I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
25
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
0
~
2
5
2
0
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
14
i
4
.
3
3
5
6
8
2510
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Va
lidity
a
nd relia
bility o
f
the
q
uest
io
nna
ire
o
f
Chi
ne
se
self
-
e
ff
ica
cy
for
C
hinese a
s a
seco
n
d lang
ua
g
e learne
rs
in Chi
na
Yula
n P
eng
1,
2
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Z
uh
a
ir
Z
a
ina
l
1
1
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
G
e
o
r
g
e
T
o
w
n
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
C
h
i
n
e
se
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
G
a
n
n
a
n
N
o
r
mal
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
G
a
n
z
h
o
u
,
C
h
i
n
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
25
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
2
,
2
0
2
5
S
e
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
is
a
p
iv
o
tal
p
re
d
ict
o
r
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
su
c
c
e
ss
in
se
c
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
rn
in
g
.
Wi
t
h
th
e
g
ro
wi
n
g
e
n
ro
l
lme
n
t
o
f
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
Ch
in
e
se
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
in
Ch
in
a
,
th
e
re
is
a
p
re
ss
in
g
n
e
e
d
fo
r
v
a
li
d
a
te
d
to
o
ls
to
a
ss
e
ss
s
e
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
a
m
o
n
g
Ch
i
n
e
se
a
s
a
se
c
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(CS
L
)
lea
rn
e
rs.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
th
is
n
e
e
d
b
y
a
d
a
p
t
in
g
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
th
e
En
g
l
ish
-
Ch
in
e
se
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ire
o
f
Ch
in
e
s
e
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
(QCSE
)
fro
m
th
e
o
rig
i
n
a
l
q
u
e
st
io
n
n
a
ire
o
f
En
g
li
s
h
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
(QES
E).
Us
in
g
a
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
sig
n
,
d
a
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
fr
o
m
1
7
4
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
ll
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
ts
in
Jia
n
g
x
i
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
fo
r
p
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
.
Co
n
f
irma
to
ry
fa
c
to
r
a
n
a
ly
sis
(CF
A)
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
th
e
in
stru
m
e
n
t
’s
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
it
y
,
wit
h
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
win
g
a
h
i
g
h
o
v
e
ra
ll
Cr
o
n
b
a
c
h
’s
a
lp
h
a
o
f
0
.
9
4
2
a
n
d
str
o
n
g
d
ime
n
sio
n
-
sp
e
c
ifi
c
v
a
lu
e
s
(li
ste
n
in
g
,
s
p
e
a
k
in
g
,
re
a
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
writi
n
g
)
ra
n
g
in
g
fro
m
0
.
9
1
5
t
o
0
.
9
2
7
.
Al
l
it
e
m
o
u
ter
lo
a
d
i
n
g
s
e
x
c
e
e
d
e
d
0
.
7
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
v
e
ra
g
e
v
a
rian
c
e
e
x
trac
ted
(AV
E)
v
a
lu
e
s
we
re
a
b
o
v
e
0
.
5
,
c
o
n
f
irmin
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
st
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
Q
CS
E
.
T
h
is
v
a
li
d
a
ted
in
str
u
m
e
n
t
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
a
c
rit
ica
l
g
a
p
in
CS
L
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
a
ss
e
s
sm
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
v
a
lu
a
b
le
i
n
sig
h
ts
f
o
r
lea
rn
e
rs,
e
d
u
c
a
to
rs,
a
n
d
p
o
li
c
y
m
a
k
e
rs.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
in
ese
as a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
R
eliab
ilit
y
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
Valid
ity
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Z
u
h
air
Z
ain
al
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
S
tu
d
ies
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
Geo
r
g
e
T
o
wn
,
Pen
an
g
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
zu
h
air
@
u
s
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
h
in
ese,
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
af
ter
E
n
g
lis
h
[
1
]
,
h
as
g
ain
ed
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
g
lo
b
al
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
c
e
with
C
h
in
a’
s
r
is
in
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
an
d
th
e
b
elt
an
d
r
o
a
d
in
itiativ
e
(
B
R
I
)
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
wth
h
as
s
p
u
r
r
ed
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
C
h
in
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e,
lead
in
g
to
a
s
u
r
g
e
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
p
tin
g
to
s
tu
d
y
C
h
in
ese
in
C
h
in
a.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
la
ck
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
s
p
ec
if
ically
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
C
h
in
ese
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
C
SL
)
lear
n
er
s
lim
its
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
ass
ess
in
g
th
eir
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
s
o
cial
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
,
r
ef
er
s
t
o
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
b
elief
in
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
m
p
lete
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
task
[
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
av
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
t
o
o
ls
to
m
e
asu
r
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
d
iv
er
s
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
v
alid
ated
to
o
l
f
o
r
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
,
it
r
em
ain
s
c
h
allen
g
in
g
to
g
a
u
g
e
th
eir
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
lev
els an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
h
in
d
er
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Alth
o
u
g
h
W
an
g
[
6
]
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
s
elf
-
e
f
f
icac
y
(
QE
SE)
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
ate
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
es
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
,
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
r
em
ain
s
u
n
av
ailab
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
b
y
tr
an
s
latin
g
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tin
g
th
e
QE
SE
in
to
an
E
n
g
lis
h
-
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
o
f Ch
in
ese
s
elf
-
effica
cy
fo
r
C
h
in
ese
a
s
… (
Yu
la
n
P
en
g
)
2511
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
f
C
h
in
ese
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
QC
SE
)
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
a
m
o
n
g
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
its
u
s
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
o
f
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
QC
SE
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
cin
g
r
esear
ch
o
n
C
SL
lear
n
in
g
,
h
elp
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
lea
r
n
er
s
’
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
k
ey
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
1
7
4
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
C
h
in
e
s
e
in
C
h
in
a
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
with
d
ata
co
llected
v
ia
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
wa
s
ap
p
lied
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
Q
C
SE
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
r
eliab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
am
o
n
g
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
b
u
t
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
th
is
s
ca
le
o
f
f
er
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
ad
v
an
cin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
QC
SE’
s
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
a
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
b
r
o
ad
e
n
in
g
its
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
u
tili
ty
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple
B
en
tler
an
d
C
h
o
u
[
1
0
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
-
to
-
item
r
atio
o
f
5
:1
f
o
r
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
es,
with
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
f
1
0
0
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
g
u
id
elin
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
at
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
6
0
,
o
r
f
iv
e
tim
es
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
3
2
item
s
,
was
n
ee
d
e
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
7
4
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
8
2
m
ales
an
d
9
2
f
e
m
ales)
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
J
ian
g
x
i
Pro
v
in
ce
,
C
h
in
a.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ag
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
8
-
4
3
y
ea
r
s
(
M=
2
3
.
5
2
,
SD=4
.
2
2
3
)
an
d
h
ad
s
tu
d
ied
C
h
in
ese
f
o
r
p
er
io
d
s
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
1
y
ea
r
to
b
e
y
o
n
d
5
y
ea
r
s
(
5
7
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
with
less
th
an
1
y
ea
r
,
6
8
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
1
-
3
y
ea
r
s
,
2
6
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
with
3
-
5
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
2
3
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
with
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
5
y
ea
r
s
)
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
6
5
.
5
%
wer
e
f
r
o
m
Asi
an
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
,
2
5
.
9
%
wer
e
f
r
o
m
Af
r
ican
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
4
.
6
%
wer
e
f
r
o
m
Am
er
ica
n
co
u
n
tr
ies,
an
d
4
%
wer
e
f
r
o
m
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
u
n
t
r
ies.
All th
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
m
o
th
er
to
n
g
u
es we
r
e
o
th
er
th
an
C
h
in
ese.
T
h
e
C
h
in
e
s
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
a
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
c
o
u
r
s
e
f
o
r
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
s
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
m
et
ho
d
C
o
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
was
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ase
d
o
n
th
ei
r
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
at
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
ich
ar
e
lar
g
e
a
n
d
wid
ely
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
.
I
t is r
ela
tiv
ely
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
o
b
tain
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
clo
s
e
to
th
em
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
h
as
s
o
m
e
s
tatis
tical
lim
itatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
r
o
ad
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
tim
e
co
s
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
p
ro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
n
tacte
d
p
o
ten
tial
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
h
in
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
at
th
e
t
h
r
ee
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
an
d
f
r
ien
d
ed
th
em
o
n
W
eCh
at
(
W
eCh
at
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
s
ed
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
in
C
h
in
a)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
W
eCh
at
an
d
m
ad
e
it
clea
r
th
at
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
o
p
t
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
at
an
y
m
o
m
e
n
t.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
a
lin
k
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
o
s
ted
b
y
W
en
j
u
an
x
in
g
(
o
n
e
o
f
C
h
in
a’
s
lead
in
g
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
p
latf
o
r
m
s
)
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
ia
W
eCh
at.
C
o
m
p
letin
g
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
to
o
k
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
f
i
v
e
m
in
u
tes,
an
d
th
e
y
co
u
ld
d
o
s
o
at
an
y
tim
e
o
f
th
e
d
a
y
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
m
p
lete
d
b
etwe
en
Sep
tem
b
er
4
th
an
d
Sep
tem
b
er
1
8
th
,
2
0
2
4
.
A
to
t
al
o
f
3
0
5
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
1
8
5
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Af
ter
d
ata
clea
n
in
g
(
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
d
r
em
o
v
i
n
g
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
th
at
wer
e
co
m
p
leted
in
less
th
an
1
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
r
wh
er
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
item
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
t
h
e
s
am
e
s
co
r
e)
,
1
7
4
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es we
r
e
r
etain
ed
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
2
.
4
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
QC
SE
was
tr
an
s
lated
an
d
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
QE
SE,
wh
ich
W
an
g
[
6
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
er
b
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
v
iews
in
v
o
lv
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
C
h
in
ese
lear
n
er
s
s
tu
d
y
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
in
th
e
USA.
T
h
e
QE
SE
co
m
p
r
is
es
3
2
item
s
,
ea
ch
ask
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
p
er
ce
iv
ed
a
b
ilit
y
to
c
o
m
p
let
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
task
s
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
,
with
ea
c
h
s
k
ill
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
d
esig
n
ated
s
et
o
f
eig
h
t
item
s
.
T
o
m
itig
a
te
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
ts
b
ein
g
ass
e
s
s
ed
,
th
e
item
s
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
r
an
d
o
m
i
ze
d
o
r
d
er
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
u
s
ed
a
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
to
s
co
r
e
t
h
eir
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ab
ilit
ies,
with
1
d
e
n
o
tin
g
“I
ca
n
n
o
t
d
o
it
at
all”
an
d
7
d
en
o
tin
g
“I
ca
n
d
o
i
t v
er
y
well.
”
B
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
,
s
c
ale
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
m
all
-
r
an
g
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
in
o
r
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ite
m
s
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
5
1
0
-
2
5
2
0
2512
Scale
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
u
s
u
ally
in
v
o
lv
es
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ch
an
g
es
aim
ed
at
ad
ap
tin
g
th
e
s
ca
le
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
lt
u
r
al,
lin
g
u
is
tic,
o
r
s
o
cial
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
b
u
t
also
th
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
r
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
item
s
o
n
th
e
s
ca
le
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
to
f
o
r
m
a
n
ew
E
n
g
lis
h
-
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
QC
SE,
s
o
m
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
QE
SE.
Prim
a
r
ily
,
th
e
titl
e
QC
SE
was
s
elec
ted
t
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
tr
aits
o
f
th
e
in
te
n
d
ed
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
C
h
in
ese
s
ettin
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
al
s
o
m
o
d
if
ied
th
e
wo
r
d
in
g
o
f
al
l
th
e
item
s
.
As
th
e
QC
SE
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
C
h
in
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
to
m
ak
e
it
clea
r
an
d
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
wa
r
d
,
“E
n
g
lis
h
”
in
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was m
o
d
if
ied
to
“Ch
in
ese.
”
S
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
w
e
s
u
b
s
ti
t
u
t
e
d
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
al
e
,
wi
t
h
1
d
en
o
t
i
n
g
“
v
e
r
y
i
n
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
t
”
a
n
d
5
d
e
n
o
t
i
n
g
“
v
e
r
y
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
t
,
”
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
7
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
a
l
e
.
L
e
wi
s
[
1
7
]
e
v
a
l
u
at
e
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
f
o
r
m
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
u
s
a
b
i
li
t
y
i
n
d
i
c
at
o
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
wi
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
(
3
,
5
,
7
,
a
n
d
1
1
)
a
n
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
w
it
h
5
,
7
,
o
r
1
1
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
r
o
n
g
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
t
h
e
3
-
o
p
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
h
o
w
s
l
o
w
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
w
e
a
k
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
,
a
d
v
i
s
in
g
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
i
ts
u
s
e
.
R
e
v
i
ll
a
e
t
a
l.
[
1
8
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ca
les
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
e
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
5
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
e
d
u
ce
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
e
a
n
d
f
a
tig
u
e,
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Har
tley
an
d
B
etts
[
1
9
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
5
-
an
d
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
les
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
v
alid
ity
,
a
n
d
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
5
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
g
en
er
ally
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
a
m
o
r
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
av
o
id
in
g
to
o
m
u
ch
a
m
b
ig
u
ity
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
in
g
,
an
d
r
esu
ltin
g
in
f
aster
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t,
th
e
7
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
ca
n
th
eo
r
etica
lly
o
f
f
er
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
;
th
is
ad
d
itio
n
al
n
u
a
n
ce
m
ay
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
b
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
b
u
t
r
ath
er
c
o
m
p
licates
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t a
n
d
cr
ea
tes “c
h
o
ice
f
atig
u
e.
”
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
b
o
th
C
h
in
ese
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
,
with
ea
ch
E
n
g
lis
h
item
p
air
ed
with
its
C
h
in
ese
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
ea
ch
item
a
cc
u
r
ately
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
lin
g
u
is
tic,
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al,
o
p
er
a
tio
n
al,
an
d
m
etr
ic
e
q
u
iv
ale
n
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
ca
le,
an
iter
a
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
v
o
lv
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
[
2
0
]
was
ap
p
lied
.
Fo
u
r
b
ilin
g
u
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
ex
p
er
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e:
a
p
air
o
f
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
co
n
v
er
ted
th
e
item
s
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
to
C
h
in
ese,
wh
er
ea
s
an
o
th
er
p
air
tr
an
s
lated
th
em
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
ese
to
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
,
alo
n
g
with
t
h
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
a
b
o
v
e,
r
ev
iewe
d
t
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
–
C
h
in
ese
v
er
s
io
n
f
o
r
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
m
ea
n
in
g
,
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
ca
le.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
t
ica
l
p
ro
ce
du
re
Valid
ity
ca
n
in
d
icate
wh
eth
er
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
b
ein
g
in
v
esti
g
ated
ar
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
item
s
.
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
v
alid
ity
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
in
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
:
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
2
1
]
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
r
r
ep
ea
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
ca
le.
Fo
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
with
m
u
ltip
le
item
s
,
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
is
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t;
t
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
item
s
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
llectiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
2
2
]
.
C
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
r
ef
lects
h
o
w
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
an
d
ac
c
u
r
at
ely
th
e
item
s
with
in
a
s
ca
le
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
ce
p
t
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
.
T
y
p
ically
,
d
o
m
ain
ex
p
er
ts
ev
alu
ate
a
s
ca
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
ea
ch
item
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
ex
p
er
t
r
e
v
iews,
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
ted
as
a
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
i
ty
in
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
.
As
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
L
y
n
n
[
2
4
]
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
n
ee
d
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
is
3
.
Usi
n
g
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
with
1
-
4
d
en
o
t
in
g
“
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
to
“
s
t
r
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
,
”
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
QC
SE
item
an
d
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
was e
v
alu
ated
.
E
ac
h
QC
SE
item
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
with
1
-
4
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
“
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
to
“stro
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
.
”
T
h
e
item
-
le
v
el
co
n
t
en
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(I
-
C
VI
)
an
d
s
ca
le
-
lev
el
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
e
x
(
S
-
C
VI
)
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
.
T
h
e
I
-
C
VI
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
d
iv
id
i
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
wh
o
r
ated
ea
ch
item
with
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
o
r
4
b
y
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
an
tity
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
y
n
n
[
2
4
]
,
wh
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ts
is
5
o
r
f
ewe
r
,
an
I
-
C
VI
o
f
1
.
0
0
is
n
ee
d
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
all
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
co
n
cu
r
th
at
th
e
item
alig
n
s
well
with
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
S
-
C
VI
was c
o
m
p
u
ted
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
item
s
th
at
all
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
s
co
r
ed
as 3
o
r
4
b
y
th
e
to
tal
item
co
u
n
t.
An
S
-
C
VI
o
f
0
.
8
o
r
ab
o
v
e
s
u
g
g
ests
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
[
2
5
]
.
Af
ter
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
th
e
s
ca
le
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
I
B
M
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
7
.
0
a
n
d
Sm
ar
tPLS
v
er
s
io
n
4
.
0
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
SP
S
S
2
7
.
0
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
in
itial
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
Sm
ar
tPLS
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
e
x
ec
u
te
C
FA
o
n
th
e
QC
SE,
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
in
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
at
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
(
PLS
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
Sm
ar
tPLS
4
.
0
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
m
p
u
te
an
d
o
b
tain
v
alu
es
f
o
r
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
i
s
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
d
icato
r
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
ity
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
o
f Ch
in
ese
s
elf
-
effica
cy
fo
r
C
h
in
ese
a
s
… (
Yu
la
n
P
en
g
)
2513
T
ab
le
1
.
C
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
c
y
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s α≥
0
.
7
C
R
≥
0
.
6
N
u
n
n
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
B
e
r
n
st
e
i
n
[
2
6
]
H
a
i
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
>
0
.
7
o
r
>
0
.
5
H
a
i
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
H
u
l
l
a
n
d
[
2
8
]
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
A
V
E>
0
.
5
F
o
r
n
e
l
l
a
n
d
La
r
c
k
e
r
[
29
]
H
a
i
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
D
i
scri
m
i
n
a
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
S
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
A
V
E
>
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
H
TM
T
≤
0
.
8
5
F
o
r
n
e
l
l
a
n
d
La
r
c
k
e
r
[
29
]
K
l
i
n
e
[
30
]
N
o
t
e
:
C
R
=
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
;
A
V
E
=
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
;
H
TM
T=
h
e
t
e
r
o
t
r
a
i
t
-
m
o
n
o
t
r
a
i
t
r
a
t
i
o
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
v
alu
es
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
,
with
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
0
.
7
an
d
0
.
9
r
ef
lectin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
[
2
6
]
.
C
R
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
0
.
6
0
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
0
to
0
.
9
0
wer
e
class
if
ied
as satis
f
a
cto
r
y
to
g
o
o
d
,
an
d
v
alu
es su
r
p
ass
in
g
0
.
9
0
wer
e
v
iewe
d
as less
d
esira
b
le
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ality
am
o
n
g
in
d
icato
r
s
(
item
s
)
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Hair
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
≥
0
.
7
0
o
r
h
ig
h
er
,
wit
h
p
v
alu
es
<0
.
0
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
7
ar
e
n
o
t
ea
s
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
in
p
r
ac
tice;
th
u
s
,
Hu
ll
an
d
[
2
8
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
t
o
estab
lis
h
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
(
AVE
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
AVE
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
,
wh
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
av
er
ag
e
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
31
]
.
Fo
r
ad
eq
u
ate
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
,
an
AVE
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
0
o
r
h
ig
h
er
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
[
29
]
.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
is
a
lo
w
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
o
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
is
d
ef
in
e
d
a
s
a
lo
w
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
icato
r
s
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
o
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
th
o
s
e
b
e
lo
n
g
in
g
t
o
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
[3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
As
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
k
er
cr
iter
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
at
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
f
o
r
ea
c
h
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
b
etwe
en
th
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
29
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
m
eth
o
d
,
Hen
s
eler
et
a
l.
[3
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
h
eter
o
tr
ait
-
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
r
atio
c
r
iter
io
n
as
a
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
An
HT
MT
v
alu
e
l
ess
th
an
0
.
8
5
s
u
g
g
ests
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
[3
0
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
a
s
ca
le
b
eg
in
s
with
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
it
y
,
a
cr
u
cial
in
itial
s
tep
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
r
ad
ap
tin
g
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l.
T
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
-
C
h
in
ese
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
QC
SE
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
2
item
s
d
iv
id
ed
e
q
u
all
y
am
o
n
g
f
o
u
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
(
8
item
s
p
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct)
.
Fiv
e
ex
p
er
ts
in
lin
g
u
is
tics
,
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
ev
alu
ate
d
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
item
-
lev
el
(
I
-
C
VI
)
an
d
s
ca
le
-
lev
el
(
S
-
C
VI
)
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ices
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
en
ess
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
item
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
y
n
n
[
2
4
]
,
an
I
-
C
VI
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
in
d
icate
s
s
tr
o
n
g
v
alid
ity
wh
en
ass
ess
ed
b
y
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
all
3
2
item
s
in
th
e
QC
SE
ac
h
iev
ed
an
I
-
C
VI
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
,
th
er
e
b
y
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
eir
in
d
iv
id
u
al
v
alid
ity
.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
th
e
S
-
C
VI
,
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
S
-
C
VI
/Av
e
m
eth
o
d
,
also
r
esu
lted
in
a
p
er
f
ec
t
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
tr
o
n
g
e
x
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lect
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
i
n
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
is
h
ig
h
co
n
te
n
t
v
al
id
ity
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
u
n
iq
u
ely
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
t
h
e
s
ca
le’
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
s
c
ale
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
a
we
ll
-
estab
lis
h
ed
to
o
l
(
th
e
QE
SE)
th
at
h
as
alr
ea
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
eliab
il
ity
an
d
v
alid
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
lan
g
u
ag
es
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
l
ik
ely
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
r
eliab
le
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tatio
n
[
3
5
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
c
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
e
d
u
c
es
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
lo
s
in
g
ess
en
tial
m
ea
n
in
g
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
co
n
ten
t
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ca
r
ef
u
l
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
wo
r
d
in
g
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
p
o
ten
tial
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
s
o
r
b
ias
d
u
e
t
o
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
lik
ely
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
v
alid
ity
[
3
6
]
.
L
astl
y
,
t
h
e
clea
r
,
c
o
n
cise,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
wo
r
d
in
g
o
f
ea
ch
item
m
ay
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
er
f
ac
il
itated
h
ig
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
as e
x
p
er
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
i
tem
s
ea
s
y
to
ev
alu
ate
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
clar
ity
[
2
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
5
1
0
-
2
5
2
0
2514
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
th
is
h
ig
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
er
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
clar
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
ex
p
er
t
ev
alu
ati
o
n
s
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
an
d
th
is
h
o
m
o
g
en
eit
y
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
m
a
y
also
lim
it
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
,
th
o
u
g
h
ad
e
q
u
ate
b
y
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
a
b
r
o
ad
er
e
x
p
er
t
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
ay
b
e
lim
ited
[
3
7
]
.
E
x
p
an
d
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
an
els
to
in
clu
d
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
a
ck
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
co
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
ten
tial
b
ias
lin
k
ed
to
lo
ca
lized
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
f
C
SL
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies.
3
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
v
a
lid
it
y
Fact
o
r
a
n
al
y
s
is
ai
m
s
t
o
i
n
te
r
p
r
et
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
ze
t
h
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
v
a
r
ia
b
l
es
b
y
id
e
n
t
if
y
i
n
g
a
r
e
d
u
c
ed
s
et
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
I
t
c
lu
s
te
r
s
it
e
m
s
th
at
m
e
asu
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
t
o
d
is
t
in
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
w
it
h
ea
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
n
a
m
e
d
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
it
em
s
it
c
o
n
ta
in
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
c
ess
h
el
p
s
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
,
al
lo
wi
n
g
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
t
o
ex
p
lai
n
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
wit
h
f
ew
er
f
ac
to
r
s
[
31
]
.
C
FA
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
u
s
e
d
to
e
v
a
lu
at
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
v
al
id
it
y
in
s
c
ale
-
a
d
ap
tat
io
n
r
es
ea
r
c
h
.
Me
asu
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
s
p
r
ese
n
t
t
h
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
wee
n
a
la
te
n
t
v
a
r
i
ab
le
an
d
its
ass
o
cia
te
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
i
ab
les
,
s
p
e
cif
y
i
n
g
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
ia
b
l
es
w
o
r
k
t
o
g
et
h
e
r
to
p
o
r
t
r
a
y
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
e
y
r
ep
r
es
e
n
t.
Me
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
c
ate
g
o
r
ize
d
i
n
t
o
tw
o
ty
p
es:
r
ef
l
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e.
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
b
o
t
h
f
ir
s
t
-
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
co
n
s
t
r
u
cts
we
r
e
r
e
f
le
cti
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
s
.
I
n
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
i
n
a
r
e
f
l
ec
t
iv
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
late
n
t
v
ar
i
a
b
les
(
f
a
ct
o
r
s
)
;
t
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
ese
i
n
d
ic
at
o
r
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
c
o
r
r
el
ate
d
a
n
d
i
n
t
er
n
a
lly
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
[
2
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
r
elia
b
i
lit
y
was
ev
al
u
at
ed
u
s
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
r
h
o
_
a
,
a
n
d
C
R
.
I
n
d
ic
ato
r
r
el
ia
b
ili
t
y
was
ex
am
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
iz
ed
f
a
ct
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
v
ali
d
it
y
was
ev
al
u
a
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
AVE
,
w
h
e
r
e
as
t
h
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
a
r
c
k
e
r
a
n
d
H
T
MT
c
r
ite
r
ia
w
er
e
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
ev
al
u
a
te
th
e
d
is
cr
im
i
n
an
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
cts
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
I
nte
rna
l
c
o
ns
is
t
ency
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
is
ess
en
ti
al
f
o
r
an
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
o
l
d
esig
n
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
d
is
tin
ct
b
u
t
r
elate
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Nu
n
n
ally
a
n
d
B
er
n
s
tein
[
2
6
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
al
u
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
o
v
er
all
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
was
0
.
9
4
2
,
with
s
u
b
s
ca
le
alp
h
as
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
at
0
.
9
2
7
,
0
.
9
2
0
,
0
.
9
1
7
,
an
d
0
.
9
1
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
all
well
ab
o
v
e
th
e
0
.
7
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
i
g
h
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
r
h
o
_
a
v
alu
e
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
all
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
was
0
.
9
4
3
,
with
s
u
b
s
ca
le
alp
h
as
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
wr
iti
n
g
at
0
.
9
2
9
,
0
.
9
2
2
,
0
.
9
1
9
,
an
d
0
.
9
1
6
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
ag
ain
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
0
.
7
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Hair
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
a
C
R
v
alu
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
in
d
icate
s
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
C
R
v
alu
e
f
o
r
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
was
0
.
9
4
7
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
C
R
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
wer
e
0
.
9
4
0
,
0
.
9
3
5
,
0
.
9
3
2
,
an
d
0
.
9
3
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
—
all
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
h
i
g
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
r
h
o
_
a,
a
n
d
C
R
v
alu
es
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
am
o
n
g
th
e
item
s
with
in
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
th
e
QC
SE
s
ca
le
an
d
it
s
s
u
b
s
ca
les,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
ass
es
s
in
g
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
C
h
in
ese
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
,
wh
ich
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
im
ilar
ly
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
th
e
QE
SE
ac
r
o
s
s
C
h
in
ese,
Ko
r
ea
n
,
an
d
Vietn
a
m
ese
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
cu
ltu
r
al
a
d
ap
tatio
n
s
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
o
u
r
ad
ap
ted
s
ca
le
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
r
etain
s
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
W
h
ile
th
e
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
v
alu
es
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
QC
SE’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
it
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
ex
tr
em
el
y
h
ig
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
m
ay
also
im
p
ly
p
o
ten
tial
item
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
with
in
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
ca
le,
wh
ich
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
n
u
a
n
ce
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
in
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
3
8
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
f
item
c
o
n
ten
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
cy
,
th
er
e
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
p
r
ec
is
io
n
in
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
s
u
b
tle
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
I
nd
ica
t
o
r
r
elia
bil
it
y
I
n
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
a
cr
iti
ca
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
ev
alu
atin
g
a
s
ca
le’
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
wer
e
n
o
t
ca
lcu
lated
d
u
e
to
o
v
er
lap
with
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
d
icato
r
s
.
I
n
s
tead
,
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
)
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
d
ic
ato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
ter
lo
a
d
in
g
s
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
,
wh
er
e
all
item
lo
a
d
in
g
s
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
5
2
to
0
.
8
5
4
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
th
e
0
.
7
cu
t
-
o
f
f
a
n
d
r
ea
ch
in
g
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ea
c
h
in
d
icato
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ef
lects
its
in
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
.
T
h
ese
h
ig
h
o
u
ter
lo
ad
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
with
in
ea
ch
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
ath
d
iag
r
am
an
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
v
alid
ated
m
o
d
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
o
f Ch
in
ese
s
elf
-
effica
cy
fo
r
C
h
in
ese
a
s
… (
Yu
la
n
P
en
g
)
2515
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
as
th
ey
in
d
icate
th
at
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
to
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
it
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
o
u
ter
lo
a
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
item
s
ar
e
well
-
alig
n
ed
with
t
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
i
n
C
h
in
ese
lan
g
u
ag
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
with
ea
c
h
item
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
to
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
is
alig
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
with
in
lis
ten
i
n
g
,
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
u
b
s
ca
les
ar
e
lo
g
ically
g
r
o
u
p
ed
an
d
e
x
h
ib
it
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
2
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
h
ig
h
lo
a
d
in
g
s
c
o
n
f
ir
m
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
d
icato
r
r
elia
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
QC
SE,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
o
ten
tial
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
m
ay
b
e
s
am
p
le
-
s
p
ec
if
ic,
as
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
C
h
in
a,
wh
ich
co
u
l
d
in
f
l
u
en
ce
item
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
d
u
e
to
cu
ltu
r
al
o
r
lin
g
u
is
tic
n
u
an
ce
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
am
i
n
e
in
d
ic
ato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
ied
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
item
s
r
etain
th
eir
in
ten
d
ed
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
r
ele
v
an
ce
f
o
r
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
g
lo
b
a
lly
,
th
u
s
en
h
an
cin
g
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Par
am
eter
esti
m
ates f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t m
o
d
el
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
t
e
ms
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s α
r
h
o
_
a
CR
AVE
SE
0
.
9
4
2
0
.
9
4
3
0
.
9
4
7
0
.
3
5
9
S
EL
S
E0
1
0
.
8
2
6
0
.
9
2
7
0
.
9
2
9
0
.
9
4
0
0
.
6
6
3
S
E0
3
0
.
8
0
9
S
E0
9
0
.
8
5
4
S
E1
0
0
.
8
0
5
S
E1
5
0
.
8
2
1
S
E2
2
0
.
7
7
4
S
E2
4
0
.
7
8
9
S
E2
7
0
.
8
3
2
S
ES
S
E0
4
0
.
8
0
7
0
.
9
2
0
0
.
9
2
2
0
.
9
3
5
0
.
6
4
2
S
E0
6
0
.
7
8
4
S
E0
8
0
.
7
7
3
S
E1
7
0
.
8
2
6
S
E1
9
0
.
7
9
5
S
E2
0
0
.
7
6
9
S
E2
3
0
.
8
4
1
S
E3
0
0
.
8
1
3
S
ER
S
E0
2
0
.
8
0
3
0
.
9
1
7
0
.
9
1
9
0
.
9
3
2
0
.
6
3
3
S
E1
2
0
.
7
5
7
S
E1
6
0
.
8
1
9
S
E2
1
0
.
7
9
4
S
E2
5
0
.
8
0
8
S
E2
6
0
.
8
1
9
S
E2
9
0
.
7
8
8
S
E3
2
0
.
7
7
4
S
EW
S
E0
5
0
.
8
2
0
0
.
9
1
5
0
.
9
1
6
0
.
9
3
0
0
.
6
2
6
S
E0
7
0
.
8
1
3
S
E1
1
0
.
7
5
2
S
E1
3
0
.
8
0
0
S
E1
4
0
.
7
9
6
S
E1
8
0
.
7
9
2
S
E2
8
0
.
7
6
6
S
E3
1
0
.
7
8
9
N
o
t
e
:
S
E=
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
;
S
E
L=
se
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
;
S
ES=
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
;
S
ER
=
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
;
S
EW
=
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
3
.
2
.
3
.
Co
nv
er
g
ent
v
a
lid
it
y
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
is
a
c
r
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
r
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
wh
eth
er
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
icato
r
s
with
in
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
item
s
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
s
h
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
v
ar
ian
ce
s
th
eo
r
etica
lly
r
ela
ted
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
[
31
]
.
T
h
e
AV
E
was c
o
m
p
u
ted
to
ass
ess
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
.
Fo
r
n
ell
an
d
L
ar
ck
er
[
29
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
an
AVE
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
p
lain
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct’
s
in
d
icato
r
s
ex
ce
ed
s
th
at
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
er
r
o
r
.
Sin
ce
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
ar
es
in
d
icato
r
s
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
m
o
s
t
v
ar
ian
ce
i
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
lev
el,
th
e
AVE
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
AVE
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
e
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ex
ce
ed
ed
0
.
5
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
2
6
t
o
0
.
6
6
3
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
i
r
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
a
t
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
e
f
f
e
ct
i
v
e
l
y
c
a
p
t
u
r
es
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
ce
a
m
o
n
g
i
ts
i
n
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
,
wi
t
h
h
i
g
h
A
V
E
v
al
u
e
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
th
e
s
c
al
e
’
s
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
it
y
i
n
m
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
t
i
n
ct
as
p
e
c
ts
o
f
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
i
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
S
p
e
ci
f
i
c
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
w
e
l
l
-
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
s
e
p
a
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
t
r
o
n
g
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s
f
o
r
l
i
s
t
e
n
i
n
g
,
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
,
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
ac
y
a
l
i
g
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
i
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
5
1
0
-
2
5
2
0
2516
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
a
n
b
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
at
e
d
in
t
o
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
s
k
i
l
l
a
r
e
as
,
e
ac
h
wi
t
h
i
ts
o
w
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
f
ac
t
o
r
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
Q
C
S
E
is
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
s
s
ess
i
n
g
C
h
i
n
es
e
l
e
a
r
n
er
s
’
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
c
r
o
s
s
m
u
lt
i
p
le
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
QC
SE’
s
h
ig
h
AVE
v
alu
es
af
f
ir
m
th
at
item
s
with
in
e
ac
h
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ca
p
tu
r
e
r
elate
d
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
as
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
le
ar
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
m
ig
h
t
p
r
io
r
itize
o
r
in
t
er
p
r
et
ce
r
tain
item
s
d
if
f
er
en
tly
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
e
x
am
in
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
al
id
ity
in
b
r
o
a
d
er
c
u
ltu
r
al
s
am
p
les
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
ca
le’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
co
n
s
is
ten
tl
y
r
eso
n
ate
with
d
i
v
er
s
e
lear
n
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
r
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Path
d
iag
r
am
a
n
d
f
a
cto
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
C
h
in
ese
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
o
f Ch
in
ese
s
elf
-
effica
cy
fo
r
C
h
in
ese
a
s
… (
Yu
la
n
P
en
g
)
2517
3
.
2
.
4
.
Dis
cr
im
ina
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
ess
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
am
o
n
g
all
laten
t
v
ar
ia
b
les,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
u
ld
s
h
o
w
lo
w
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
[
31
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
itially
em
p
lo
y
e
d
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
c
r
iter
io
n
t
o
ev
alu
ate
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
ts
o
f
th
e
AVE
v
al
u
es
in
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
am
o
n
g
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les.
As
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
e
d
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
)
,
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
a
r
ck
er
cr
iter
io
n
d
id
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
itate
ass
ess
in
g
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
d
ea
ch
ass
o
ciate
d
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
[
29
]
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
ts
o
f
th
e
AVE
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
eir
in
ter
-
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
r
r
el
atio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
also
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
e
HT
MT
r
atio
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
tr
aits
)
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[3
4
]
.
As
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
HT
MT
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
all
less
th
an
0
.
8
5
,
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ad
eq
u
ate
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
ite
r
io
n
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
0
.
8
1
4
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
0
.
4
3
8
0
.
8
0
1
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
0
.
4
2
6
0
.
4
0
0
0
.
7
9
6
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
0
.
4
0
5
0
.
3
9
6
0
.
4
1
7
0
.
7
9
1
T
ab
le
4
.
HT
MT
cr
iter
i
o
n
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
l
i
st
e
n
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
0
.
4
6
8
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
0
.
4
5
9
0
.
4
3
0
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
f
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
0
.
4
3
6
0
.
4
2
7
0
.
4
5
0
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
e
ac
h
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
ar
e
s
m
o
r
e
v
ar
ian
ce
with
its
o
wn
in
d
icato
r
s
th
an
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
th
er
eb
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
lo
w
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
b
o
th
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
an
d
HT
MT
cr
iter
ia
,
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
f
o
r
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
ar
e
d
is
tin
ct
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
QC
SE
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
it
ca
n
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
s
p
e
cif
ic
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
C
h
in
ese
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
with
o
u
t
o
v
er
lap
,
t
h
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
c
lear
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
’
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
ea
ch
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ill ar
ea
.
T
h
e
QC
SE’
s
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
n
iq
u
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
in
C
SL.
Ho
wev
er
,
ce
r
tain
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
m
ay
n
atu
r
ally
o
v
er
lap
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
ltu
r
al
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
,
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
d
is
tin
ctiv
en
ess
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
ied
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
h
elp
r
ef
in
e
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
s
k
ill
-
b
a
s
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
ar
e
em
p
h
asized
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
ellin
g
e
v
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
QC
SE
is
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
am
o
n
g
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
in
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
id
en
tify
in
g
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
co
m
m
o
n
f
ac
to
r
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
c
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
:
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
f
o
r
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
is
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
alig
n
s
with
Z
im
m
er
m
an
an
d
C
lear
y
[
41
]
ass
er
tio
n
th
at
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ef
lect
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
tas
k
s
with
in
a
d
o
m
ain
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
u
ll
s
co
p
e
o
f
lear
n
er
s
’
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
is
in
d
ee
d
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
I
n
te
r
esti
n
g
ly
,
wh
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
v
alid
ated
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
o
n
th
e
QE
SE
s
ca
le
h
as
s
o
m
et
im
es
id
en
tifie
d
a
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
e
n
ass
ess
in
g
E
SL
lear
n
er
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
d
u
e
to
s
am
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
g
en
d
e
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
a
s
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
am
p
le
d
i
v
er
s
ity
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
b
elief
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
ie
d
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
QC
SE’
s
g
en
er
aliz
ab
ilit
y
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
its
u
tili
ty
as
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
C
SL
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
5
1
0
-
2
5
2
0
2518
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
es
th
e
QC
SE
as
a
r
el
iab
le,
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
C
SL
lear
n
er
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
i
n
r
esear
ch
o
n
lear
n
i
n
g
C
SL
.
B
y
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
th
e
k
ey
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
lis
ten
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
,
th
e
QC
SE’
s
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
f
e
r
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
clea
r
er
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le’
s
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial:
it
allo
w
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
tar
g
et
ed
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
s
to
m
ized
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
er
s
’
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
e
ac
h
s
k
ill
ar
ea
.
I
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
with
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
cr
ea
ti
n
g
C
SL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
with
a
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
Asi
an
an
d
Af
r
ican
s
am
p
le
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
ex
ten
d
th
e
QC
SE’
s
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
b
y
test
in
g
it
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
u
ltima
tely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
ies in
C
SL
ed
u
ca
tio
n
g
lo
b
ally
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
c
er
e
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
all
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Yu
lan
Pen
g
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Z
u
h
air
Z
ain
al
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
[
MZ
Z
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
L.
M
u
r
t
a
d
h
o
h
a
n
d
W
.
A
r
i
n
i
,
“
T
h
e
Ex
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
C
h
i
n
e
se
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
T
h
e
G
l
o
b
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Er
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
o
b
i
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
9
6
1
/
ma
o
b
i
.
v
1
i
1
.
7
9
7
3
1
.
[
2
]
Y
.
G
a
o
,
“
H
o
w
t
h
e
B
e
l
t
a
n
d
R
o
a
d
I
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
e
I
n
f
o
r
ms
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
P
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
a
n
d
a
mo
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
a
l
o
n
g
t
h
e
R
o
a
d
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
.
5
5
0
6
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
2
1
4
5
5
0
6
.
[
3
]
A
.
B
a
n
d
u
r
a
,
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
:
t
h
e
e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
,
U
S
A
:
F
r
e
e
m
a
n
,
1
9
9
7
.
[
4
]
S
.
H
.
K
i
m
a
n
d
H
.
W
.
S
h
i
n
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Le
a
r
n
e
r
s’
S
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
En
g
l
i
s
h
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
:
t
h
e
M
e
d
i
a
t
i
n
g
R
o
l
e
o
f
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
En
g
l
i
s
h
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
& L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
5
–
3
3
8
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
2
3
2
1
-
0
2
1
-
0
0
0
8
3
-
5.
[
5
]
J.
G
o
e
t
z
e
a
n
d
M
.
D
r
i
v
e
r
,
“
I
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
r
e
a
l
l
y
j
u
s
t
b
e
l
i
e
v
i
n
g
?
A
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
S
LA
,
”
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
S
e
c
o
n
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
–
2
5
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
7
4
6
/
ssl
l
t
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
2
.
2
.
4
.
[
6
]
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
S
e
l
f
-
Re
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
t
ra
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
S
e
l
f
-
E
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
B
e
l
i
e
f
s
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
i
sh
as
a
S
e
c
o
n
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
C
o
l
u
m
b
u
s,
U
S
A
:
T
h
e
O
h
i
o
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
7
]
D.
-
H
.
K
i
m,
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
T.
N
.
N
.
Tr
u
o
n
g
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
a
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
s
c
a
l
e
f
o
r
E
n
g
l
i
sh
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
i
n
V
i
e
t
n
a
m
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
Re
se
a
rch
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
2
–
1
4
2
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
6
2
1
6
8
8
2
1
1
0
2
7
8
5
2
.
[
8
]
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
D
.
-
H
.
K
i
m,
R
.
B
a
i
,
a
n
d
J
.
H
u
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s o
f
a
se
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
sc
a
l
e
f
o
r
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
S
y
s
t
e
m
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
–
3
3
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sy
s
t
e
m
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
1
.
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
o
f Ch
in
ese
s
elf
-
effica
cy
fo
r
C
h
in
ese
a
s
… (
Yu
la
n
P
en
g
)
2519
[
9
]
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
D
.
-
H
.
K
i
m,
M
.
B
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
H
.
S
.
A
h
n
,
“
E
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s o
f
a
n
E
n
g
l
i
sh
S
e
l
f
-
Ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
sca
l
e
f
o
r
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
i
n
K
o
r
e
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
p
p
.
2
4
–
3
4
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
r
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
2
.
0
0
4
.
[
1
0
]
P
.
M
.
B
e
n
t
l
e
r
a
n
d
C
.
-
C
.
C
h
o
u
,
“
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
I
ssu
e
s
i
n
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
”
S
o
c
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Me
t
h
o
d
s
&
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
8
–
1
1
7
,
1
9
8
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
4
9
1
2
4
1
8
7
0
1
6
0
0
1
0
0
4
[
1
1
]
R
.
C
.
M
a
c
C
a
l
l
u
m
,
K
.
F
.
W
i
d
a
m
a
n
,
S
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
o
n
g
,
“
S
a
mp
l
e
si
z
e
i
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s.
,
”
P
syc
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
4
–
9
9
,
M
a
r
.
1
9
9
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
1
0
8
2
-
9
8
9
X
.
4
.
1
.
8
4
.
[
1
2
]
I
.
Et
i
k
a
n
,
“
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
C
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
c
e
S
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
P
u
r
p
o
si
v
e
S
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
,
”
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
6
4
8
/
j
.
a
j
t
a
s.
2
0
1
6
0
5
0
1
.
1
1
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
H
.
B
o
r
n
st
e
i
n
,
J.
Ja
g
e
r
,
a
n
d
D
.
L.
P
u
t
n
i
c
k
,
“
S
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
:
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s,
s
h
o
r
t
c
o
mi
n
g
s,
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s,
a
n
d
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
”
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
–
3
7
0
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
d
r
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
8
.
0
0
3
.
[
1
4
]
R
.
T
o
u
r
a
n
g
e
a
u
,
L.
J
.
R
i
p
s
,
a
n
d
K
.
R
a
si
n
s
k
i
,
T
h
e
P
syc
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
S
u
rv
e
y
Re
s
p
o
n
se
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
,
U
K
:
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
c
b
o
9
7
8
0
5
1
1
8
1
9
3
2
2
.
[
1
5
]
D
.
E.
B
e
a
t
o
n
,
C
.
B
o
m
b
a
r
d
i
e
r
,
F
.
G
u
i
l
l
e
mi
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
B
.
F
e
r
r
a
z
,
“
G
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
o
f
C
r
o
ss
-
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
e
l
f
-
R
e
p
o
r
t
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
s,
”
S
p
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
8
6
–
3
1
9
1
,
2
0
0
0
.
[
1
6
]
J.
Ep
s
t
e
i
n
,
R
.
M
.
S
a
n
t
o
,
a
n
d
F
.
G
u
i
l
l
e
mi
n
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
c
r
o
s
s
-
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
a
c
o
n
se
n
su
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
Ep
i
d
e
m
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
–
4
4
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
l
i
n
e
p
i
.
2
0
1
4
.
1
1
.
0
2
1
.
[
1
7
]
J.
R
.
Le
w
i
s
,
“
M
e
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
U
ser
E
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
W
i
t
h
3
,
5
,
7
,
o
r
1
1
P
o
i
n
t
s
,
”
H
u
m
a
n
F
a
c
t
o
rs:
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
H
u
m
a
n
F
a
c
t
o
rs
a
n
d
Erg
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
9
9
–
1
0
1
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
1
8
7
2
0
8
1
9
8
8
1
3
1
2
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
A
.
R
e
v
i
l
l
a
,
W
.
E.
S
a
r
i
s
,
a
n
d
J.
A
.
K
r
o
s
n
i
c
k
,
“
C
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
i
n
A
g
r
e
e
–
D
i
sa
g
r
e
e
S
c
a
l
e
s,”
S
o
c
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Me
t
h
o
d
s
& R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
–
9
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
4
9
1
2
4
1
1
3
5
0
9
6
0
5
.
[
1
9
]
J.
H
a
r
t
l
e
y
a
n
d
L.
R
.
B
e
t
t
s
,
“
F
o
u
r
l
a
y
o
u
t
s
a
n
d
a
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
:
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
r
b
a
l
l
a
b
e
l
s
a
n
d
n
u
meri
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
n
Li
k
e
r
t
‐
t
y
p
e
sca
l
e
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
Me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
2
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
4
5
5
7
0
8
0
2
6
4
8
0
7
7
.
[
2
0
]
R
.
W
.
B
r
i
s
l
i
n
,
“
B
a
c
k
-
Tr
a
n
sl
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
C
r
o
ss
-
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
ro
ss
-
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
–
2
1
6
,
S
e
p
.
1
9
7
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
3
5
9
1
0
4
5
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
.
[
2
1
]
R
.
A
d
c
o
c
k
a
n
d
D
.
C
o
l
l
i
e
r
,
“
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
:
A
S
h
a
r
e
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
f
o
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
Po
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
9
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
2
9
–
5
4
6
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
7
/
S
0
0
0
3
0
5
5
4
0
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
.
[
2
2
]
R.
F
.
D
e
V
e
l
l
i
s,
S
c
a
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
:
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
4
t
h
e
d
.
Th
o
u
s
a
n
d
O
a
k
s,
C
A
:
S
A
G
E
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
3
]
D
.
F
.
P
o
l
i
t
a
n
d
C
.
T.
B
e
c
k
,
“
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
:
A
r
e
y
o
u
s
u
r
e
y
o
u
k
n
o
w
w
h
a
t
’
s
b
e
i
n
g
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
?
c
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
m
me
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
N
u
rs
i
n
g
& H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
8
9
–
4
9
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
n
u
r
.
2
0
1
4
7
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
R
.
L
y
n
n
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
,
”
N
u
rs
i
n
g
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
8
2
–
3
8
6
,
N
o
v
.
1
9
8
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
7
/
0
0
0
0
6
1
9
9
-
1
9
8
6
1
1
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
1
7
.
[
2
5
]
L.
L.
D
a
v
i
s,
“
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
r
e
v
i
e
w
:
G
e
t
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
mo
s
t
f
r
o
m
a
p
a
n
e
l
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
s,”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
N
u
rs
i
n
g
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
–
1
9
7
,
N
o
v
.
1
9
9
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
8
9
7
-
1
8
9
7
(
0
5
)
8
0
0
0
8
-
4.
[
2
6
]
J.
C
.
N
u
n
n
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
I
.
H
.
B
e
r
n
st
e
i
n
,
Ps
y
c
h
o
m
e
t
ri
c
T
h
e
o
ry
,
3
r
d
e
d
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
M
c
G
r
a
w
-
H
i
l
l
,
1
9
9
4
.
[
2
7
]
J.
F
.
H
a
i
r
Jr
.
,
G
.
T.
M
.
H
u
l
t
,
C
.
R
i
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
r
st
e
d
t
,
A
p
r
i
m
e
r
o
n
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
s
t
sq
u
a
res
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
(
PLS
-
S
E
M)
.
Th
o
u
sa
n
d
O
a
k
s,
C
A
:
S
A
G
E
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
2
8
]
J.
H
u
l
l
a
n
d
,
“
U
se
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
st
sq
u
a
r
e
s
(
P
LS)
i
n
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
r
e
sea
r
c
h
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
f
o
u
r
r
e
c
e
n
t
st
u
d
i
e
s
,
”
S
t
ra
t
e
g
i
c
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
1
9
5
,
1
9
9
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
(
S
I
C
I
)
1
0
9
7
-
0
2
6
6
(
1
9
9
9
0
2
)
2
0
:
2
<
1
9
5
:
:
A
I
D
-
S
M
J1
3
>
3
.
0
.
C
O
;
2
-
7.
[
2
9
]
C
.
F
o
r
n
e
l
l
a
n
d
D
.
F
.
L
a
r
c
k
e
r
,
“
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
s
w
i
t
h
U
n
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
b
l
e
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
r
e
me
n
t
Er
r
o
r
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
rke
t
i
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
–
5
0
,
F
e
b
.
1
9
8
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
2
2
2
4
3
7
8
1
0
1
8
0
0
1
0
4
.
[
3
0
]
R
.
B
.
K
l
i
n
e
,
Pr
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
o
f
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
5
t
h
e
d
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
Th
e
G
u
i
l
f
o
r
d
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
31
]
J.
F
.
H
a
i
r
Jr
,
W
.
C
.
B
l
a
c
k
,
B
.
J
.
B
a
b
i
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
E.
A
n
d
e
r
so
n
,
Mu
l
t
i
v
a
ri
a
t
e
D
a
t
a
An
a
l
y
si
s
,
7
t
h
e
d
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U
K
:
P
e
a
r
s
o
n
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
9
7
8
1
1
1
9
4
0
9
1
3
7
.
c
h
4
.
[3
2
]
G
.
A
.
C
h
u
r
c
h
i
l
l
,
“
A
P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
f
o
r
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
B
e
t
t
e
r
M
e
a
su
r
e
s o
f
M
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
rk
e
t
i
n
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
4
–
7
3
,
F
e
b
.
1
9
7
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
2
2
2
4
3
7
7
9
0
1
6
0
0
1
1
0
.
[3
3
]
J.
C
.
A
n
d
e
r
so
n
a
n
d
D
.
W
.
G
e
r
b
i
n
g
,
“
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
i
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
t
w
o
-
st
e
p
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
1
–
4
2
3
,
M
a
y
1
9
8
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
0
0
3
3
-
2
9
0
9
.
1
0
3
.
3
.
4
1
1
.
[3
4
]
J.
H
e
n
se
l
e
r
,
C
.
M
.
R
i
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
r
st
e
d
t
,
“
A
N
e
w
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
f
o
r
A
ssess
i
n
g
D
i
scr
i
mi
n
a
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
Eq
u
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
M
a
rk
e
t
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
-
1
3
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
7
4
7
-
0
1
4
-
0
4
0
3
-
8.
[
3
5
]
G
.
Ef
st
a
t
h
i
o
u
,
“
Tr
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
A
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
V
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
c
e
ss
o
f
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
s,
”
i
n
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
i
ze
d
C
a
re:
T
h
e
o
ry,
Me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
Re
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
R
.
S
u
h
o
n
e
n
,
M
.
S
t
o
l
t
,
a
n
d
E.
P
a
p
a
s
t
a
v
r
o
u
,
E
d
s.
,
C
h
a
m
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
78
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
319
-
8
9
8
9
9
-
5
_
7
.
[
3
6
]
R
.
K
.
H
a
m
b
l
e
t
o
n
a
n
d
L.
P
a
t
s
u
l
a
,
“
A
d
a
p
t
i
n
g
t
e
st
s
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
s,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
–
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
–
1
7
1
,
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
3
/
a
:
1
0
0
6
9
4
1
7
2
9
6
3
7
.
[
3
7
]
C
.
P
.
F
r
i
e
d
m
a
n
,
J.
C
.
W
y
a
t
t
,
a
n
d
J.
S
.
A
sh
,
“
M
e
a
su
r
e
me
n
t
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
:
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
,
”
i
n
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
Me
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
Bi
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
C
.
P
.
F
r
i
e
d
m
a
n
,
J.
C
.
W
y
a
t
t
,
J
.
S
.
A
sh
,
E
d
s.,
C
h
a
m
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
–
154
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
030
-
8
6
4
5
3
-
8
_
7
.
[
3
8
]
K
.
S
.
Ta
b
e
r
,
“
T
h
e
U
s
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
A
l
p
h
a
W
h
e
n
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
s
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
3
–
1
2
9
6
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
1
6
5
-
0
1
6
-
9
6
0
2
-
2.
[
3
9
]
C
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
B
.
B
a
i
,
“
V
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
I
n
st
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
M
e
a
su
r
e
ESL
/
EF
L
Le
a
r
n
e
r
s’
S
e
l
f
‐
Ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
B
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
n
d
S
e
l
f
‐
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s,
”
T
E
S
O
L
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
3
1
–
9
4
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
t
e
s
q
.
3
5
5
.
[
4
0
]
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
G
.
S
c
h
w
a
b
,
P
.
F
e
n
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
S
e
l
f
-
Ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
S
e
l
f
-
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
Le
a
r
n
e
r
s:
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
so
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
C
h
i
n
e
se
a
n
d
G
e
r
ma
n
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
–
1
9
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
3
9
/
j
e
d
p
.
v
3
n
1
p
1
7
3
.
[4
1
]
B
.
J.
Zi
m
merm
a
n
a
n
d
T
.
J.
C
l
e
a
r
y
,
“
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s’
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
A
g
e
n
c
y
:
Th
e
R
o
l
e
o
f
S
e
l
f
-
Ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
B
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
n
d
S
e
l
f
-
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
S
k
i
l
l
,
”
i
n
S
e
l
f
-
Ef
f
i
c
a
c
y
Be
l
i
e
f
s
o
f
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
,
F
.
P
a
j
a
r
e
s
a
n
d
T.
U
r
d
a
n
,
E
d
s.,
G
r
e
e
n
w
i
c
h
,
C
T:
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
A
g
e
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
1
9
9
8
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
6
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.