
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
p
ar
ticip
a
te
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ta
s
k
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
teri
a
l d
esig
n
in
Ja
p
a
n
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
co
u
r
s
es:
fo
s
teri
n
g
a
d
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
…
(
Qia
n
n
a
n
Liu
)
3241
task
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
en
er
al
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ta
r
g
et
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
ask
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
ten
d
ed
to
in
teg
r
ate
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
f
lu
e
n
c
y
,
in
d
ir
ec
tly
m
o
tiv
atin
g
lear
n
e
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
i
o
u
s
task
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
el
o
f
task
-
b
ased
J
ap
an
ese
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
4
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
t
h
e
t
a
s
k
-
ba
s
ed
J
T
G
P
ma
t
er
ia
l
s
m
o
del
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
task
-
b
a
s
ed
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
was
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
cy
cles
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
,
b
e
g
in
n
i
n
g
with
d
esi
g
n
in
g
in
itial
m
ater
ials
b
ased
o
n
a
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
r
ep
o
r
t
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
5
-
wee
k
cy
cle.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
cy
cle,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
g
ath
er
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
r
e
f
in
in
g
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
ese
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
t
eg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ac
ti
o
n
r
esear
ch
cy
cle,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
o
p
tim
ized
.
T
h
e
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
clar
ity
,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
clar
ity
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
at
er
ial
d
esig
n
'
s
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
to
b
e
ac
cu
r
ate,
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
ab
le,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
o
n
th
ei
r
m
aster
y
o
f
k
e
y
asp
e
cts
o
f
th
e
J
ap
an
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e.
As
f
o
r
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
eliev
ed
th
at
th
e
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
co
u
ld
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
o
r
e
au
th
e
n
tic
lan
g
u
a
g
e
m
ater
ials
as
s
u
p
p
l
em
en
tar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
th
e
J
a
p
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
m
ad
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
s
to
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
a
ter
ial
m
o
d
el,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
iz
ed
m
ater
ials
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
c
y
cle
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
.
Gr
o
u
p
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
ass
ess
ed
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
est,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
ele
v
an
c
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
g
u
i
d
an
ce
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
was
co
h
er
en
t,
tr
ac
ea
b
le,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
atic,
wh
ich
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
t
h
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
teac
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
en
t
was
en
g
ag
i
n
g
,
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
wer
e
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
ea
s
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
ea
s
y
to
f
o
llo
w,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
p
r
esen
te
d
in
v
id
eo
f
o
r
m
at.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
ev
alu
ati
o
n
p
h
ase
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ial
m
o
d
el.
Af
ter
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
cy
cle
en
d
ed
,
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
3
2
3
4
-
3
2
4
8
3242
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
m
ak
in
g
ad
ju
s
t
m
en
ts
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
wer
e
r
ef
in
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
J
ap
an
ese
t
o
u
r
g
u
id
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
u
ltima
tely
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
a
n
d
a
p
p
licab
ilit
y
f
o
r
lear
n
er
s
.
W
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cy
cle
b
ased
o
n
th
e
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
e
d
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
em
er
g
en
c
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ettin
g
s
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
cu
ltu
r
al
s
im
ilar
ities
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cy
cle,
th
e
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
ev
alu
atio
n
s
wer
e
r
ep
ea
ted
to
g
ath
er
f
u
r
th
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
class
r
o
o
m
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
ed
with
th
e
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
ev
alu
atio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
,
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
asp
ec
t
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
task
-
b
ase
d
J
T
GP
m
ater
ial
m
o
d
el.
Stu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
d
esig
n
,
th
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
i
lls
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
an
d
lin
g
em
er
g
e
n
cy
s
itu
atio
n
s
—
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
eten
c
y
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
es.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t w
as c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
n
d
well
-
alig
n
e
d
with
th
e
lear
n
e
r
s
'
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
asp
ec
t
r
elate
d
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
g
r
o
u
p
ev
alu
at
io
n
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
cu
ltu
r
al
elem
en
ts
in
t
o
th
e
m
ater
ials
was
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
as
it
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
t
h
eir
att
itu
d
e
an
d
en
th
u
s
iasm
to
war
d
th
e
co
u
r
s
e.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ater
ial
d
esig
n
to
b
e
ti
m
e
-
s
av
in
g
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
eir
m
aster
y
o
f
J
T
GP.
L
astl
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
in
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
wh
ich
th
ey
f
elt
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
p
lan
n
in
g
b
y
i
n
cu
lcat
in
g
in
th
em
s
elv
es
an
in
-
d
e
p
t
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices in
th
e
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
er
io
d
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
te
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
t
h
e
J
T
GP,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
p
r
e
-
test
s
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
ests
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese
o
r
al
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
illu
s
tr
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
J
T
GP a
b
ilit
ie
s
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese
s
itu
atio
n
test
as
s
ess
ed
f
o
u
r
ar
ea
s
:
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
(
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
7
5
to
8
7
)
,
l
o
ca
tio
n
d
escr
ip
tio
n
(
av
e
r
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
6
0
to
8
7
)
,
em
er
g
e
n
cy
h
an
d
lin
g
(
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
6
0
to
7
2
)
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
(
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
6
8
to
7
9
)
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
lear
n
in
g
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
test
to
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
o
n
lear
n
in
g
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
J
ap
an
ese.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
h
e
r
e
v
alid
ates
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
v
iews r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
task
-
b
ased
m
ater
ia
ls
.
Fiv
e
ex
p
er
ts
u
s
ed
a
d
etailed
c
h
ec
k
lis
t
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
r
ev
is
e
d
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
cy
cle.
T
h
ey
em
p
h
asized
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
au
th
en
tic
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
m
ir
r
o
r
ed
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
co
n
te
n
t,
an
d
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
em
e
-
r
elate
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
a
n
d
g
r
am
m
a
r
to
s
u
it
lear
n
er
s
’
lim
ited
J
ap
an
ese
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
ts
also
s
tr
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
esen
tin
g
m
a
ter
ials
th
at
s
tim
u
lated
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
life
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
le
ar
n
er
s
'
m
aster
y
o
f
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
ey
n
o
t
ed
th
at
th
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
clo
s
ely
alig
n
ed
with
ac
ad
em
ic
g
o
als
an
d
wer
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
r
o
les.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
o
v
er
th
e
two
c
y
cles
o
f
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
wer
e
r
ef
in
e
d
to
m
ee
t
lear
n
er
s
'
s
p
ec
if
ic
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
n
ee
d
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
f
o
r
J
ap
an
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
es o
f
to
u
r
g
u
i
d
e
J
ap
an
ese
o
r
al
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
test
s
75
60
60
68
87
87
72
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
0
0
Vo
ca
b
u
lar
y
L
o
ca
tio
n
E
m
er
g
en
cy
Si
tu
at
io
n
C
u
lt
u
r
al
T
est
s
co
re
s
Pre
-
test
Po
s
t
-
t
est
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ta
s
k
-
b
a
s
ed
ma
teri
a
l d
esig
n
in
Ja
p
a
n
ese
to
u
r
g
u
id
e
co
u
r
s
es:
fo
s
teri
n
g
a
d
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
…
(
Qia
n
n
a
n
Liu
)
3243
4
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
f
ina
l pro
du
ct
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP
m
ater
ials
m
o
d
el,
d
esig
n
e
d
with
cle
ar
co
u
r
s
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
m
ain
p
ar
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
es
in
h
o
s
p
itality
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
war
m
-
u
p
p
h
ase
e
n
g
ag
e
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts
with
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
v
id
eo
c
o
n
ten
t
th
at
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
r
ea
l
-
life
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
d
ialo
g
u
e
m
ater
ials
p
r
esen
ted
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
to
u
r
g
u
id
es
m
ig
h
t
en
c
o
u
n
ter
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
g
u
ests
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tice
s
ec
tio
n
all
o
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
o
le
-
p
la
y
th
ese
d
ialo
g
u
es,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
in
s
im
u
lated
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
p
h
ase
co
n
s
o
lid
ated
th
e
m
ater
ial
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
k
e
y
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
em
er
g
e
n
cies.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
a
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
ater
ials
s
ec
tio
n
th
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
d
ialo
g
u
e
ex
am
p
les,
in
teg
r
atin
g
c
u
ltu
r
al
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lear
n
in
g
in
to
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
tr
ain
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
to
u
r
g
u
id
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
task
-
b
ased
J
T
GP m
ater
ials
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.