I
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l J
o
urna
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P
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c
H
ea
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h Science
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I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
3
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1
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Factors
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terv
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p
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m
s.
K
ey
w
o
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d
s
:
Ad
o
lescen
t
Ass
o
ciate
d
f
ac
to
r
Hea
lth
b
elief
m
o
d
el
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
Ph
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
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d
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CC B
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SA
li
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.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
Ho
n
g
Kim
T
an
g
Facu
lty
o
f
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
,
Ph
a
m
Ng
o
c
T
h
ac
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Un
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r
s
ity
o
f
Me
d
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Ho
C
h
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in
h
C
ity
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: h
o
n
g
.
ta
n
g
@
p
n
t.e
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.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
W
o
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ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
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n
(
W
HO)
d
ef
in
es
p
h
y
s
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ac
tiv
ity
(
PA)
as
“
an
y
b
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ily
m
o
v
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p
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ce
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b
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th
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eq
u
ir
es
e
n
er
g
y
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
”
[
1
]
.
Ph
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s
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ac
tiv
ity
is
cr
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cial
f
o
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h
ea
lth
,
y
et
in
s
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if
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A
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is
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f
2
9
8
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ased
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wo
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ld
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t
th
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o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
lev
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f
P
A
[
2
]
.
I
n
Vietn
am
,
t
h
e
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%
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
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to
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0
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9
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Ho
C
h
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Min
h
C
ity
(
HC
M
C
)
,
o
n
e
o
f
Vietn
am
’
s
m
eg
ac
ities
,
f
ac
es
lo
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lev
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f
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g
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.
I
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2
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T
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r
ev
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ate
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to
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v
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s
p
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s
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ac
tiv
ity
(
MV
PA
)
tim
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am
o
n
g
6
g
r
a
d
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s
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in
HC
MC
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m
ain
ed
b
elo
w
5
5
m
i
n
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tes
p
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[
4
]
,
a
n
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7
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m
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/d
ay
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n
s
ed
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n
tar
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ac
ti
v
ities
[
5
]
.
I
n
2
0
2
2
,
L
in
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L
HH
’
s
s
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y
p
r
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m
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e
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with
o
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H
C
MC
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n
ly
s
p
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d
in
g
≤
6
0
m
in
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tes/
d
ay
o
n
MV
PA
[
6
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
is
s
u
e
is
cr
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cial,
as
th
e
W
HO
s
et
a
1
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%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tar
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et
in
g
lo
b
al
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
PA
b
y
2
0
3
0
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
1
3
-
1
3
2
2
1314
Dev
elo
p
in
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ev
id
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b
ased
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1
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[
1
1
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1
2
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t
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p
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t
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r
e
ats,
b
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ter
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s
[
6
]
,
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
in
c
o
m
p
l
ete
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lack
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
i
c
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
u
ch
as HB
M.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ass
es
s
f
ac
to
r
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
PA tim
e
am
o
n
g
HC
M
C
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
e
HB
M
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
is
allo
ws f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
to
PA,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Set
t
ing
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
n
i
ti
a
l
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
t
a
r
g
e
ti
n
g
P
A
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
ts
in
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
C
i
t
y
,
Vi
e
t
n
a
m
.
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
n
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
m
o
n
g
H
o
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
C
i
t
y
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
,
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
s
s
o
c
ia
t
ed
w
i
t
h
P
A
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
i
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
la
c
k
o
f
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
h
e
o
r
et
i
c
al
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
B
as
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
H
e
a
lt
h
B
el
i
e
f
M
o
d
e
l
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
te
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
g
i
es
.
2
.
3
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
et
hica
l
a
pp
ro
v
a
l
T
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
ct
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
t
o
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
w
as
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
E
t
h
i
c
a
l
B
o
a
r
d
o
f
P
h
a
m
N
g
o
c
T
h
a
c
h
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
(
A
p
p
r
o
v
a
l
N
o
.
5
0
4
/
T
Đ
H
Y
KP
N
T
-
H
Đ
ĐĐ
,
s
i
g
n
e
d
o
n
A
p
r
i
l
6
,
2
0
2
1
)
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
a
d
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
S
T
R
OB
E
c
h
e
c
k
l
i
s
t
f
o
r
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
ct
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
4
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
P
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
g
e
d
1
1
-
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
w
o
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
i
n
H
C
M
C
.
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
g
u
ar
d
i
a
n
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
w
i
t
h
m
o
b
i
l
it
y
d
i
s
a
b
i
li
t
ie
s
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
a
b
s
e
n
t
o
n
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
a
y
s
w
e
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
.
2
.
5
.
Sa
m
ple size
a
nd
re
cr
uitm
ent
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
i
ze
w
as
c
al
c
u
l
a
te
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
1
0
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
.
G
i
v
e
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
HB
M
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
d
o
f
3
0
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
,
w
e
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
e
d
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
a
m
p
le
s
i
z
e
f
o
r
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
a
t
3
0
0
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
e
a
c
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
w
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
f
o
u
r
c
l
a
s
s
es
f
r
o
m
g
r
a
d
e
s
6
,
7
,
8
,
a
n
d
9
.
W
e
i
n
v
i
te
d
a
l
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
,
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
4
0
p
e
r
c
l
a
s
s
,
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
at
e.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
r
ec
e
i
v
e
d
a
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
r
y
l
e
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
a
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
g
u
a
r
d
i
a
n
s
.
O
n
t
h
e
d
a
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
s
u
b
m
it
t
e
d
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
s
.
W
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
ed
o
n
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
at
e
a
n
d
w
h
o
s
e
g
u
a
r
d
i
a
n
s
al
s
o
a
g
r
ee
d
.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
v
a
ri
a
ble def
ini
t
io
ns
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
es
we
r
e
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
e
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
.
St
u
d
y
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
s
i
n
s
t
r
u
ct
e
d
al
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
t
h
e
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
in
c
l
a
s
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
d
o
f
4
7
i
t
e
m
s
,
t
h
r
e
e
s
ec
t
i
o
n
s
:
s
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
cs
(
1
0
i
t
e
m
s
)
,
P
A
(
7
it
e
m
s
)
,
a
n
d
H
B
M
(
3
0
i
t
e
m
s
)
.
O
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
3
0
-
45
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
el
i
a
n
c
e
o
n
s
e
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
r
e
c
a
ll
b
i
as
(
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
b
i
a
s
)
.
T
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
t
h
i
s
b
i
as
,
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
ct
io
n
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
s
t
u
d
y
v
o
l
u
n
t
e
e
r
s
,
w
h
o
w
e
r
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
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a
n
d
e
x
p
l
a
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n
i
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t
h
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f
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r
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o
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p
r
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e
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s
t
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t
h
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d
e
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t
s
.
T
i
m
e
s
p
e
n
t
o
n
P
A
w
as
as
s
e
s
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
Vi
e
t
n
a
m
es
e
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
r
e
c
al
l
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
(V
-
A
P
AR
Q
)
.
T
h
e
V
-
A
PAR
Q
h
a
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
h
i
g
h
r
e
li
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
V
i
e
tn
a
m
e
s
e
a
d
o
le
s
c
e
n
t
s
.
R
e
c
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
V
-
A
PA
R
Q
w
as
u
s
e
d
i
n
a
s
t
u
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
l
es
ce
n
t
s
i
n
HC
MC
i
n
2
0
2
0
a
n
d
2
0
2
2
[
6
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
U
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
V
-
A
P
AR
Q
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
s
p
e
n
t
i
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
ed
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
P
A
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
w
e
e
k
i
n
s
u
m
m
e
r
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
t
e
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
e
a
c
h
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
w
e
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
.
T
i
m
e
s
p
e
n
t
i
n
M
VP
A
w
as
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
m
i
n
u
t
es
p
e
r
d
a
y
,
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
d
i
u
m
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
ac
t
i
v
it
i
es
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
H
B
M
w
a
s
a
s
s
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14
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Sep
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t
h
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th
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ily
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1
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0
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,
in
d
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th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
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o
wer
lev
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o
f
b
ar
r
ier
s
en
g
ag
ed
in
h
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h
er
MV
PA
tim
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s
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tem
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th
e
“
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o
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8
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0
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3
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<
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0
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ts
with
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en
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in
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two
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th
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d
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s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
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ciate
d
with
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PA tim
e
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iab
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
r
ev
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s
ig
n
if
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ca
n
t
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o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
t
wo
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d
o
m
ain
s
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d
two
ad
d
itio
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al
f
ac
to
r
s
with
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e.
Hi
g
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
=
5
.
6
3
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
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lic
Hea
lth
Sci
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
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F
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(
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1317
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ie
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M,
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ic
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ir
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th
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v
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R
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P
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11
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13
H
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15
M
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12
Th
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B
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30
F
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29
P
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28
P
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Vie
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±
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in
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tes
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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6
I
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b
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Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
1
3
-
1
3
2
2
1318
MV
PA
p
er
d
ay
,
wh
ic
h
f
alls
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
'
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
6
0
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iab
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
th
e
h
ea
lth
b
elief
m
o
d
el
,
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
PA
tim
e,
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
n
ex
er
cise
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m
p
an
io
n
ac
co
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
5
0
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
MV
PA
tim
e.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
PA
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
HC
MC,
Vietn
am
.
B
elo
w,
we
d
is
cu
s
s
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
p
o
in
ts
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
n
ea
r
l
y
h
alf
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
7
.
5
%)
wer
e
m
ale,
with
an
ev
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
els.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
L
in
h
L
HH
et
al.
in
two
o
th
er
ju
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
HC
MC
in
2
0
2
2
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
HC
MC
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
o
v
er
weig
h
t
a
n
d
o
b
esit
y
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o
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r
s
tu
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y
was
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8
.
6
%,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
l
o
wer
th
an
th
e
4
6
.
5
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
L
in
h
L
HH’
s
s
tu
d
y
[
6
]
an
d
4
5
%
to
5
6
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Ng
o
c
-
T
r
in
h
T
N’
s
tu
d
y
[
5
]
.
So
m
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
in
Vietn
a
m
o
n
c
h
ild
r
en
ag
ed
5
to
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5
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o
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n
d
th
at
th
e
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r
ev
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ce
o
f
o
v
er
weig
h
t
an
d
o
b
esit
y
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
2
5
%
to
5
9
%
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eity
am
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
ag
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
with
in
HC
MC a
n
d
Vietn
am
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ca
u
tio
n
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
wh
en
g
en
er
alizin
g
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
0
.
5
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
g
a
g
ed
i
n
MV
PA
f
o
r
≤
6
0
m
in
u
tes/
d
ay
.
L
in
h
L
HH’
s
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
m
o
r
e
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
with
o
n
ly
3
2
.
4
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
p
en
d
in
g
≤
6
0
m
in
u
tes/
d
ay
o
n
MV
PA
[
6
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
y
T
r
in
h
NT
N
r
ev
ea
led
a
lo
w
le
v
el
o
f
PA
in
2
0
2
0
,
with
av
er
a
g
e
M
VPA
tim
e
r
em
ain
in
g
b
elo
w
5
5
m
i
n
u
tes
p
er
d
a
y
[
4
]
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
7
0
%
s
tu
d
en
t
s
s
p
en
t
o
v
er
1
2
0
m
in
/
d
ay
o
n
s
ed
en
tar
y
ac
tiv
ities
[
5
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
L
in
h
L
HH’
s
,
an
d
T
r
in
h
NT
N’
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
lack
o
f
PA
am
o
n
g
ju
n
i
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
in
HC
MC,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
cr
itical
n
e
ed
f
o
r
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
PA.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
PA
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
le
s
ce
n
ts
is
a
cr
itical
g
lo
b
al
g
o
al,
r
elev
an
t
to
Vietn
am
a
n
d
HC
MC.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
is
cr
u
cial
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
tar
g
et.
T
h
e
o
r
ies
an
d
m
o
d
els
s
er
v
e
as
in
v
alu
ab
l
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ex
p
er
ts
in
c
r
af
tin
g
s
u
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
HB
M
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ex
p
lain
PA
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
s
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
H
o
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
,
Vietn
am
.
I
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
MV
PA
tim
e
in
clu
d
ed
:
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
(
C
o
ef
f
icien
t=5
.
4
9
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
2
.
0
7
–
8
.
9
1
;
p
=0
.
0
0
2
)
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
=
5
.
6
3
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
2
.
8
2
–
8
.
4
4
;
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
h
av
in
g
an
e
x
er
cise
co
m
p
a
n
io
n
(
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
=
1
6
.
9
8
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
1
0
.
6
1
–
2
3
.
3
5
;
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
an
6
0
m
in
u
tes
o
f
d
aily
ac
tiv
ity
(
C
o
ef
f
icien
t=1
6
.
8
2
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
1
2
.
9
2
–
2
0
.
7
2
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
o
n
e'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
p
h
y
s
ical
a
ctiv
ities
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
n
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
ac
tiv
ity
lev
els
.
C
o
n
v
en
ien
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
p
ac
es
,
f
ac
ilit
ies,
an
d
th
e
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
tim
e,
s
k
ill,
an
d
ex
er
cises
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
MV
PA.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
ef
f
ica
cy
b
elief
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
en
ien
t
ac
ce
s
s
s
p
en
t
m
o
r
e
tim
e
in
M
VPA,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
H
B
M.
Ma
n
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
PA
[
2
6
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
o
f
f
ac
ilit
ies,
ar
ea
,
an
d
s
o
cial,
f
am
ily
an
d
p
ee
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wer
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
MV
PA
tim
e
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
MV
PA
tim
e
w
ith
HB
M
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
c
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
HB
M
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
am
o
n
g
HC
MC
ad
o
lescen
ts
was
lack
in
g
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
HC
MC
f
o
u
n
d
m
an
y
item
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
h
y
s
ical
in
ac
tiv
ity
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ass
iv
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tati
o
n
,
lac
k
o
f
PA
tim
e
(
e
.
g
.
,
s
p
en
d
in
g
to
o
m
u
c
h
tim
e
f
o
r
s
el
f
-
s
tu
d
y
o
r
p
lay
in
g
v
id
eo
g
am
e
o
r
watc
h
i
n
g
telev
i
s
io
n
)
,
lack
o
f
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
en
t,
lack
o
f
co
m
p
an
io
n
(
e.
g
.
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
s
ib
lin
g
s
,
o
r
f
r
ien
d
s
)
,
l
ac
k
o
f
p
lay
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
6
]
,
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
lack
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
m
ay
lead
to
in
co
m
p
letely
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
s
o
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
th
r
ea
ts
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
en
ef
its
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
b
ar
r
ier
an
d
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
wer
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
HB
M
m
o
d
el
is
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
Vietn
am
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
PA
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
an
ex
er
cise
co
m
p
a
n
io
n
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
M
VPA
tim
e
(
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
=
1
6
.
9
8
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
1
0
.
6
1
–
2
3
.
3
5
;
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
an
d
co
ef
f
icien
t
=
1
6
.
8
2
;
9
5
%
C
I
:
1
2
.
9
2
–
2
0
.
7
2
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
PA
tim
e
an
d
h
av
in
g
an
ex
er
cise
co
m
p
a
n
io
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
p
a
r
en
ts
,
s
ib
lin
g
s
,
an
d
f
r
ien
d
s
,
was
also
ev
id
en
t
in
L
in
h
L
HH’
s
s
tu
d
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
co
n
ju
n
c
tio
n
with
th
e
HB
M,
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
5
0
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
MV
PA
d
u
r
atio
n
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iab
le
an
aly
s
is
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
HB
M
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
to
elu
cid
ate
PA
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
,
co
m
p
an
io
n
s
h
ip
,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
s
u
itab
le
PA
d
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
with
ca
u
tio
u
s
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
to
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
.
3.
3
.
Str
eng
t
hs
a
nd
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
HB
M
m
o
d
el
is
a
s
tr
en
g
th
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
h
elp
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
PA
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
in
Vietn
am
,
wh
ich
d
o
n
o
t
r
ely
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
d
el.
W
e
u
s
ed
a
m
u
ltiv
ar
iab
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
to
co
n
tr
o
l c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
to
esti
m
ate
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
F
a
cto
r
s
a
s
s
o
cia
ted
w
ith
p
h
ysica
l a
ctivity
time
a
mo
n
g
a
d
o
les
ce
n
ts
in
…
(
V
in
h
Qu
a
n
g
P
h
u
n
g
)
1319
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itat
io
n
s
th
at
war
r
an
t
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t.
First,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
o
u
r
ab
ilit
y
to
in
f
er
ca
u
s
ality
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
ata
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
b
ias.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
l
im
ited
,
as
o
u
r
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
ly
two
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
two
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
HC
M
C
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ca
u
tio
n
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
wh
en
g
en
er
alizin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
HC
MC
f
ell
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
'
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
6
0
m
in
u
tes
o
f
MV
PA.
T
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
HB
M
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
e
x
p
lain
MV
PA
tim
e
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
HC
MC.
Self
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
,
co
m
p
an
io
n
s
h
ip
,
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
PA
tim
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
MV
PA
tim
e.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
en
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
HB
M
an
d
PA,
as
well
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
HB
M
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
PA,
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
tin
u
e
to
b
e
ass
ess
ed
an
d
ex
p
an
d
e
d
in
co
v
er
ag
e
t
o
allo
w
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
to
ad
o
lescen
t
s
in
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
Vietn
am
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
B
in
h
T
r
i
Do
n
g
J
u
n
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
an
d
L
u
o
n
g
T
h
e
Vin
h
J
u
n
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
f
o
r
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Vin
h
Qu
an
g
Ph
u
n
g
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Vien
T
r
u
o
n
g
Ng
u
y
en
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ng
o
c
-
T
r
in
h
T
h
i
Ng
u
y
en
✓
✓
✓
Dan
g
Ng
o
c
T
r
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ph
o
n
g
Du
y
Ng
u
y
en
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ho
n
g
Kim
T
an
g
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
h
u
m
a
n
u
s
e
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
lie
d
with
all
th
e
r
elev
an
t
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
te
n
et
s
o
f
t
h
e
He
ls
in
k
i
Dec
lar
atio
n
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
'
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
o
r
eq
u
i
v
alen
t c
o
m
m
ittee.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
1
3
-
1
3
2
2
1320
DATA AV
AI
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1
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o
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Cit
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t
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M
o
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b
e
h
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p
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a
l
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c
ti
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it
y
,
a
n
d
g
y
n
e
c
o
lo
g
ic
issu
e
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
tr
i
n
h
n
tn
@
p
n
t.
e
d
u
.
v
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
1
3
-
1
3
2
2
1322
Da
n
g
Ng
o
c
Tr
a
n
is
a
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
Ac
ti
n
g
H
e
a
d
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
En
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
He
a
lt
h
,
Vic
e
h
e
a
d
,
G
ra
n
t
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Ce
n
ter
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
a
n
d
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
a
t
Ho
Ch
i
M
i
n
h
Cit
y
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
t
u
re
r
in
De
p
a
rtme
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t
o
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n
v
iro
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m
e
n
tal
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a
lt
h
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
e
d
ici
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e
a
n
d
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
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Ho
Ch
i
M
i
n
h
Cit
y
(UMP
HCMC).
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o
b
t
a
in
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
fro
m
UM
P
HCMC
in
2
0
1
0
.
He
g
o
t
th
e
Ja
p
a
n
e
se
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
sc
h
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lars
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i
p
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EXT
)
to
p
u
rsu
e
h
is
m
a
ste
r
o
f
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
d
e
g
re
e
,
m
a
jo
rin
g
i
n
m
o
lec
u
lar
e
p
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
;
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n
d
t
h
e
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
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re
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m
a
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rin
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tal
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th
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iv
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o
f
Tsu
k
u
b
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4
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n
d
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0
1
7
re
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p
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with
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tere
st
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s th
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He
a
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n
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m
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lt
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P
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rica
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o
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g
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e
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ts
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d
C
h
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m
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ra
p
y
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In
tern
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ti
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J
o
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id
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v
ir
o
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e
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t
In
tern
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ti
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a
l.
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h
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se
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ra
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n
d
sc
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u
c
h
a
s
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e
first
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k
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a
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rd
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h
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ti
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l
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n
c
e
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g
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se
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m
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tn
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m
in
2
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1
6
,
a
n
d
2
0
1
8
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
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e
G
o
ld
e
n
G
lo
b
e
i
n
S
c
ien
c
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Aw
a
rd
2
0
2
2
o
f
th
e
M
i
n
istry
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
;
a
n
d
h
e
g
o
t
th
e
ti
tl
e
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
M
e
d
icin
e
in
2
0
2
3
(o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
e
st
As
so
c
iate
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
M
e
d
ic
in
e
in
Vie
tn
a
m
).
He
h
a
s
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
rt
ise
a
n
d
so
l
id
sk
il
ls
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n
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io
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ti
stics
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e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
risk
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ss
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ss
m
e
n
t,
e
n
v
ir
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n
m
e
n
tal
e
p
id
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m
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l
o
g
y
.
He
is
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
in
se
v
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ra
l
p
r
o
jec
ts
fu
n
d
e
d
b
y
Vie
tn
a
m
(NA
F
OST
ED,
Ho
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
Cit
y
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
),
Au
stra
li
a
(
NH
M
RC),
Eu
ro
p
e
(HO
RIZON
2
0
2
0
)
,
Am
e
rica
(USAID),
in
wh
ic
h
h
e
p
lay
s
a
ro
le
a
s
a
m
a
in
in
v
e
stig
a
t
o
r.
To
re
sp
o
n
se
to
COV
ID
1
9
,
h
e
is
d
o
i
n
g
re
se
a
rc
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a
n
d
in
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o
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a
ti
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ti
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n
s
i
n
p
re
v
e
n
ti
n
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
in
Vie
tn
a
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
g
o
c
d
a
n
g
y
tc
c
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ph
o
n
g
Duy
N
g
u
y
e
n
is a
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r.
Afte
r
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
n
g
a
t
S
a
in
t
-
P
e
ters
b
u
rg
S
tate
M
e
d
ica
l
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
(Ru
ss
ia)
in
1
9
9
4
,
P
h
o
n
g
wa
s
a
d
m
it
ted
i
n
P
o
st
-
g
ra
d
u
a
te
p
r
o
g
ra
m
in
Tro
p
ica
l
Dise
a
se
s
a
n
d
Ep
i
d
e
m
io
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
is
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
1
9
9
8
.
S
in
c
e
1
9
9
8
,
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
t
h
e
lec
tu
re
r
o
f
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
fe
c
ti
o
u
s
a
n
d
Tr
o
p
ica
l
Dise
a
se
s
–
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
–
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
a
n
d
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
(
UMP
)
a
t
Ho
Ch
i
M
i
n
h
c
it
y
(Vie
tn
a
m
).
He
is also
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
P
h
y
sic
ian
i
n
Cli
n
ica
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
Un
it
a
t
Ho
sp
it
a
l
fo
r
Tro
p
ica
l
Dise
a
se
s
in
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
with
Welc
o
m
e
Tru
st
–
O
x
fo
r
d
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(En
g
la
n
d
).
In
2
0
0
4
,
He
h
a
s
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
train
i
n
g
c
o
u
rse
in
Vira
l
He
p
a
ti
ti
s
a
n
d
HIV
-
In
fe
c
ti
o
n
–
t
h
is
wa
s
d
o
n
e
i
n
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
–
B
o
rd
e
a
u
x
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
2
(F
ra
n
c
e
).
S
i
n
c
e
2
0
0
5
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
th
e
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
ss
o
c
iate
a
t
IF
M
T
(F
re
n
c
h
In
stit
u
te
fo
r
Tro
p
ica
l
M
e
d
icin
e
)
–
Vie
n
ti
a
n
e
–
Lao
DPR.
S
i
n
c
e
2
0
0
7
,
He
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
te
a
s
lec
tu
re
r
in
Ce
n
ter
fo
r
Trai
n
in
g
o
f
F
a
m
il
y
P
h
y
sic
ian
–
UM
P
a
n
d
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
l
ic
He
a
lt
h
–
UMP
.
He
h
a
s
a
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
in
tere
st
in
M
e
d
ica
l
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
1
,
He
is
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
–
Lec
tu
re
r
o
f
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
–
U
M
P
.
S
in
c
e
Au
g
2
0
2
3
,
He
is
Vic
e
De
a
n
in
c
h
a
rg
e
o
f
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
–
UMP
a
n
d
He
a
d
o
f
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
ty
He
a
lt
h
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
3
0
p
a
p
e
rs
a
n
d
0
7
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
a
b
o
u
t
tro
p
ica
l
d
ise
a
se
s
,
e
p
id
e
m
io
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
d
p
h
o
n
g
y
tcc
@u
m
p
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
.
H
o
n
g
K
im
Ta
n
g
is
a
n
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
e
p
id
e
m
io
l
o
g
y
.
S
h
e
is
wo
rk
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ep
i
d
e
m
io
lo
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
P
h
a
m
Ng
o
c
T
h
a
c
h
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
M
e
d
icin
e
,
Ho
C
h
i
M
i
n
h
Ci
ty
,
Vi
e
tn
a
m
.
M
o
st
o
f
h
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
stu
d
ies
fo
c
u
s
o
n
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
o
b
e
sit
y
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
d
i
e
tary
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r,
p
h
y
sic
a
l
a
c
ti
v
it
y
,
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
t
o
th
e
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
o
v
e
rwe
ig
h
t
a
n
d
o
b
e
sit
y
in
H
o
Ch
i
M
in
h
Cit
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
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