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Un
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[
5
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o
b
s
tacle
s
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Ma
n
y
co
lleg
e
s
ar
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
tr
en
d
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
r
esear
ch
-
ce
n
tr
ic
to
v
alu
e
-
cr
ea
tin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
m
an
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
U
n
ited
S
tates
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
attem
p
tin
g
to
em
b
r
ac
e
an
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
m
en
tality
,
an
d
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
p
lay
in
s
o
ciety
.
Aca
d
em
ic
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
c
o
lleg
es
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
R
&
D
o
n
ca
m
p
u
s
an
d
in
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
h
as
s
ee
n
a
d
r
am
atic
s
h
if
t in
r
e
ce
n
t
y
ea
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
It
is
co
m
m
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
n
o
v
el
i
d
ea
s
,
an
d
s
cien
tific
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ites
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
,
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
y
s
tem
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
o
n
e
o
f
a
m
an
ag
er
'
s
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
in
to
d
ay
'
s
g
lo
b
alize
d
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
m
ar
k
et
p
lace
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
n
ew,
c
r
ea
tiv
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
f
o
s
ter
th
e
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
h
is
o
wn
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
alik
e
co
n
cu
r
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
o
th
er
p
u
b
lic
r
esear
ch
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
C
r
ea
tin
g
a
co
m
p
an
y
f
r
o
m
a
r
esear
ch
in
s
titu
tio
n
is
a
v
alu
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
tu
r
n
in
g
p
u
b
lic
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
in
to
co
m
m
er
cial
v
en
tu
r
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
lo
ca
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
an
d
s
o
cieta
l w
ell
-
b
ein
g
,
as d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
ASO
s
ar
e
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es th
at
em
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tar
tu
p
ac
ce
ler
ato
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
On
e
m
ay
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
h
o
w
s
ee
m
in
g
ly
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
it
m
ig
h
t
b
e
to
f
o
s
ter
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
in
a
v
ar
ied
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
h
o
w
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
it
ca
n
b
e
to
teac
h
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
to
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
in
k
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
atio
n
s
with
m
u
lti
p
le
p
r
ess
in
g
is
s
u
es
m
ak
es
th
e
wo
r
k
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
ca
lls
f
o
r
an
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
eith
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
o
r
wea
k
e
n
a
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
's
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
its
s
o
cio
e
co
n
o
m
ic
g
o
als,
wh
ich
h
av
e
ch
an
g
ed
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
ASO
m
o
d
els
is
cr
itical
to
en
h
an
ce
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
co
m
m
e
r
cial
im
p
ac
t,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
way
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
lim
itatio
n
s
wh
ile
ca
p
italizin
g
o
n
m
u
tu
al
s
tr
en
g
th
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Aca
dem
ic
s
pin
-
o
f
f
s
USOs
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
ASOs
,
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
s
tar
tu
p
v
e
n
tu
r
es
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
d
ily
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
ty
p
es
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
es
s
u
ch
as
co
lleg
e
s
t
ar
tu
p
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
s
tar
tu
p
s
in
g
en
er
al.
Var
io
u
s
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
s
o
f
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
o
v
er
tim
e
i
n
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
s
wer
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
R
o
b
er
ts
an
d
Ma
lo
n
e
t
[
1
9
]
as
a
s
tr
ateg
y
u
s
ed
b
y
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
to
tr
an
s
f
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
R
&
D
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
a
co
m
m
er
cial
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
v
ein
,
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
s
wer
e
ch
ar
a
cter
ized
b
y
R
o
g
er
s
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
as
th
o
s
e
b
u
s
in
ess
e
s
th
at
s
p
r
an
g
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
ar
e
n
t
R
&
D
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
in
c
lu
d
ed
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t R&D
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
r
esear
ch
ce
n
ter
s
,
an
d
co
m
m
er
cial
R
&
D
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
s
.
A
co
m
p
an
y
c
r
ea
ted
b
y
f
o
r
m
er
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
en
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
is
k
n
o
wn
as
a
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
m
ay
b
e
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
in
v
e
n
to
r
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
r
ea
k
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
wh
ile
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
o
r
ig
i
n
a
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
also
a
ch
an
c
e
th
a
t
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
n
o
v
ato
r
r
etai
n
s
th
eir
s
to
ck
in
th
e
n
ew
co
m
p
an
y
b
u
t
th
at
o
n
ly
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ep
ar
ates
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
ce
p
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
'
s
h
u
m
an
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fes
t
el
[
2
2
]
,
an
ASO
is
a
h
ig
h
-
tech
co
m
p
an
y
wh
o
s
e
m
ain
ac
tiv
ity
is
th
e
co
m
m
er
cial
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
o
n
ti
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
,
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
en
t
er
p
r
is
es
ar
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
wh
er
e
an
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
u
n
it
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ics
u
s
es
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
tak
en
with
in
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
W
h
atev
er
ter
m
is
u
s
ed
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
v
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
r
o
m
an
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
to
a
n
ew
co
m
p
an
y
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
m
ay
o
r
m
ay
n
o
t b
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
,
is
k
n
o
wn
as a
n
ASO
.
2
.
2
.
G
ra
du
a
t
e
s
t
a
rt
-
ups
Un
iv
er
s
ities
ar
e
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
th
at
c
u
r
r
en
tly
ex
is
t
an
d
h
av
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
i
n
ten
s
iv
e
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
e
n
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
f
er
th
ei
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
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f g
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a
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a
te
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ta
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-
u
p
a
n
d
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ca
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s
p
in
-
o
ff mo
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c
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i
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w
o
r
k
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f
o
r
t
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l
v
es
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i
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e
p
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n
d
e
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o
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r
a
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t
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s
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e
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o
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s
[
2
5
]
.
T
o
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
'
s
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
/
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
,
E
P
U
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
,
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
i
t
i
a
ti
v
e
s
a
n
d
a
l
l
o
t
f
u
n
d
s
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
S
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
i
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
h
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
o
f
n
e
w
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
es
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
a
r
k
s
,
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
o
r
f
a
c
il
i
ti
e
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
u
b
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
J
u
s
t
a
f
ew
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
b
y
Ateljev
ić
[3
2
]
a
n
d
Gu
e
r
r
e
r
o
[3
3
]
h
av
e
lo
o
k
ed
at
g
r
a
d
u
at
e
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
in
E
PU
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
es
h
a
v
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tar
tu
p
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
c
o
u
n
tr
y
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
[3
4
]
–
[3
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
ce
r
t
ain
s
im
ilar
ities
an
d
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
m
o
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
h
ar
e
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
y
o
u
n
g
a
ch
iev
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et,
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
'
s
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
s
o
cial
co
h
esio
n
[3
8
]
.
Desp
ite
s
h
ar
ed
o
b
jectiv
es,
p
ast
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
[
38
]
–
[
44
]
h
av
e
r
ev
ea
le
d
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
in
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es e
n
c
o
u
n
ter
e
d
b
y
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ty
p
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
tr
en
d
s
p
o
s
e
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
to
g
en
er
ate
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
an
d
s
atis
f
y
in
g
jo
b
s
,
c
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
w
ith
th
e
h
eig
h
te
n
ed
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
s
m
aller
y
o
u
t
h
co
h
o
r
ts
in
m
o
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ies.
L
ab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
is
s
u
es
d
iv
er
g
e
as
well
;
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
h
av
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
with
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
y
o
u
t
h
en
t
r
y
-
lev
el
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
wh
er
ea
s
in
f
o
r
m
al
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
r
o
llm
e
n
t
r
ates,
with
t
r
an
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
o
f
ten
e
x
p
er
ien
cin
g
lo
wer
r
ates
th
an
th
eir
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
c
o
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
y
o
u
th
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ies.
I
n
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
lies
in
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
wea
k
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
tan
t
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
am
id
u
n
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ile
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
p
r
io
r
itize
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
cy
in
p
o
licy
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
p
u
b
lic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
q
u
ality
ag
ain
s
t
q
u
a
n
tity
in
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
r
ates.
Op
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
wh
ile
n
ec
ess
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
—
wh
ich
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ality
—
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
a
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
f
o
r
m
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
p
lay
a
r
o
le
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
y
o
u
th
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
.
I
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
s
o
cial
attitu
d
es
f
av
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
a
s
a
co
m
m
en
d
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ch
o
ice,
wh
ile
i
n
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ies,
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
tab
le
e
f
f
o
r
t
to
r
esh
a
p
e
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
s
o
cial
attitu
d
es to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
[4
5
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Sea
rc
h
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
lan
was
d
esig
n
ed
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
an
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
d
lib
r
ar
ian
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
th
ese
ter
m
s
wer
e
r
ef
in
ed
u
n
til
th
ey
wer
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
.
T
h
e
ter
m
s
“a
ca
d
em
ic
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
s
”
OR
“
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
”
OR
“
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
”
OR
“
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
s
k
ills
”
OR
“u
n
iv
er
s
ity
g
r
a
d
u
ate”
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
an
d
titl
es.
T
h
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
E
m
e
r
ald
d
atab
ases
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
h
e
s
am
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
was
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
Sco
p
u
s
.
R
ep
u
tab
le
an
d
well
-
k
n
o
wn
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ases
(
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
an
d
E
m
er
ald
)
wer
e
s
ea
r
ch
ed
f
o
r
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
o
r
ig
in
al
r
esear
ch
p
ap
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
to
2
0
2
3
.
3
.
2
.
Study
s
elec
t
io
n
Af
ter
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
citatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
d
atab
ases
,
d
u
p
licates
wer
e
r
em
o
v
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
ass
is
tan
t
-
d
ed
u
p
licatio
n
to
o
l
in
E
n
d
No
te.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
at,
im
p
o
r
ted
citatio
n
s
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
u
s
in
g
C
o
v
id
en
ce
[4
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
ll
tex
t
o
f
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles
was
th
en
u
tili
ze
d
to
r
ep
ea
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
a
cts
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
[4
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
d
r
o
p
o
f
in
ter
est
was
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
a
n
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
f
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
a
n
d
ASO
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
m
a
d
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
an
y
a
r
ticle
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
a
n
d
ASO
m
o
d
els
to
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
Stu
d
ies
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
f
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
ASO
m
o
d
els
wer
e
p
r
esen
t
wer
e
i
g
n
o
r
e
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Stu
d
ies
th
at
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
a
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
jo
u
r
n
al
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
a
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
al,
q
u
alitativ
e,
o
r
m
ix
ed
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
o
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
eses
,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
,
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
ed
ito
r
ials
,
co
m
m
en
ts
,
o
p
in
io
n
ar
ticles,
g
r
ey
liter
atu
r
e,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
o
r
n
ar
r
ativ
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
wer
e
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
s
.
3
.
3
.
Study
s
elec
t
io
n
Data
b
ase
s
ea
r
ch
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
0
,
7
0
6
r
esu
lts
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
ASO
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
wer
e
1
1
d
u
p
licate
ar
ticles
elim
in
ated
af
ter
1
0
0
,
6
4
4
ar
ticles
th
at
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
2
0
1
0
an
d
wer
e
n
o
t
in
E
n
g
lis
h
wer
e
elim
in
ated
.
A
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
tex
t
r
ev
iew
o
f
5
1
s
tu
d
ies
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
B
y
v
iewin
g
th
e
m
,
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
9
4
5
-
2
9
5
5
2948
5
1
ar
ticles
wer
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
9
ar
ticles
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e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
e
x
am
in
atio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
we
r
e
o
f
f
-
to
p
ic
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
tr
a
n
s
lated
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
lan
g
u
ag
es
to
E
n
g
lis
h
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B
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
wer
e
a
f
ew
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esear
ch
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a
p
er
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n
th
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h
allen
g
es
an
d
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en
ef
its
o
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g
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ad
u
ate
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tar
t
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u
p
a
n
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ASO
m
o
d
els,
a
to
tal
o
f
2
2
p
a
p
er
s
m
et
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
r
ev
ie
w
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
co
n
ten
t
a
n
aly
s
is
u
s
es
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
ite
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
o
r
PR
I
SMA
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es: id
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
elig
ib
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
in
cl
u
s
io
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
a
r
ticles s
ea
r
ch
in
g
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
2
0
1
0
-
2
0
2
3
<
2
0
1
0
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
(
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
)
D
o
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me
n
t
t
y
p
e
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
,
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
r
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v
i
e
w
,
b
o
o
k
,
b
o
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k
c
h
a
p
t
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r
S
u
b
j
e
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t
a
r
e
a
En
t
r
e
p
r
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u
r
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l
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d
b
u
s
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n
e
ss
B
e
si
d
e
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t
r
e
p
r
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n
e
u
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
PR
I
SMA
s
tag
e
3
.
4
.
Co
din
g
pro
ce
du
re
s
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
co
d
in
g
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
is
a
cr
itical
s
tep
in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
an
d
an
al
y
zin
g
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
a
lar
g
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
a
c
o
d
in
g
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
is
to
ca
teg
o
r
ize,
e
x
tr
ac
t,
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
r
elev
a
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
in
a
wa
y
th
at
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
ac
cu
r
ate,
an
d
r
ep
licab
le.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
co
n
cr
ete
s
tep
s
tak
en
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
:
−
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
o
b
jec
tiv
es
.
T
h
is
was
s
tar
ted
with
clar
ity
o
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
r
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
d
ata
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
es th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
v
iew.
Key
th
em
es o
r
v
ar
iab
les we
r
e
id
en
tif
ied
to
an
s
wer
th
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
g
u
id
e
th
e
in
itial st
r
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
d
in
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
Re
c
o
rd
id
e
n
ti
fies
th
ro
u
g
h
S
c
o
p
u
s
se
a
rc
h
in
g
(n
=
4
4
,
1
0
9
)
Re
c
o
rd
id
e
n
ti
fies
th
ro
u
g
h
Eme
ra
ld
se
a
rc
h
in
g
(n
=
2
6
,
0
0
0
)
Re
c
o
rd
id
e
n
ti
fies
th
ro
u
g
h
Web
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
se
a
rc
h
in
g
(n
=
3
0
,
5
9
7
)
Re
c
o
rd
s sc
re
e
n
e
d
.
S
c
o
p
u
s =
1
8
Eme
ra
ld
=
2
4
,
a
n
d
Web
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
=
20
Reco
rd
s ex
clu
d
ed
.
N
o
n
-
En
g
li
sh
<
2
0
1
0
n
=
1
0
0
,
6
4
4
Du
p
li
c
a
te rec
o
rd
wa
s
re
m
o
v
e
d
(n
=
11)
F
u
ll
tex
t
ex
cl
u
d
ed
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e ou
t
o
f
p
o
int.
T
i
tl
e
an
d
ab
stract r
ejected
(n
=
29)
Article
a
c
c
e
s
s fo
r
e
li
g
i
b
il
it
y
(n
=
51)
S
tu
d
ies
in
c
lu
d
e
d
in
q
u
a
li
tati
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis (n
=
2
2
)
Id
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
S
c
re
e
n
in
g
El
ig
i
b
il
it
y
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
en
efits
a
n
d
ch
a
llen
g
es o
f g
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
ta
r
t
-
u
p
a
n
d
a
ca
d
emic
s
p
in
-
o
ff mo
d
el
…
(
F
a
k
h
r
u
l A
n
w
a
r
Za
in
o
l
)
2949
−
Selectio
n
o
f
i
n
itial
ca
teg
o
r
i
es
an
d
co
d
es
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
r
th
e
m
es
wer
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
e
co
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
ie
s
wer
e
k
ep
t
a
s
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
m
u
tu
ally
e
x
clu
s
iv
e
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
.
−
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
d
eb
o
o
k
is
th
e
th
ir
d
s
tag
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
co
d
eb
o
o
k
is
an
ess
e
n
tial
to
o
l
th
at
co
n
tain
s
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
d
e
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
th
e
co
d
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
E
ac
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
was
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
ed
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
ex
am
p
les
o
f
wh
at
ty
p
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
co
d
e.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
h
o
w
to
h
an
d
le
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
o
r
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t w
er
e
in
clu
d
e
d
.
−
Pil
o
t
th
e
co
d
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
i
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
tag
e
wh
er
e
in
iti
al
co
d
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
test
ed
o
n
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
(
e.
g
.
,
5
–
1
0
ar
ticles).
T
h
is
p
ilo
t
p
h
ase
h
elp
s
to
id
en
tify
wh
eth
er
th
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
ar
e
to
o
b
r
o
ad
,
to
o
n
ar
r
o
w,
o
r
n
ee
d
r
ef
in
em
en
t,
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
if
a
n
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
th
e
m
es
ar
e
m
is
s
in
g
o
r
if
th
er
e
a
r
e
o
v
er
lap
p
i
n
g
ca
teg
o
r
ies
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
er
g
e
d
,
o
r
t
o
ch
e
ck
wh
eth
er
th
e
co
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
in
th
e
co
d
eb
o
o
k
ar
e
clea
r
.
T
h
e
n
,
af
t
er
th
is
in
itial
tr
ial,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
r
ef
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
ch
allen
g
es e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
.
−
E
s
tab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
in
te
r
-
co
d
e
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
th
e
f
if
th
s
tag
e.
T
o
ass
ess
in
ter
-
co
d
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
we
e
n
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
m
u
ltip
le
co
d
er
s
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
co
d
e
th
e
s
am
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
th
en
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
th
eir
co
d
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
te
s
ts
l
ik
e
C
o
h
en
’
s
k
ap
p
a.
−
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
f
in
al
co
d
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
ap
p
lied
t
o
th
e
f
u
ll
d
ataset.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
we
ad
h
e
r
ed
s
tr
ictly
to
th
e
co
d
eb
o
o
k
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
−
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
d
o
u
b
le
co
d
in
g
was
d
o
n
e
p
er
io
d
ically
to
h
a
v
e
two
co
d
er
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
co
d
e
th
e
s
am
e
a
r
ticles to
ch
ec
k
f
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
.
−
On
ce
all
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
d
e
d
,
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
d
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
W
e
r
ev
is
it
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
c
o
d
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
th
at
an
s
wer
s
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew.
E
v
er
y
ar
ticle'
s
co
n
ten
t
was
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
co
m
p
ar
ed
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
i
n
m
i
n
d
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
eth
o
d
to
re
-
e
v
alu
ate
an
d
u
p
d
ate
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[4
8
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
co
d
er
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
es
u
lts
,
was
to
id
en
tify
th
em
es
an
d
p
atter
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
an
d
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
ASO
m
o
d
els
[4
9
]
.
All th
e
co
d
er
s
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
in
T
ab
le
s
2
an
d
3
th
at
an
ar
ticle
(
n
=1
)
by
Alm
eid
a
[
50
]
w
h
o
id
en
tifie
d
lo
w
s
alar
y
an
d
n
o
n
wa
g
e
f
in
an
cial
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
litt
le
o
r
n
o
s
o
cial
s
e
cu
r
ity
,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
jo
b
s
e
cu
r
ity
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
lab
o
r
in
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
L
ik
ewise,
ar
ticle
(
n
=1
)
b
y
Naq
v
i
et
a
l
.
[
51
]
r
e
v
ea
ls
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
r
eser
v
atio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
e
ar
th
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
is
k
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
f
in
an
cial
p
lan
n
in
g
t
r
ain
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
.
Als
o
,
as
s
tated
b
y
An
zo
la
-
R
o
m
án
an
d
B
ay
o
n
a
-
Sáez
[
52
]
t
h
at
am
b
id
ex
ter
ity
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
b
e
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
s
tacle
f
o
r
USO
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ca
r
ee
r
s
h
o
ck
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
wh
en
d
ec
id
in
g
wh
eth
er
to
s
tar
t
a
b
u
s
in
ess
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
lace
,
b
u
t
th
ey
also
af
f
ec
t
r
ec
en
tly
g
r
ad
u
ated
g
r
ad
s
wh
o
ar
e
s
tar
tin
g
th
eir
o
wn
co
m
p
an
ies
[
53
]
.
Oth
er
a
r
ticles
(
n
=4
)
[
54
]
–
[
57
]
s
tate
d
th
at
th
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
to
b
e
h
esit
an
t
ab
o
u
t
s
tar
tin
g
t
h
eir
o
wn
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
ch
as
lim
ited
ab
ilit
y
to
s
tar
t
th
eir
o
wn
b
u
s
in
ess
,
ch
alle
n
g
in
g
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
an
d
h
ig
h
s
tar
tu
p
co
s
ts
,
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
lack
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
b
u
s
in
ess
p
ar
tn
er
s
.
R
is
in
g
lev
els o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
is
an
o
th
e
r
o
b
s
tacle
as r
ev
ea
ls
b
y
Sø
r
h
ei
m
et
a
l
.
[
58
]
in
an
ar
ticle
(
n
=1
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Po
p
u
lar
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
u
s
ed
in
b
en
ef
its
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
ASO
Th
e
m
e
s
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
st
a
r
t
-
u
p
a
n
d
A
S
O
mo
d
e
l
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
Th
e
m
e
1
Lo
w
sa
l
a
r
y
a
n
d
n
o
n
w
a
g
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
,
l
i
t
t
l
e
o
r
n
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
a
l
a
c
k
o
f
j
o
b
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
r
e
t
h
e
ma
i
n
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s t
o
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
l
a
b
o
r
i
n
sp
i
n
-
o
f
f
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
a
s s
t
a
t
e
d
b
y
A
l
me
i
d
a
[
50
]
Th
e
m
e
2
N
a
q
v
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
51
]
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
t
h
a
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
d
r
e
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
a
r
t
h
o
f
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
i
s
k
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
sess
i
o
n
s
Th
e
m
e
3
A
mb
i
d
e
x
t
e
r
i
t
y
i
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
o
b
st
a
c
l
e
f
o
r
U
S
O
s
[
52
]
Th
e
m
e
4
C
a
r
e
e
r
s
h
o
c
k
s
a
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
w
h
e
n
d
e
c
i
d
i
n
g
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
o
s
t
a
r
t
a
b
u
si
n
e
ss
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
p
l
a
c
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
a
l
so
a
f
f
e
c
t
r
e
c
e
n
t
l
y
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
d
g
r
a
d
s w
h
o
a
r
e
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
b
y
R
u
mm
e
l
e
t
a
l
.
[
53
]
Th
e
m
e
5
Th
e
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
o
b
e
h
e
s
i
t
a
n
t
a
b
o
u
t
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
b
u
si
n
e
ss
su
c
h
a
s
l
i
mi
t
e
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
st
a
r
t
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
s
t
a
r
t
u
p
c
o
s
t
s,
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
l
a
c
k
o
f
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s
[
54
]
–
[
57
]
Th
e
m
e
6
R
i
s
i
n
g
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
i
s
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
o
b
st
a
c
l
e
a
s re
v
e
a
l
s
b
y
S
ø
r
h
e
i
m
e
t
a
l
.
[
58
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
9
4
5
-
2
9
5
5
2950
T
ab
le
3
.
Po
p
u
lar
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
u
s
ed
in
b
en
ef
its
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tar
t
-
u
p
an
d
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
atio
n
Th
e
m
e
s
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
st
a
r
t
-
u
p
a
n
d
A
S
O
mo
d
e
l
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
Th
e
m
e
1
P
e
p
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
59
]
d
i
sc
u
sses
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
mo
d
e
l
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
(
R
B
M
C
)
t
o
h
e
l
p
n
e
w
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
o
w
n
e
r
s i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
mo
d
e
l
s
Th
e
m
e
2
B
e
u
g
r
é
a
n
d
C
a
l
v
i
n
[
60
]
a
n
d
M
a
r
t
í
n
e
z
-
M
a
r
t
í
n
e
z
e
t
a
l
.
[
61
]
st
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
m
o
d
e
l
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s'
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,
a
s
p
i
r
a
t
i
o
n
s,
a
n
d
mi
n
d
se
t
Th
e
m
e
3
I
g
b
o
-
B
o
i
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
h
a
s
l
o
n
g
b
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e
n
u
se
d
a
s a
mec
h
a
n
i
sm
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
I
g
b
o
b
u
s
i
n
e
sses
[
62
]
Th
e
m
e
4
S
t
r
o
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
su
p
p
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r
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w
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sc
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d
f
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EPU
mu
l
t
i
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i
m
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n
s
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
b
y
B
i
z
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
63
]
Th
e
m
e
5
K
o
r
e
a
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
S
c
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e
n
c
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a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
K
A
I
S
T)
see
k
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
t
o
p
-
t
i
e
r
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
c
e
w
i
t
h
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
b
i
l
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t
i
e
s,
a
c
o
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a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
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mi
n
d
se
t
,
a
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p
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n
d
e
t
h
i
c
s
a
n
d
so
c
i
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l
r
e
sp
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
i
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mo
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o
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a
r
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v
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l
v
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n
g
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n
st
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d
e
n
t
s'
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
b
y
B
a
e
[
7
]
Th
e
m
e
6
C
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
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p
b
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w
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h
i
g
h
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d
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c
a
t
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i
n
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t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
(
H
EI
s)
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
s
e
c
t
o
r
p
r
o
v
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d
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st
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t
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w
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m
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,
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a
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t
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t
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f
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r
t
-
ups
b
y
N
e
v
e
s a
n
d
F
r
a
n
c
o
[
64
]
Th
e
m
e
7
Th
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
"
t
i
m
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f
a
c
t
o
r
"
c
a
u
s
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s
t
h
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b
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si
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ss
m
o
d
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o
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h
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t
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s
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o
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r
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p
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n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
Th
i
s
o
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c
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r
s
d
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s
p
i
t
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h
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n
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m
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p
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c
m
o
me
n
t
s
by
C
o
r
a
l
l
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
65
]
Th
e
m
e
8
En
g
a
g
i
n
g
i
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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mi
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sh
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p
s,
a
l
o
n
g
w
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t
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m
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o
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s
k
a
a
n
d
G
a
b
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y
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l
c
z
y
k
[
66
]
Th
e
m
e
9
K
i
t
a
g
a
w
a
a
n
d
R
o
b
e
r
t
s
o
n
[
67
]
a
r
g
u
e
t
h
a
t
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
mo
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si
v
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o
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n
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l
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d
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f
i
n
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d
p
a
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y
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h
e
's
o
f
t
s
t
a
r
t
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r
'
b
u
s
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n
e
ss m
o
d
e
l
w
o
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l
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o
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f
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g
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i
f
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Th
e
m
e
10
Th
e
t
y
p
o
l
o
g
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
e
m
p
l
o
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d
i
n
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c
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p
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t
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e
mo
n
st
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a
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e
s h
o
w
s
o
me
c
o
mp
a
n
y
mo
d
e
l
s
a
r
e
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
h
i
g
h
e
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t
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t
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a
n
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t
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e
r
s
b
y
C
l
a
u
se
n
a
n
d
R
a
smu
ss
e
n
[
68
]
Th
e
m
e
11
Th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m c
r
e
a
t
e
s
a
t
l
e
a
st
1
0
0
n
e
w
h
u
m
a
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
ma
k
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
v
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n
t
u
r
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x
p
e
r
i
e
n
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e
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a
c
h
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e
a
r
.
A
t
i
t
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b
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t
,
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t
w
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l
l
b
o
o
st
t
h
e
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o
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o
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n
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t
o
r
s
a
r
e
sp
e
c
t
a
b
l
e
r
e
t
u
r
n
[
69
]
Th
e
m
e
12
I
t
i
s
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
t
h
a
t
m
o
d
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h
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d
u
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r
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t
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e
H
E
b
u
si
n
e
ss
m
o
d
e
l
b
y
B
i
r
c
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
70
]
R
esear
ch
b
y
Pep
in
et
a
l
.
[
59
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
R
B
MC
to
h
elp
n
ew
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
to
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els.
Pre
v
io
u
s
a
r
ticles
[
60
]
,
[
61
]
s
tate
th
at
m
o
d
el
u
s
u
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ab
ilit
ies,
asp
ir
ati
o
n
s
,
an
d
m
i
n
d
s
et.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
,
I
g
b
o
-
B
o
i
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
I
g
b
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es
as
s
tated
by
Nk
a
m
n
eb
e
an
d
E
ze
m
b
a
[
62
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
B
izr
i
et
a
l.
[
63
]
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
s
tr
o
n
g
th
e
o
r
etica
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
id
ea
o
f
th
e
E
PU's
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
ality
.
B
ae
[
7
]
s
tates
th
at
KAI
ST
s
ee
k
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
to
p
-
tier
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
with
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ab
ilit
ies,
a
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
m
i
n
d
s
et,
an
d
a
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
attitu
d
e
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
eth
ics
an
d
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
co
lleg
es'
r
o
les
ar
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
.
Nev
es
an
d
Fra
n
co
[
64
]
r
ev
ea
l
s
th
at
co
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
HE
I
s
an
d
th
e
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
ec
to
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
r
ich
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
f
o
s
ter
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
C
o
r
allo
et
a
l.
[
65
]
r
e
v
ea
ls
in
an
a
r
ticle
th
at
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
"tim
e
f
ac
to
r
"
ca
u
s
es
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
to
ch
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
o
n
e
s
tatic
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
to
a
s
er
ies
o
f
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
o
cc
u
r
s
d
esp
ite
th
e
in
itial
ex
-
an
te
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
p
er
m
itti
n
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
s
tatic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
d
etailin
g
"
h
o
w"
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
g
en
er
ates v
alu
e
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
m
en
ts
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
jects
an
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
,
alo
n
g
with
im
p
licit
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
o
a
r
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
e
g
ain
ed
ab
r
o
ad
,
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
t
h
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
lan
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
o
f
b
io
tec
h
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
as
s
tated
b
y
B
ialek
-
J
awo
r
s
k
a
an
d
Gab
r
y
elcz
y
k
[
66
]
.
Kitag
awa
an
d
R
o
b
er
ts
o
n
[
67
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
estab
lis
h
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
p
ath
way
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
'
s
o
f
t
s
tar
ter
'
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
wo
u
ld
o
f
f
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
.
L
ik
e
wis
e,
C
lau
s
en
an
d
R
asm
u
s
s
en
[
68
]
r
ev
ea
ls
th
a
t
th
e
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
m
et
h
o
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
ac
a
d
em
ic
en
tr
e
p
r
e
n
eu
r
s
h
ip
liter
atu
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
s
o
m
e
c
o
m
p
an
y
m
o
d
els
a
r
e
lin
k
e
d
to
h
ig
h
er
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
th
a
n
o
th
e
r
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
at
least
cr
ea
tes
1
0
0
n
ew
h
u
m
a
n
ca
p
ac
ity
m
ak
e
r
s
with
s
o
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twar
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v
en
t
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r
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e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
ea
ch
y
ea
r
.
At
its
b
est,
it
will
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
lo
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
y
as
a
wh
o
le
an
d
g
iv
e
all
th
e
ca
s
h
an
d
in
-
k
in
d
in
v
esto
r
s
a
r
esp
ec
tab
le
r
etu
r
n
as
s
tated
b
y
C
am
er
o
n
e
t
a
l.
[
69
]
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
o
f
f
er
in
g
will
ca
ll
f
o
r
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
th
e
HE
I
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
in
an
ar
ticle
b
y
B
ir
ch
et
a
l.
[
70
].
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
cr
itical
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
en
t
r
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
v
en
tu
r
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
USO
s
an
d
r
ec
en
t
g
r
ad
u
ates.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
f
in
a
n
cial
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
a
lack
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
to
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
in
ef
f
icien
cies
an
d
r
is
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
n
e
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
t
ar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
in
an
cial
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
am
b
id
ex
ter
ity
,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
ese
b
ar
r
ier
s
h
o
lis
tically
c
an
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
f
av
o
r
ab
le
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
,
lea
d
in
g
to
g
r
ea
ter
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
g
r
o
wth
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
en
efits
a
n
d
ch
a
llen
g
es o
f g
r
a
d
u
a
te
s
ta
r
t
-
u
p
a
n
d
a
ca
d
emic
s
p
in
-
o
ff mo
d
el
…
(
F
a
k
h
r
u
l A
n
w
a
r
Za
in
o
l
)
2951
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
v
ar
io
u
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
th
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
a
n
d
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Fro
m
th
e
R
B
MC
’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
i
lity
to
th
e
I
g
b
o
-
B
o
i
co
n
ce
p
t
’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
,
th
ese
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
less
o
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
m
u
l
tid
im
en
s
io
n
ality
o
f
E
PU
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
HE
I
s
an
d
th
e
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
ec
to
r
,
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
ar
e
all
cr
u
c
ial
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
n
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
m
in
d
s
et
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
es
ca
n
ad
ap
t
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
g
lo
b
al
m
ar
k
et
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
ese
m
o
d
els
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
asp
ir
in
g
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
h
a
v
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
m
in
d
s
et
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
m
er
cializ
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
im
p
licit
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ain
e
d
ab
r
o
a
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
b
io
t
ec
h
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
s
o
f
t
s
tar
ter
m
o
d
els
ca
n
o
f
f
er
a
clea
r
p
ath
way
f
o
r
s
tar
tu
p
s
t
o
g
r
o
w
g
r
ad
u
ally
,
m
itig
atin
g
r
is
k
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ty
p
o
lo
g
ies
lin
k
ed
to
h
ig
h
er
in
n
o
v
atio
n
h
elp
s
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
ch
o
o
s
e
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
th
at
alig
n
with
th
eir
g
o
als,
wh
ile
h
u
m
a
n
c
ap
ac
ity
-
b
u
ild
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
s
ter
lo
ca
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
an
d
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fin
ally
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
ev
o
lv
e
th
eir
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ese
in
itiativ
es
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
m
o
r
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
ip
e
lin
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
b
o
t
h
lo
ca
l a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
4
.
2
.
P
ra
ct
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
o
f
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
as:
i)
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
in
teg
r
ate
m
o
r
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
t
o
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
b
etter
p
r
e
p
ar
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
ch
alle
n
g
es;
ii)
Po
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
tar
g
eted
f
in
an
cial
in
ce
n
tiv
es
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ee
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
g
r
a
n
t
s
,
o
r
lo
w
-
in
ter
est
lo
a
n
s
,
s
p
e
cif
ically
aim
ed
at
r
ec
e
n
t
g
r
a
d
u
ates
an
d
USOs
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
“
am
b
i
d
ex
tr
o
u
s
”
s
k
ills
th
at
allo
w
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
to
b
alan
ce
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
n
e
w
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
B
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
with
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ca
n
ex
p
o
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
s
p
in
-
o
f
f
s
t
o
g
lo
b
al
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
g
l
o
b
al.
Po
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
u
ild
an
d
m
ain
tain
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
asp
ir
in
g
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
with
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
m
en
to
r
s
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
ad
o
p
t
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
ial
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
m
o
d
els
th
at
f
o
s
ter
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
e
n
ac
ad
em
ia
a
n
d
th
e
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
ec
to
r
.
Als
o
,
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ed
u
ca
te
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
ad
a
p
tin
g
to
e
v
o
lv
in
g
m
ar
k
et
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
clar
if
ies
th
e
co
m
p
l
ex
is
s
u
es
th
at
USO
s
an
d
s
tar
t
u
p
s
en
co
u
n
ter
wh
e
n
tr
y
in
g
to
f
in
d
to
p
-
n
o
tch
lab
o
r
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
aly
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
co
m
p
lex
d
y
n
a
m
ics
im
p
ac
tin
g
USO
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
e
ce
s
s
ity
o
f
tar
g
eted
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
a
n
d
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
th
eir
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
e
v
er
-
ch
an
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
av
ailab
le
to
b
u
d
d
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
o
wn
er
s
.
All
th
in
g
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
ese
v
ar
ied
s
tu
d
ies
h
elp
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
asp
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
d
y
n
am
ics
i
n
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
o
f
f
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2952
AUTHO
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RE
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NC
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[
1
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Z.
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[
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J.
A
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Tr
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[
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[
35
]
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[
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