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n
,
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
i
f
i
ca
t
i
o
n
is
a
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
a
c
c
e
p
t
.
H
o
y
[
7
]
c
o
n
t
e
n
d
s
t
h
a
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
e
i
n
th
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
y
m
u
s
t
u
s
e
s
t
r
at
e
g
i
es
t
h
at
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
k
i
ll
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
e
a
c
h
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
.
O
n
e
s
u
c
h
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
a
t
f
it
s
i
n
wi
t
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
t
r
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
is
r
e
g
a
r
d
e
d
as
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
is
l
ea
r
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
ec
a
u
s
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
c
a
n
l
e
a
r
n
w
i
t
h
l
it
t
l
e
a
s
s
is
t
an
c
e
f
r
o
m
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
c
en
t
e
r
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
is
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
b
e
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
c
a
l
i
b
e
r
.
I
t
i
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
t
h
a
t
t
ea
c
h
e
r
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
c
u
l
ti
v
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
g
et
t
h
e
m
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
es
s
o
f
s
e
e
k
i
n
g
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
[
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
is
es
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
[
8
]
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
p
u
p
i
l
s
’
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
b
i
l
it
i
es
m
a
y
b
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
[
9
]
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
E
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
B
l
u
e
p
r
i
n
t
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
2
5
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
o
u
s
e
I
C
T
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
g
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
t
h
e
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
K
P
M
)
h
as
b
e
e
n
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
t
i
n
g
h
o
w
m
u
l
t
i
-
m
o
d
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
3
]
.
W
h
en
em
p
lo
y
in
g
g
am
es
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
ts
to
f
lu
ctu
ate
in
tan
d
em
with
th
eir
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
is
m
o
r
e
e
n
jo
y
ab
le
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
b
ei
n
g
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
atin
g
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
b
ile
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
ex
e
r
cises
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
if
th
ey
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
s
u
itab
l
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
ar
e
g
e
o
lo
ca
ted
ac
c
u
r
ately
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
g
am
if
icatio
n
ca
n
,
in
f
ac
t,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
allu
r
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
en
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
tin
u
e
b
ein
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
g
am
es
ar
e
ap
p
ea
lin
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ed
ia
elem
en
ts
,
lik
e
g
r
ap
h
ics
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
etitiv
e
n
ess
,
ey
e
-
ca
tch
in
g
g
r
ap
h
ics,
an
d
en
ter
tain
in
g
ele
m
en
ts
all
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
g
a
m
e
d
esig
n
'
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
[
1
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
o
b
ile
g
am
e
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
,
its
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
in
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
[
1
5
]
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
e
r
s
u
b
jects.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
re
ar
e
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
ic
atio
n
f
o
r
ch
em
is
tr
y
s
u
b
ject
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
m
ath
em
ati
cs
s
u
b
ject
[
1
7
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
m
ath
lear
n
in
g
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
th
e
lear
n
in
g
g
o
als
wer
e
m
et
b
y
th
ese
g
a
m
es
[
1
8
]
.
Gam
if
icatio
n
ca
n
h
elp
ac
h
iev
e
ev
en
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
[
9
]
.
Par
en
ts
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
ly
to
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
m
ath
g
am
e
“
Sifir
R
u
n
”
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
to
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
[
1
7
]
.
Gam
es
f
o
r
b
io
l
o
g
y
class
es
ar
e
in
ten
d
e
d
to
r
ef
o
cu
s
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
atten
tio
n
to
war
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
s
tu
d
y
in
g
b
io
l
o
g
y
,
claim
Sh
ap
r
i
an
d
Ah
m
a
d
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
ca
n
last
o
v
e
r
an
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
b
ein
g
s
ee
n
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
t te
r
m
[
2
0
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
in
o
n
lin
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
p
o
s
t
-
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
Me
et
an
d
Z
o
o
m
,
s
tu
d
en
t
r
elian
ce
o
n
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
le
ar
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
em
ain
s
h
i
g
h
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
te
r
esti
n
g
ly
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ev
ices
an
d
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
o
r
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
i
n
g
at
h
o
m
e
[
1
3
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
lea
r
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
eg
a
r
d
ed
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
g
a
g
in
g
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
g
en
er
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
e
v
en
with
to
o
ls
lik
e
th
e
I
T
HI
NK
(
Ma
p
p
in
g
)
ap
p
lic
atio
n
,
wh
ich
th
eo
r
etica
lly
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
lear
n
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
till
s
ee
k
g
u
id
an
ce
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
it.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
en
d
ed
,
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
h
as
lef
t
a
last
in
g
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
m
o
b
il
e
g
am
if
icatio
n
h
as
em
e
r
g
ed
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
en
g
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
class
r
o
o
m
.
Mo
b
ile
g
am
es
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
r
em
ain
r
elev
an
t
to
d
a
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
b
le
n
d
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
lear
n
at
th
eir
o
wn
p
a
ce
,
b
o
th
i
n
-
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
o
n
lin
e
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
g
am
if
ied
to
o
ls
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
e
n
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
co
n
ten
t
in
d
ig
ital
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ics,
with
its
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
f
r
o
m
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
an
d
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
co
m
p
lex
to
p
ics m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
en
j
o
y
ab
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
g
ad
g
et
u
s
ag
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
m
o
tiv
ated
to
r
ev
iew
th
eir
less
o
n
s
at
h
o
m
e
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
an
d
o
th
er
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
[
2
3
]
.
Po
s
t
-
s
ch
o
o
l
lear
n
in
g
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
n
o
wad
ay
s
,
esp
ec
ially
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
lack
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tim
e
to
r
ev
iew
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
less
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
a
i
m
s
t
o
r
ei
n
f
o
r
c
e
b
a
s
i
c
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
b
y
h
a
v
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
t
h
o
m
e
a
f
t
e
r
i
n
i
t
i
al
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
tio
n
s
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
.
W
h
i
l
e
u
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
t
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
es
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
r
e
a
d
i
n
ess
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
it
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
s
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
b
y
R
o
zi
a
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
va
lid
ity
o
f th
e
mo
b
ile
g
a
m
ifica
tio
n
in
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
u
b
ject
(
Mo
h
d
Za
im
Za
in
a
l A
d
n
a
n
)
2981
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
ad
r
ec
en
tly
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
f
o
u
n
d
it
to
b
e
q
u
ite
d
if
f
icu
lt
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
icu
lty
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tatis
tical
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
lear
n
in
g
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
g
r
ap
h
s
an
d
cu
r
v
es
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
also
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
eo
r
etica
l
elem
en
ts
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
[
2
6
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
also
o
v
er
ly
r
elian
t
o
n
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ev
en
wh
en
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
[
2
7
]
.
Du
e
to
th
is
ex
is
tin
g
is
s
u
es,
a
m
o
b
ile
g
am
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
e
co
n
o
m
ics
s
u
b
ject.
I
n
cr
af
tin
g
th
is
g
a
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
u
id
elin
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
d
u
cted
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
iv
e
g
u
i
d
elin
es:
i)
th
eo
r
etica
l
elem
en
ts
;
ii)
g
am
if
icatio
n
el
em
en
ts
;
iii)
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
elem
en
ts
;
i
v
)
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
e
n
ts
;
an
d
v
)
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
teg
r
ate
d
in
to
th
e
g
am
e.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
elem
e
n
ts
o
u
tlin
e
th
r
ee
th
eo
r
ies
u
tili
ze
d
in
t
h
e
g
a
m
e'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t:
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
m
,
co
g
n
itiv
e,
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
m
.
T
h
ese
th
eo
r
ies
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
g
am
if
icatio
n
elem
en
ts
d
elin
ea
ted
b
y
Ar
ian
i
[
2
8
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
s
,
lev
els,
s
co
r
es,
lead
er
b
o
a
r
d
s
,
an
d
b
ad
g
es.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
also
d
elin
ea
tes
f
o
u
r
asp
ec
ts
:
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
s
o
cial
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al,
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
tech
n
ical
an
d
q
u
ality
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
clu
d
es
m
u
ltime
d
ia
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
ir
t
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
lev
els
to
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
g
u
i
d
elin
es
cu
lm
in
ate
in
a
g
am
if
ied
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
in
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics s
u
b
ject.
Desp
ite
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
is
g
am
if
icatio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
g
u
i
d
elin
e
s
,
ex
p
er
ts
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
ics
m
u
s
t v
alid
ate
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
all
th
ese
elem
en
ts
in
g
am
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
ex
p
er
ts
’
o
p
i
n
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
an
d
v
ali
d
ate
its
co
n
ten
t
with
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ics u
s
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
’
v
iews o
n
th
e
co
n
ten
t a
n
d
d
esig
n
o
f
th
i
s
g
am
e?
ii)
Ho
w
d
o
ex
p
er
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
t
h
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
g
am
e
f
o
r
clas
s
r
o
o
m
ap
p
licatio
n
?
iii)
W
h
at
is
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
am
o
n
g
ex
p
er
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
o
u
tlin
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
i
f
icatio
n
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics s
u
b
je
ct?
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
is
g
am
e
will
b
e
r
ef
in
ed
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
t
-
v
alid
ated
g
am
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
eliev
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
a
s
eq
u
en
tial
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
m
ix
ed
r
esear
c
h
d
esig
n
.
First,
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
th
en
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
t
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
well
-
th
o
u
g
h
t
-
o
u
t
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
g
au
g
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
cr
ea
ted
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
f
o
c
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
(
FGD)
will b
e
u
s
ed
,
an
d
i
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
th
e
C
VI
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
bil
e
g
a
m
e
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
g
a
m
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
e
co
n
o
m
ics
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
k
ey
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
g
am
e
in
te
g
r
ates
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
th
eo
r
ies
—
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
m
,
co
g
n
itiv
is
m
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
i
s
m
—
to
cr
ea
te
an
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
ev
er
al
lev
els
o
f
g
am
ep
lay
,
ea
ch
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
t
o
p
ic,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ice
elasticity
o
f
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
ly
,
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
elasticity
,
an
d
m
ar
k
et
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
ese
to
p
i
cs
ar
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
g
am
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ics
th
at
in
clu
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
q
u
izze
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Gam
if
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elem
en
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s
u
ch
as
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o
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lev
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b
ad
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es,
an
d
lead
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b
o
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d
s
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ar
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in
c
o
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p
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ate
d
to
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ter
m
o
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d
p
r
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v
id
e
im
m
e
d
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
at
t
h
eir
o
wn
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
g
am
e'
s
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
clu
d
es
v
is
u
ally
ap
p
ea
lin
g
g
r
ap
h
ics
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
el
em
en
ts
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ain
tain
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
est
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
in
g
.
T
o
alig
n
with
th
e
m
o
b
ile
lea
r
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
g
am
e
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
o
n
An
d
r
o
id
d
ev
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s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
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ed
to
allo
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f
lex
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in
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s
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wh
eth
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in
th
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class
r
o
o
m
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r
f
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in
d
ep
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d
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t
s
tu
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elo
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en
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u
m
an
d
ass
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en
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ar
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d
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(
DSKP)
p
r
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v
id
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Min
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E
d
u
ca
tio
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ates
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alize
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ath
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T
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ile
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am
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also
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clu
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v
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f
q
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m
ats,
s
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ch
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ltip
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atch
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ar
io
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ased
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th
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eq
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ir
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aly
tical
t
h
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k
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ein
f
o
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cin
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s
tu
d
en
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co
m
p
r
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h
en
s
io
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ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
in
cip
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T
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o
u
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t th
e
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ep
la
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ec
o
n
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ce
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im
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allo
win
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ap
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itu
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h
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p
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lear
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Feed
b
ac
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f
r
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m
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co
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ics
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d
tech
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lo
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p
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r
ef
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lly
s
tr
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ctu
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t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
9
7
9
-
2
9
8
9
2982
p
r
o
ce
s
s
aim
s
to
b
alan
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ig
o
r
with
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
g
am
ep
la
y
,
m
a
k
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple o
f
e
x
pert
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
am
e
ex
p
er
ts
will
b
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
b
o
th
p
h
ases
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ts
aim
to
tes
t
th
e
g
am
e
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
g
a
m
e
co
n
ten
t
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
am
p
le
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
n
lin
e
with
Ma
r
h
am
in
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
to
ch
o
o
s
e
a
s
am
p
le
th
at
is
u
s
ef
u
l
an
d
s
u
itab
le
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
is
p
h
ase
is
s
ev
en
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ex
p
e
r
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
an
d
Selan
g
o
r
r
eg
io
n
s
.
E
x
p
er
ts
ap
p
o
in
ted
in
t
h
e
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
an
d
Selan
g
o
r
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
to
g
ath
er
in
n
ea
r
b
y
lo
ca
ti
o
n
s
to
test
th
e
g
am
e
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
co
n
ten
t.
T
o
av
o
id
b
ias
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
ex
p
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ts
,
it
is
cr
it
ical
to
s
e
t
clea
r
cr
iter
ia
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
tis
e,
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
m
er
it
d
r
iv
en
.
A
d
iv
er
s
e
p
a
n
el
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ts
ca
n
h
elp
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
b
ias b
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
o
p
in
io
n
s
an
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
e
co
n
o
m
ics s
u
b
ject.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
r
d
m
an
n
an
d
Po
tth
o
f
f
[
2
9
]
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
is
lim
ited
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
eig
h
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
o
r
e
ex
p
er
ts
ap
p
o
in
ted
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
f
atig
u
e
d
th
e
y
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
e
b
atin
g
o
r
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
th
e
m
atter
s
to
b
e
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
a
to
t
al
o
f
s
ev
en
ex
p
er
ts
is
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
th
is
p
h
ase.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
u
tlin
ed
in
wh
i
ch
ar
e
:
i)
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
with
th
e
is
s
u
es
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
;
ii)
th
e
ab
ilit
y
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
;
iii)
s
u
f
f
icien
t
tim
e
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
;
a
n
d
iv
)
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
ap
p
o
in
ted
e
x
p
er
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
p
o
s
s
ess
a
m
aste
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
h
av
e
o
v
er
te
n
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
teac
h
i
n
g
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics,
an
d
b
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
ata
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
n
=
7
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
F
e
mal
e
1
4
%
(
n
=
1
)
8
6
%
(
n
=
6
)
A
g
e
35
-
45
46
-
55
2
8
%
(
n
=
2
)
7
2
%
(
n
=
5
)
Et
h
n
i
c
i
t
y
M
a
l
a
y
C
h
i
n
e
se
I
n
d
i
a
n
7
2
%
(
n
=
5
)
1
4
%
(
n
=
1
)
1
4
%
(
n
=
1
)
Le
v
e
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
’
s d
e
g
r
e
e
M
a
s
t
e
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
4
3
%
(
n
=
3
)
5
7
%
(
n
=
4
)
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
(
y
e
a
r
s)
10
-
20
21
-
30
2
8
%
(
n
=
2
)
7
2
%
(
n
=
5
)
Ty
p
e
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
)
1
0
0
%
(
n
=
7
)
2
.
3
.
F
G
D
2
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
g
am
e
will
b
e
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
to
ex
p
er
ts
v
ia
th
e
Go
o
g
le
Play
Sto
r
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
FGD.
T
h
er
e
will b
e
a
b
r
ief
b
r
ea
k
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
FGD
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
tar
t
s
.
T
h
e
g
am
if
icatio
n
to
o
l'
s
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
wh
ic
h
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
t
o
r
s
will
b
e
th
e
m
ain
to
p
ic
o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
User
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
is
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t.
Qu
esti
o
n
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
g
am
e'
s
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
r
UI
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
will
b
e
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
cr
iter
io
n
co
n
ce
r
n
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
in
th
e
m
o
b
ile
g
am
e
is
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics s
u
b
ject's c
o
n
ten
t.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ee
k
s
to
v
er
if
y
wh
et
h
er
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
is
p
er
tin
e
n
t
to
th
e
s
u
b
jects
b
ei
n
g
s
tu
d
ied
in
s
ch
o
o
l
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
g
am
e'
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
cr
iter
io
n
.
Pro
f
ess
io
n
als
will
ev
alu
ate
th
e
g
am
e'
s
d
if
f
icu
lty
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
last
cr
iter
io
n
is
an
o
p
en
-
en
d
e
d
o
n
e
t
h
at
lo
o
k
s
f
o
r
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
b
etter
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
r
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o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
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f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
in
v
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lv
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th
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in
ter
v
iews
in
to
v
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b
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in
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p
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atim
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r
r
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wh
ich
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v
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ch
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“
aaa
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oh
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an
d
o
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s
.
T
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n
ex
t
s
tep
is
f
o
r
th
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r
esear
ch
er
to
r
ep
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ly
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er
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ip
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tan
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d
ata'
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co
n
tex
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[
3
0
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.
T
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p
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s
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b
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in
s
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id
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in
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b
ased
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th
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lis
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cr
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ia.
T
h
is
is
f
o
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wed
b
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an
in
d
u
ctiv
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th
em
e
id
en
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p
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s
s
th
at
m
ay
em
er
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e
f
r
o
m
t
h
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in
ter
v
iew
d
ata.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
th
em
es
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
va
lid
ity
o
f th
e
mo
b
ile
g
a
m
ifica
tio
n
in
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
u
b
ject
(
Mo
h
d
Za
im
Za
in
a
l A
d
n
a
n
)
2983
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
i
n
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f
u
l
ca
teg
o
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ies
t
h
at
alig
n
with
th
e
r
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c
h
co
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tex
t.
T
h
e
ca
teg
o
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ized
t
h
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ar
e
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ev
iewe
d
,
a
n
d
f
in
d
in
g
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ar
e
t
h
en
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e
p
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ted
.
2
.
4
.
CVI
2
.
4
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
T
h
e
C
VI
will
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
'
as
s
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
c
o
n
ten
t.
C
VI
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
a
wid
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
s
u
b
j
ec
t
ex
p
er
ts
.
E
x
p
er
ts
will
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
m
ee
tin
g
h
eld
at
an
ag
r
ee
d
-
u
p
o
n
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
FGD
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
ass
ess
es
g
am
i
f
icatio
n
to
o
ls
,
C
VI
is
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
will
co
v
er
f
iv
e
elem
en
ts
:
th
eo
r
etica
l
elem
en
ts
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
elem
en
ts
,
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ele
m
en
ts
,
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
en
ts
,
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
co
n
te
n
t
elem
en
t
s
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tlin
e
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics s
u
b
ject.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ou
tlin
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
te
n
t o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics s
u
b
ject
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
O
u
t
l
i
n
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
su
b
j
e
c
t
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
:
t
h
e
o
r
y
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
sm
t
h
e
o
r
y
i
n
g
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
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t
h
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o
r
y
i
n
g
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
v
i
s
m
t
h
e
o
r
y
i
n
g
a
mi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
B
:
g
a
mi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
Le
v
e
l
s
S
c
o
r
e
s
Le
a
d
e
r
b
o
a
r
d
s
B
a
d
g
e
s
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
C
:
m
o
b
i
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
D
:
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
G
r
a
p
h
i
c
d
i
sp
l
a
y
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
E:
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
P
r
i
c
e
e
l
a
st
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
d
e
ma
n
d
t
o
p
i
c
s
P
r
i
c
e
e
l
a
st
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
p
i
c
s
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
l
a
st
i
c
i
t
y
t
o
p
i
c
s
2
.
4
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
C
V
I
Sc
o
r
e
wil
l
b
e
ass
ess
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
g
g
r
eg
ate
s
c
o
r
e
b
y
ea
c
h
e
x
p
e
r
t.
A
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
will
b
e
ass
ig
n
ed
t
o
it
em
s
t
h
a
t
ar
e
v
ali
d
(
s
c
al
e
3
a
n
d
4
)
,
w
h
il
e
a
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
0
(
s
c
ale
1
-
2
)
wil
l
b
e
g
i
v
en
o
t
h
e
r
wis
e.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
is
b
ase
d
o
n
I
-
C
V
I
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
co
n
te
n
t
e
x
p
e
r
ts
g
i
v
i
n
g
ite
m
a
r
el
ev
an
ce
r
a
ti
n
g
o
f
3
o
r
4
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
m
e
asu
r
e
m
en
t
i
s
ca
l
cu
lat
e
d
as
t
h
e
a
g
r
ee
d
ite
m
s
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
ts
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
es
s
e
v
e
n
e
x
p
e
r
ts
.
Ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
L
y
n
n
[
3
2
]
,
if
s
e
v
en
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
I
-
C
VI
is
>
0
.
8
3
,
t
h
e
e
l
em
e
n
t
will
b
e
a
cc
e
p
t
e
d
,
an
d
v
i
ce
v
e
r
s
a
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
I
-
C
VI
will
b
e
ca
t
e
g
o
r
i
ze
d
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
5
s
ec
t
io
n
s
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
s
c
ale
-
l
ev
el
co
n
t
en
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
in
d
ex
(
S
-
C
V
I
/A
v
e
)
wil
l
a
ls
o
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
,
aim
in
g
t
o
o
b
ta
in
t
h
e
r
el
ev
a
n
c
e
s
c
al
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
b
y
all
e
x
p
e
r
ts
.
S
-
C
V
I
/A
v
e
wi
ll
b
e
c
alc
u
l
ate
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
I
-
C
V
I
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ite
m
s
.
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
(
UA
)
s
c
o
r
e
is
g
i
v
e
n
as
1
wh
e
n
t
h
e
it
em
a
ch
ie
v
es
1
0
0
%
ag
r
e
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ts
;
o
t
h
er
w
is
e
,
t
h
e
U
A
s
co
r
e
is
g
i
v
e
n
as
0
[
3
1
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
F
ind
ing
f
ro
m
F
G
D
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
s
ev
er
al
th
em
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
,
n
am
ely
th
e
g
am
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lear
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
co
n
te
n
t.
T
h
ese
th
em
e
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
'
v
iews
o
n
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
is
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
th
em
e
is
th
e
g
am
e
in
ter
f
ac
e.
E
x
p
er
ts
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
s
u
c
h
as th
e
f
o
n
t ty
p
e
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
,
is
v
er
y
s
u
it
ab
le
an
d
ea
s
y
to
r
ea
d
.
“
Th
e
w
r
itin
g
u
s
ed
is
ve
r
y
s
u
ita
b
le
a
n
d
ea
s
y
to
r
ea
d
ev
e
n
w
h
e
n
p
la
yin
g
th
e
g
a
me.
”
(
I
2
)
T
h
is
s
tatem
en
t
is
al
s
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
I
4
,
I
5
,
an
d
I
6
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
ex
p
er
ts
wh
o
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
tex
t
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
g
am
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
wh
ite
to
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
co
lo
r
lik
e
b
lack
o
r
d
ar
k
b
r
o
wn
.
“
Th
ere
is
text
w
r
i
tten
a
t
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
g
a
me
th
a
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
fr
o
m
w
h
ite
to
a
clea
r
er c
o
lo
r
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it a
p
p
e
a
r
s
les
s
clea
r
.
”
(
I
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
9
7
9
-
2
9
8
9
2984
T
h
is
s
t
ate
m
e
n
t
is
a
ls
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
I
3
.
Sti
l
l
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
th
e
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
am
e
in
te
r
f
ac
e,
e
x
p
er
ts
b
el
ie
v
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
ics
b
u
i
lt
in
to
t
h
is
g
a
m
e
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
att
r
a
cti
v
e
a
n
d
ca
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
t
o
l
ea
r
n
in
t
h
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
.
“
Th
e
g
r
a
p
h
ics d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
r
e
v
ery
a
p
p
ea
lin
g
a
n
d
s
u
ita
b
le
fo
r
th
eir a
g
e
.
”
(
I
2
)
“
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
co
lo
r
s
in
th
e
g
a
me
is
b
ea
u
tifu
l.
Th
i
s
b
ea
u
tifu
l
a
tmo
s
p
h
ere
w
ill
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
mo
tiva
tio
n
w
h
en
p
l
a
yin
g
a
n
d
n
o
t
ma
ke
it b
o
r
in
g
.
”
(
I
5
)
W
h
ile
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
s
atis
f
ied
wit
h
th
e
g
am
e
in
ter
f
ac
e,
th
ey
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
h
er
o
'
s
n
am
e
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
t
o
th
e
n
am
e
o
f
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics ex
p
er
ts
:
“
I
t
w
o
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
if
th
e
ch
a
r
a
cter
in
th
e
g
a
me
is
ch
a
n
g
ed
to
a
h
ero
r
ela
ted
to
ec
o
n
o
mi
cs.
We
h
a
ve
ma
n
y
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
mics f
ig
u
r
es like
K
ey
n
es
.
”
(
I
6
)
Af
ter
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
g
am
e
in
te
r
f
ac
e,
th
e
n
ex
t
t
h
em
e
is
r
elate
d
to
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
g
am
e,
g
am
e
elem
en
ts
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
elem
en
ts
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
.
Play
er
s
n
ee
d
to
co
m
p
lete
g
am
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
wh
ile
also
co
m
p
leti
n
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
E
x
p
er
ts
ag
r
ee
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
g
am
e
is
v
er
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
,
in
lin
e
with
th
e
DSKP o
u
tlin
ed
b
y
t
h
e
KPM:
“
E
ve
n
th
o
u
g
h
th
is
ma
teri
a
l
is
in
th
e
fo
r
m
o
f
a
g
a
me,
I
feel
it's
s
u
ita
b
le
fo
r
ec
o
n
o
mic
lea
r
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
s
ke
d
a
lig
n
w
ith
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
eme
n
ts
o
f D
S
K
P
.
”
(
I
1
)
T
h
is
s
tatem
en
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
all
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
is
co
m
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
th
e
o
p
i
n
io
n
th
at
th
e
g
am
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
u
s
e,
b
u
t th
e
KPM
n
ee
d
s
to
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
r
i
n
g
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es to
s
ch
o
o
l
.
“
I
'm
in
teres
ted
in
b
r
in
g
in
g
th
is
g
a
me
in
to
th
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m,
b
u
t
w
e
h
a
ve
limita
tio
n
s
a
s
n
o
t
a
ll
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
a
r
ticip
a
te
in
th
e
B
r
i
n
g
Yo
u
r
Ow
n
Dev
ices
(
B
Y
OD
)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m.
Th
erefo
r
e,
K
P
M
n
ee
d
s
to
a
llo
w
th
e
b
r
in
g
in
g
o
f
mo
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
in
to
th
e
cl
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
to
i
mp
leme
n
t
th
is
g
a
me
in
th
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
”
(
I
4
)
As
f
o
r
th
e
last
th
em
e,
it
is
m
o
r
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
th
e
g
am
e.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
to
p
ics
o
f
elasticity
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
s
u
b
ject.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
ad
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
to
b
e
m
ad
e
is
o
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
w
p
r
ice
ch
an
g
es in
tab
le
f
o
r
m
.
“
F
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
3
in
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
d
ema
n
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
ly
ela
s
ticity,
th
e
p
h
r
a
s
e
'if
th
e
p
r
ice
in
crea
s
es
fr
o
m
R
M5
to
R
M6
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
a
d
d
ed
fo
r
cla
r
ity
.
”
(
I
6
)
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
a
n
s
wer
ch
o
ices
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
,
n
am
e
ly
:
“
Th
e
an
s
wer
ch
o
ices
fo
r
q
u
est
io
n
s
5
a
n
d
8
in
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
d
ema
n
d
ela
s
ticity
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ch
a
n
g
e
d
a
s
th
ere
is
n
o
co
r
r
ec
t a
n
s
w
er
.
”
(
I
2
)
Sev
er
al
s
en
ten
ce
s
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
also
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
t
o
av
o
id
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
“
F
o
r
me,
th
e
th
ir
d
to
p
ic
in
q
u
esti
o
n
6
n
ee
d
s
to
a
d
d
'lo
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t'
s
o
t
h
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
’
s
r
eq
u
ir
eme
n
ts
.
”
(
I
3
)
Ov
er
all,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
FGD
f
o
r
th
is
p
h
ase
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
'
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
i
ca
tio
n
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
s
u
b
ject.
All
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
will
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
as n
ee
d
ed
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
3
.
2
.
F
ind
ing
f
ro
m
CVI
Af
ter
o
b
tain
in
g
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
FGD,
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
co
n
tin
u
ed
with
th
e
e
x
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
i
f
icatio
n
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
u
b
ject.
T
h
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
v
alu
es
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
to
t
h
e
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
estab
lis
h
ed
at
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
As
ex
p
lain
ed
ea
r
lier
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
L
y
n
n
[
3
2
]
,
if
s
ev
en
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
S
-
C
VI
o
b
tain
ed
is
>0
.
8
3
,
th
e
elem
en
t
will
b
e
ac
ce
p
ted
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
S
-
C
VI
/Av
e
an
d
S
-
C
VI
/UA,
it
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
all
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
is
ac
ce
p
ted
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
v
alu
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
item
ex
ce
ed
s
0
.
8
3
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
I
-
C
VI
r
esu
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
va
lid
ity
o
f th
e
mo
b
ile
g
a
m
ifica
tio
n
in
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
u
b
ject
(
Mo
h
d
Za
im
Za
in
a
l A
d
n
a
n
)
2985
T
ab
le
3
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
I
-
C
VI
ca
lcu
latio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
ec
tio
n
s
I
t
e
ms
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
6
i
t
e
m
s
B
5
i
t
e
m
s
C
4
i
t
e
m
s
D
5
i
t
e
m
s
E
2
4
i
t
e
ms
S
-
C
V
I
/
A
v
e
1
1
1
0
.
9
8
0
.
9
4
S
-
C
V
I
/
U
A
1
1
1
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
4
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
t
e
ms
1
1
1
0
.
9
8
0
.
9
4
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
f
u
lly
r
ea
lize
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
teac
h
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ics,
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
e
s
s
en
tial.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
f
ac
e
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
t
ass
ess
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
FGD
an
d
C
VI
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
t
o
o
l.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
alig
n
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
g
ath
e
r
in
g
e
x
p
er
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
g
am
i
f
ied
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ics ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
a
m
e
in
te
r
f
ac
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
clar
ity
in
c
o
n
ten
t,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
em
b
ed
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
clar
ity
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
as
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
e
n
g
ag
in
g
g
r
ap
h
ics
was
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
u
s
tain
in
g
in
ter
est,
a
f
in
d
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
“
Sifir
R
u
n
”
g
am
e
[
1
7
]
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
en
ts
lik
e
v
is
u
als
i
n
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
g
am
e’
s
d
esig
n
also
in
teg
r
ated
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
u
ltime
d
ia
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
wh
ich
b
len
d
e
d
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
elem
en
ts
,
cr
ea
t
in
g
an
im
m
e
r
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t
clo
s
e
ly
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
was
d
ee
m
e
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
u
s
e.
T
h
is
alig
n
m
en
t
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
tab
le
s
tep
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
ti
ce
,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
[
7
]
.
Ke
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
g
am
i
f
icatio
n
lik
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
h
e
o
r
ies,
g
am
if
icatio
n
elem
en
ts
,
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
in
teg
r
atio
n
—
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
tr
o
n
g
v
alid
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
g
am
if
icatio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
tes
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
b
y
s
im
u
latin
g
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
co
n
t
ex
ts
,
th
er
eb
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
[
3
4
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
d
im
in
is
h
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
3
5
]
,
th
is
g
am
if
ied
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates h
o
w
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
6
]
.
Dif
f
icu
lt
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
wh
en
em
b
e
d
d
ed
with
in
a
g
am
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
1
2
]
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
g
a
m
e
d
esig
n
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
i
n
ts
,
lev
els,
a
n
d
lead
er
b
o
ar
d
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
a
n
o
tab
le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
ec
h
o
es
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
liter
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
i
n
en
h
an
ci
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ev
en
in
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
c
h
allen
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
Gam
if
ica
tio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
k
ills
b
u
t
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
k
ills
,
th
er
eb
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
o
v
er
all
s
tu
d
e
n
t g
r
o
wth
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
g
am
if
icatio
n
elem
e
n
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
co
r
es,
lev
els,
an
d
lead
er
b
o
ar
d
s
,
wer
e
well
-
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
ev
alu
ato
r
s
.
T
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
r
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
u
s
er
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
s
o
cial
d
y
n
am
ics,
alig
n
in
g
with
p
ast
r
esear
ch
o
n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
g
am
if
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
lear
n
in
g
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l,
m
ee
tin
g
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
b
ile
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
e
x
p
er
ts
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
g
a
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
wh
ich
ar
e
k
e
y
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
u
s
e
r
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
am
e'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
was
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
estab
lis
h
ed
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
th
eo
r
ies.
T
h
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
is
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
ac
tiv
e
lea
r
n
in
g
an
d
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teac
h
in
g
k
ey
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
elasticity
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
in
ter
ac
t
iv
e
s
tim
u
li
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
t
h
eo
r
y
was
also
ap
p
lied
,
with
th
e
g
am
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
em
o
r
y
r
ec
all,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
E
x
p
er
ts
n
o
ted
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
o
f
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
en
ts
in
en
h
an
cin
g
m
em
o
r
y
r
eten
tio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
em
p
h
asizes
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
was
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
g
am
e’
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ac
tiv
e,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
task
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
with
m
in
im
al
teac
h
er
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
E
x
p
er
t
e
v
alu
atio
n
also
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
g
am
e’
s
n
o
tes
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
alig
n
with
n
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ics cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
in
o
r
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
wer
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
en
h
an
ce
clar
ity
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
i
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ef
lects
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
in
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
g
a
m
if
ied
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
en
r
ich
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
e
x
p
er
ts
—
v
eter
an
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
o
v
er
a
d
ec
ad
e
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
th
e
f
i
eld
—
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
v
alid
ity
,
as
th
ey
ar
e
well
-
q
u
alif
ied
to
ev
alu
ate
b
o
t
h
f
ac
e
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
to
o
l
[
4
8
]
.
C
lear
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
FGD
an
d
C
VI
ass
ess
m
en
ts
in
d
icat
e
th
at
th
e
g
am
e’
s
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
m
ee
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
,
v
alid
atin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
as
a
teac
h
in
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ics.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
ig
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
9
7
9
-
2
9
8
9
2986
v
alid
ity
v
alu
es
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
g
a
m
e
’
s
p
o
ten
tial,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
ea
ch
er
s
ca
n
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
tly
u
s
e
th
is
to
o
l
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
is
g
am
e
o
f
f
er
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
en
g
ag
e
with
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
co
n
ten
t
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
.
I
t
also
h
o
ld
s
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
ap
p
licatio
n
with
in
th
e
n
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
p
o
ten
tially
s
er
v
in
g
as a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
g
a
m
if
ied
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
u
b
jects.
Desp
ite
its
s
u
cc
ess
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
b
ias,
an
d
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ts
wer
e
co
n
s
u
lted
.
E
x
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
to
in
clu
d
e
a
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
M
alay
s
ia
co
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
’
s
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
l
it
y
is
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
d
,
as
it
is
n
o
t
a
c
c
es
s
i
b
l
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
A
p
p
l
e
S
t
o
r
e
.
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
es
s
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
g
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
w
as
o
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ca
n
b
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
s
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
to
o
l
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
g
am
i
f
ied
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esea
r
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
jects
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els,
ass
e
s
s
in
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
ac
ticality
in
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
will b
e
cr
u
cial
to
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
g
am
if
ied
lea
r
n
in
g
to
o
ls
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
s
u
b
ject
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
ed
b
o
th
u
s
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
as
ev
alu
ated
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
s
eq
u
en
tial
ass
ess
m
en
ts
co
n
d
u
cted
,
s
tar
tin
g
with
th
e
FGD
an
d
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
C
VI
ass
ess
m
en
t,
h
av
e
in
d
ee
d
r
ea
ch
ed
a
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
is
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
n
ee
d
s
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
is
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
icatio
n
as
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
i
s
th
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
am
if
ic
atio
n
with
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
v
iab
le
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
t
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
g
a
m
if
ied
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eten
tio
n
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
elem
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
ex
p
er
t
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
a
h
i
g
h
C
VI
,
estab
lis
h
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
v
alid
atio
n
in
co
n
ten
t d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
u
ch
to
o
ls
ca
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
in
g
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
b
o
t
h
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
an
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
l
in
g
an
d
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
ex
p
er
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
v
alid
ati
o
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
to
o
th
er
s
u
b
jects
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
v
els,
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
as
s
ess
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
n
tin
u
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
b
e
ess
en
tial
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
g
am
if
ied
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
its
r
elev
an
ce
in
ev
o
lv
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
es.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
h
el
p
b
u
ild
a
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
at
lev
er
a
g
es th
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
o
f
d
ig
ital in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
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th
e
Un
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s
iti
Keb
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s
aa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
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n
d
er
th
e
r
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g
r
an
t
o
f
GG
-
2024
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3
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.
AUTHO
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s
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C
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to
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C
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s
h
ip
d
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p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
1
]
T.
C
h
e
l
l
a
p
a
n
,
N
.
M
.
D
a
u
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
N
a
r
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y
a
n
a
s
a
m
y
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