I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
7
4
7
~
7
6
0
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijeecs.v
3
9
.i
2
.
pp
74
7
-
7
6
0
747
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
O
ptimi
za
tion o
f
h
y
brid P
V
-
w
ind
s
y
stems wi
th
M
P
PT
and
f
uzzy
lo
g
ic
-
ba
sed
co
ntrol
Ay
o
ub
F
enniche
1
,
Ab
delk
a
der
H
a
rr
o
uz
2
,
Ya
s
s
ine Bell
e
b
na
3
,
Abda
lla
h L
a
idi
2
,
I
s
m
a
il B
enla
ria
2
1
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
f
A
u
t
o
ma
t
i
c
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
s
e
s o
f
S
y
s
t
e
ms
(
LA
A
S
)
,
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
O
r
a
n
(
EN
P
O
-
M
a
u
r
i
c
e
A
U
D
I
N
)
,
O
r
a
n
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
2
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
f
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
c
s (LD
D
I
)
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
of
A
h
m
e
d
D
r
a
i
a
,
A
d
r
a
r
,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
3
A
P
ELEC
La
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
of
D
j
i
l
l
a
l
i
L
i
a
b
e
s
,
S
i
d
i
B
e
l
-
A
b
b
e
s,
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
27
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Ap
r
13
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
2
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
g
ro
wi
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
su
sta
in
a
b
le an
d
re
li
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
h
a
s d
riv
e
n
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
y
b
rid
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s
(HRES
)
th
a
t
c
o
m
b
in
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
T
h
is
r
e
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
lo
re
s
th
e
in
teg
ra
t
io
n
o
f
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
win
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
ste
m
s,
u
t
il
izin
g
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
(
P
M
S
G
)
fo
r
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
.
P
M
S
G
s
a
re
g
a
in
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
larit
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
ir
h
i
g
h
e
ffi
c
ien
c
y
a
n
d
a
b
i
li
ty
t
o
o
p
e
ra
te
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
i
n
v
a
riab
le
-
sp
e
e
d
win
d
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
m
id
e
a
l
fo
r
h
y
b
ri
d
sy
ste
m
s.
Th
e
st
u
d
y
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
fro
m
b
o
th
P
V
a
n
d
win
d
sy
ste
m
s
u
si
n
g
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
i
n
g
(M
P
P
T)
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
Th
e
c
o
n
tro
l
fo
r
t
h
e
M
P
P
T
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
is
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
(
F
L)
,
a
m
e
th
o
d
th
a
t
o
ffe
rs
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
tab
i
li
ty
in
m
a
n
a
g
in
g
th
e
non
-
l
in
e
a
r
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
A h
y
b
ri
d
sy
ste
m
c
o
n
sisti
n
g
o
f
P
V,
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
,
a
n
d
a
b
a
tt
e
ry
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
t
o
a
DC
b
u
s
is
sim
u
la
ted
u
si
n
g
M
ATLAB
S
im
u
li
n
k
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
in
te
g
ra
ti
n
g
P
V
a
n
d
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
with
MPPT
-
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
s
a
n
d
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
e
n
su
ri
n
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
u
ti
l
iza
ti
o
n
,
sta
b
le
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
t
e
n
e
rg
y
st
o
ra
g
e
.
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s,
sh
o
wc
a
sin
g
h
o
w
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
stra
teg
ies
c
a
n
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
st
o
ra
g
e
so
lu
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
Fu
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
HR
E
S
MPPT
So
lar
en
er
g
y
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ay
o
u
b
Fen
n
ich
e
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
o
f
Au
to
m
atic
an
d
A
n
aly
s
es o
f
Sy
s
tem
s
(
L
AAS)
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Natio
n
al
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Or
an
(
E
NPO
-
Ma
u
r
ice
AUDI
N)
Or
an
,
Alg
er
ia
E
m
ail:
ay
o
u
b
.
f
en
n
ic
h
e@
en
p
-
o
r
an
.
d
z
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
th
eir
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
,
l
o
w
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t,
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
ein
g
a
d
o
p
ted
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
an
d
m
itig
ate
clim
a
te
ch
an
g
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
o
th
PV
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
ar
e
in
h
er
e
n
tly
in
ter
m
itten
t
-
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
v
a
r
ies
d
u
e
to
wea
th
e
r
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
d
ay
-
n
ig
h
t
cy
cle,
wh
ile
win
d
p
o
wer
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
win
d
s
p
ee
d
f
lu
ctu
a
tio
n
s
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
is
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
a
p
p
licati
o
n
s
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
l
im
itatio
n
s
,
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
PV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
74
7
-
7
6
0
748
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
,
o
f
f
er
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
ca
p
italizin
g
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
lem
en
ta
r
y
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
ar
n
ess
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ty
p
ically
a
r
r
a
n
g
ed
in
to
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
ar
r
a
y
s
.
T
h
ese
ce
lls
co
n
v
er
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
to
e
lectr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
e
f
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
-
wh
eth
er
i
n
s
er
ies
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
p
ar
allel
f
o
r
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
-
a
r
e
cr
itical
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t a
v
ailab
ilit
y
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
em
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
clo
u
d
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
at
n
ig
h
t
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
k
i
n
etic
en
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
v
in
g
air
in
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
s
ev
e
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
t
u
r
b
in
e
d
esig
n
,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
en
e
r
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
,
m
o
d
er
n
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
w
in
d
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
W
E
C
S)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
,
wh
ich
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
t
th
eir
o
p
er
at
in
g
s
p
ee
d
b
ased
o
n
ch
an
g
in
g
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
At
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
(
PMSGs
)
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
c
h
o
ice
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
ig
h
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
PMSG
-
b
ased
W
E
C
S
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
a
b
r
o
ad
r
an
g
e
o
f
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
lo
w
a
n
d
m
ed
iu
m
win
d
s
p
ee
d
r
eg
io
n
s
,
wh
er
e
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
.
Giv
en
th
ese
ad
v
an
tag
es,
PMSG
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
wid
el
y
ad
o
p
ted
in
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
it
is
co
m
b
in
ed
with
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
t
o
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
6
]
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icie
n
cy
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
PV
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
a
ck
in
g
(
MPPT)
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ad
ju
s
t th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t o
f
e
ac
h
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
e
n
er
g
y
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
MPPT
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
is
lar
g
ely
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
y
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Du
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
n
o
n
lin
e
ar
an
d
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
e
r
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P
&
O)
an
d
i
n
cr
e
m
en
tal
c
o
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
I
NC
)
,
o
f
te
n
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
m
ai
n
tain
ac
cu
r
ate
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t,
esp
ec
ially
u
n
d
er
r
ap
i
d
ly
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
r
ely
o
n
f
ix
ed
-
s
tep
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ca
n
lead
t
o
p
o
wer
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
s
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
ter
ac
t
d
y
n
am
ically
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
FLC)
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
n
in
tellig
en
t
an
d
a
d
ap
ti
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
MPPT
in
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
d
ep
en
d
o
n
ex
p
licit
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els
an
d
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
FLC
is
b
ased
o
n
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
u
le
s
ets,
ex
p
er
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
h
eu
r
is
tic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
is
al
lo
ws
it
to
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
aim
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
is
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atin
g
PV
p
an
els,
win
d
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
a
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
to
e
n
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
a
p
t
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
e
n
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
A
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
MPPT
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Sectio
n
2
o
f
th
e
a
r
ticle
d
etails
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
,
co
v
er
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
,
ev
al
u
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
r
esen
ts
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
SYST
E
M
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
N
A
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ates m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
a
tes
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
PV
p
an
els,
a
win
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
a
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
with
th
r
ee
s
ep
ar
ate
co
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
PV
an
d
W
E
C
S
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
p
r
im
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
ac
k
u
p
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
All
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
a
r
allel
to
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
DC
b
u
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
in
d
iv
id
u
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
ev
en
if
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
ec
o
m
es
u
n
av
ailab
l
e
o
r
d
im
in
is
h
ed
.
T
wo
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
im
p
lem
en
t
MPPT
f
o
r
th
e
PV
an
d
W
E
C
S,
wh
ile
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
y
cles,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f h
yb
r
id
P
V
-
w
i
n
d
s
ystems
w
i
th
MPP
T a
n
d
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
y
o
u
b
F
en
n
ich
e
)
749
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
to
th
e
l
o
ad
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
is
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
d
u
lar
an
d
ea
s
ily
ex
p
an
d
a
b
le,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
n
ew
PV
p
an
els,
W
E
C
S,
o
r
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t in
cr
ea
s
in
g
cir
cu
it a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
2
.
1
.
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
mo
delin
g
A
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
an
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
ass
em
b
ly
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
ce
lls
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
a
r
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
t
p
u
t.
E
ac
h
ce
ll
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
o
p
er
ates
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t,
wh
e
r
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
ex
cites
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial,
cr
ea
ti
n
g
a
f
lo
w
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
DC
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
an
e
x
ten
s
io
n
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
an
d
in
clu
d
es
m
u
ltip
le
i
d
ea
l
PV
ce
l
ls
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
with
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
)
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
(
ℎ
)
to
ac
co
u
n
t f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
lo
s
s
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t (
)
o
f
a
PV m
o
d
u
le
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as:
=
(
ℎ
−
(
(
+
.
)
.
−
1
)
−
+
.
ℎ
)
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
ℎ
is
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
to
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e;
is
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
io
d
e;
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e;
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
m
o
d
u
le;
is
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t
(
1
.
3
8
e
-
23
J
/K)
;
is
th
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
;
is
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
K)
;
an
d
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ies an
d
p
a
r
allel
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
el
o
f
PV c
ell
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
a
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
in
v
o
lv
es
s
im
u
latin
g
th
e
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
an
d
ar
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
ac
h
cu
r
v
e
P
-
V
an
d
I
-
V
h
as
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
PV
a
r
r
ay
ac
h
iev
es
its
h
ig
h
est
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
1
]
.
=
.
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
74
7
-
7
6
0
750
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
(
a)
I
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
d
(
b
)
P
-
V
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
cir
cu
it
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
4
is
th
e
co
n
tex
t
in
wh
ic
h
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
i
s
ex
am
in
ed
.
A
s
tan
d
ar
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
PV
ar
r
ay
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
n
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
PV
p
a
n
el
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
s
tep
s
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
m
atch
th
e
DC
b
u
s
lin
k
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
y
n
am
i
ca
lly
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
to
r
eg
u
l
ate
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
v
o
lta
g
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
p
er
ates
at
th
e
M
PP
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t,
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
ch
an
g
es
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
o
r
o
th
e
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
’
s
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
is
v
ar
ied
t
o
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
’
s
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
g
u
id
e
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
MPP,
en
a
b
lin
g
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
ev
e
n
in
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
ad
ap
tin
g
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
an
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
ef
f
icien
t p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PV a
r
r
a
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
DC
-
B
US lin
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
2
.
2
.
Wind
ener
g
y
co
nv
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
an
d
a
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
.
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
n
v
er
tin
g
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
W
E
C
S
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
wh
ich
ex
tr
ac
ts
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
’
s
r
o
to
r
ar
ea
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
e
x
tr
ac
ted
(
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
3
)
.
=
1
2
(
,
)
2
3
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
(
,
)
is
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t,
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
an
d
;
is
th
e
air
d
en
s
ity
;
is
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
b
lad
e;
is
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
;
is
th
e
b
lad
e
p
itch
an
g
le
an
d
is
th
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
.
(
,
)
=
0
.
22
(
116
−
0
.
4
−
5
)
(
−
12
.
5
)
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f h
yb
r
id
P
V
-
w
i
n
d
s
ystems
w
i
th
MPP
T a
n
d
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
y
o
u
b
F
en
n
ich
e
)
751
W
ith
,
1
=
1
+
0
.
089
−
0
.
035
3
+
1
(
5
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
as tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
n
:
=
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
r
o
t
atio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
.
Fro
m
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
tatio
n
al
m
o
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
it is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
to
r
q
u
e
T
m
ac
tin
g
o
n
th
e
s
h
af
t a
s
(
7
)
.
=
(
7
)
F
ig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
a
n
d
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
(
P
-
w)
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
o
tted
lin
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
ts
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
v
ar
io
u
s
tu
r
b
in
e
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
s
(
ω
)
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
(
)
[
1
5
]
.
E
ac
h
P−ω
cu
r
v
e
h
as
a
u
n
iq
u
e
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
s
atis
f
y
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
∆
∆
⁄
=
0
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
o
p
e
r
ates
alo
n
g
th
is
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
c
u
r
v
e
to
m
a
x
im
ize
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
. P
-
W
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
W
I
ND
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
clu
d
es
with
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
a
PMSG,
wh
ich
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
in
to
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
.
T
o
ass
is
t
m
o
d
elin
g
,
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
m
o
d
el
is
im
p
l
em
en
ted
en
tire
ly
in
dq
-
co
o
r
d
in
ates,
th
e
s
tato
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
to
r
q
u
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
ar
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
(
d
q
)
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
am
e
as
[
6
]
.
=
−
−
+
(
8
)
=
−
−
−
+
(
9
)
=
3
2
[
(
−
)
−
]
(1
0
)
W
h
er
e
,
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
d
-
ax
e
an
d
q
-
ax
e
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
r
esp
ec
tiv
e;
=
is
th
e
b
asic
elec
tr
ical
an
g
u
lar
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
;
is
th
e
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
o
f
s
tato
r
;
an
d
ar
e
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
g
en
e
r
ato
r
;
is
p
er
m
an
en
t f
l
u
x
; a
n
d
p
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
le
p
air
s
.
2
.
3
.
St
o
ra
g
e
po
wer
s
y
s
t
e
m
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
S
S)
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
an
d
in
ter
m
itten
cy
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
s
to
r
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
r
elea
s
e
it
d
u
r
in
g
l
o
w
g
en
er
atio
n
o
r
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
74
7
-
7
6
0
752
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
E
SS
en
h
a
n
ce
s
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
ea
k
lo
ad
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
ies
in
to
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
6
]
.
E
SS
o
p
er
atio
n
i
n
v
o
lv
es
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
en
e
r
g
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
atio
n
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
co
s
t.
Am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
b
atter
i
es
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
im
es.
T
h
ey
s
to
r
e
en
er
g
y
in
c
h
em
ical
f
o
r
m
an
d
r
elea
s
e
it
a
s
elec
tr
icity
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
Key
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
clu
d
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
b
atter
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
life
s
p
an
[
1
7
]
.
SOC
r
ef
lects
th
e
av
ail
ab
le
en
er
g
y
as
a
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
to
tal
ca
p
ac
ity
,
d
y
n
am
ically
c
h
an
g
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cl
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
f
o
llo
ws:
=
−
∫
(
11
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
is
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
ca
p
ac
ity
.
2
.
4
.
F
L
C
M
P
P
T
f
o
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
is
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
u
n
d
er
v
ar
iab
le
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
U
n
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
o
r
in
c
r
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
n
ex
ac
t
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
u
tili
ze
s
li
n
g
u
is
tic
r
u
les
an
d
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
m
ak
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
es
6
-
7
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
two
k
ey
in
p
u
ts
;
th
e
er
r
o
r
(
E
)
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
c
er
n
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
12
)
,
an
d
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
er
r
o
r
(
Δ
E
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
is
r
ate
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
f
u
zz
if
ied
in
to
lin
g
u
is
ti
c
v
ar
iab
les
(
e.
g
.
,
n
eg
ativ
e
b
ig
,
ze
r
o
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
m
all
)
an
d
p
r
o
c
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
u
le
b
ase
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Af
ter
d
ef
u
zz
if
icat
io
n
,
th
e
cr
is
p
o
u
tp
u
t
is
ap
p
lie
d
to
alig
n
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
’
s
o
p
er
at
in
g
p
o
in
t
with
its
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
FLC
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
h
a
n
d
le
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
an
d
r
a
p
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
a
n
g
es
m
ak
e
s
it
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
MPPT
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
ei
r
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
=
∆
∆
(
12
)
∆
=
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
13
)
T
ab
le
1
.
R
u
le
b
ase
f
o
r
FLC im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
PV
E
NB
NM
NS
Z
PS
PM
PB
ΔE
NB
PB
PM
PS
Z
NS
NS
NS
NM
PM
PM
PS
Z
NS
NS
NS
NS
PS
PS
PS
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
PS
Z
Z
Z
Z
NS
NS
NS
PM
PS
PS
PS
Z
NS
NM
NM
PB
PS
PS
PS
Z
NS
NM
NB
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
p
u
t
m
em
b
er
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
(
E
)
an
d
ch
an
g
e
in
er
r
o
r
(
Δ
E
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f h
yb
r
id
P
V
-
w
i
n
d
s
ystems
w
i
th
MPP
T a
n
d
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
y
o
u
b
F
en
n
ich
e
)
753
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
t
p
u
t m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
2
.
5
.
F
L
C
M
P
P
T
f
o
r
W
EC
S
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
with
a
PMS
G
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
n
s
tab
le
AC
p
o
wer
d
u
e
to
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
.
T
o
s
tab
ilize
th
is
p
o
we
r
,
it
is
f
ir
s
t
r
ec
tifie
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
AC
in
to
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
DC
m
ay
s
till
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
u
r
th
er
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
FLC
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
MPPT
i
n
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
win
d
p
o
wer
a
n
d
r
o
t
o
r
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
in
t
(
∆P⁄∆
w=
0
)
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
ch
ain
r
u
le,
t
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
to
a
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
∆
∆
=
0
⇔
∆
∆
∆
∆
=
0
(
14
)
I
n
a
PMSG,
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
v
o
ltag
e
(
∆
∆
⁄
>
0
)
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
MPPT
co
n
d
itio
n
s
im
p
lifie
s
to
(
15
)
.
∆
∆
=
0
⇔
∆
∆
=
0
(
15
)
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
FLC
to
en
h
an
ce
MPPT
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ap
p
l
y
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
tr
ateg
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
FLC
u
s
es
two
k
ey
in
p
u
ts
;
th
e
er
r
o
r
(
E
)
,
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
we
r
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
(
∆
∆
⁄
)
,
an
d
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
er
r
o
r
(
Δ
E
)
,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
is
r
ate
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8.
T
h
ese
in
p
u
ts
en
a
b
le
th
e
FLC
to
p
r
ec
is
ely
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
th
e
DC
-
DC
B
OO
ST
co
n
v
er
ter
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
[
2
3
]
.
B
y
d
y
n
a
m
ically
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
PM
SG
-
b
ased
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
FL
C
MPPT
f
o
r
win
d
p
o
wer
2
.
6
.
P
I
D
co
ntr
o
l f
o
r
ba
t
t
er
y
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
i
n
teg
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
s
af
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
b
atter
y
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
s
en
s
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
it
to
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
,
)
,
g
en
e
r
atin
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
is
er
r
o
r
is
m
in
im
ized
b
y
th
e
o
u
ter
-
lo
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ic
h
o
u
tp
u
ts
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
(
)
.
T
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
r
o
v
er
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
with
in
b
atter
y
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lim
its
[
,
,
,
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
74
7
-
7
6
0
754
u
s
in
g
a
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
ese
lim
its
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
b
att
er
y
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
is
th
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
,
g
en
er
atin
g
a
cu
r
r
en
t
e
r
r
o
r
th
a
t
th
e
in
n
er
-
lo
o
p
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
in
e
-
tu
n
es
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
co
m
p
lim
en
ta
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
(
PW
M)
s
ig
n
als
to
d
r
iv
e
t
h
e
s
witch
es
(
1
an
d
2
)
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
ca
s
ca
d
ed
co
n
tr
o
l sch
em
e
en
s
u
r
e
s
s
tab
le
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
,
,
ac
cu
r
ate
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
a
d
h
er
en
ce
to
b
atter
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
o
u
ter
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
in
n
er
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
en
h
an
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it id
ea
l f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
in
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
in
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
e
g
iv
en
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
ac
h
iev
es
th
is
b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
,
,
an
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
g
ain
(
)
en
s
u
r
es
im
m
ed
iate
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
al
ter
m
(
)
elim
in
ate
s
r
esid
u
al
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
s
b
y
s
u
m
m
in
g
u
p
all
p
ast
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
g
ain
(
)
a
n
ticip
ates
f
u
tu
r
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
b
y
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
er
r
o
r
’
s
r
ate
o
f
c
h
an
g
e,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
th
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
two
eq
u
iv
alen
t f
o
r
m
s
:
(
)
=
+
+
(
16
)
o
r
eq
u
i
v
alen
tly
(
)
=
[
1
+
1
+
]
(
17
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
g
ain
,
is
th
e
in
teg
r
al
g
ain
,
is
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
g
ain
,
is
th
e
r
eset
tim
e,
is
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
PID
co
n
t
r
o
ller
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
a
n
d
in
teg
r
al
ac
tio
n
s
to
r
eg
u
late
a
s
y
s
tem
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
t
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
elim
in
atin
g
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
er
r
o
r
s
is
cr
itical,
an
d
d
er
i
v
ativ
e
ac
tio
n
i
s
n
o
t r
eq
u
ir
e
d
o
r
m
ay
a
m
p
lify
n
o
is
e.
On
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
t
u
n
in
g
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
th
e
Z
ieg
ler
-
Nich
o
ls
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
tili
ze
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
tep
r
esp
o
n
s
e
cu
r
v
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
,
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
v
alu
es
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
tep
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ized
b
y
two
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
th
e
d
elay
tim
e
(
)
,
an
d
th
e
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t
(
)
.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
v
alu
es c
an
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
g
u
id
eli
n
es p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
T
a
b
le
2.
T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
o
u
ter
-
lo
o
p
PI
is
=
0
,
85
=
0
,
005
=
0
T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
in
n
er
-
lo
o
p
PI
is
=
0
,
01
=
0
,
0005
=
0
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
ascad
ed
PI
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
R
esp
o
n
s
e
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
Z
ieg
ler
Nich
o
ls
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f h
yb
r
id
P
V
-
w
i
n
d
s
ystems
w
i
th
MPP
T a
n
d
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
y
o
u
b
F
en
n
ich
e
)
755
T
ab
le
2
.
Z
ieg
ler
Nich
o
ls
tu
n
in
g
r
u
les
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
y
p
e
P
∞
0
PI
0
.
9
3
.
3
0
P
I
D
1
.
2
2
0
.
5
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
PV
-
W
in
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
was
s
im
u
lated
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
Simu
lin
k
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
s
ize
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
esti
m
ated
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
p
o
wer
a
ty
p
ic
al
3
k
W
/3
0
0
V
DC
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
l
o
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
y
ea
r
,
m
ak
in
g
it su
itab
le
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
r
is
o
lated
is
lan
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
Simu
l
in
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
with
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ile
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
’
s
v
ar
iab
le
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
is
f
ir
s
t
r
ec
tifie
d
u
s
in
g
an
AC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
en
r
eg
u
lated
v
ia
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
with
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
b
e
f
o
r
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
A
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
m
a
n
ag
es
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cl
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w
an
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Par
am
eter
s
p
ec
if
icati
o
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
ue
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
PV
R
a
t
e
d
l
o
a
d
P
3
k
W
R
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
2
.
1
k
W
D
C
b
u
s
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
0
0
V
N
o
.
o
f
ser
i
e
s
mo
d
u
l
e
s
5
D
C
b
u
s
l
i
n
k
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
3
3
0
0
µ
F
N
o
.
o
f
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
mo
d
u
l
e
s
2
B
o
o
st
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
f
o
r
P
V
L
5
mH
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
7
.
8
4
A
B
o
o
st
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
f
o
r
W
EC
S
L
1
3
5
mH
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
6
.
3
V
B
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
2
0
.
5
mH
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
/
mo
d
u
l
e
2
1
3
.
1
5
W
P
I
o
u
t
e
r
-
l
o
o
p
-
0
.
8
5
-
0
.
0
0
5
W
EC
S
R
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
=
3
.
0
k
W
0
.
4
2
Ω
5
.
3
5
mH
P
I
i
n
n
e
r
-
l
o
o
p
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
R
a
t
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
-
,
0
.
0
1
-
0
.
0
0
0
5
6
5
A
h
0
.
1
1
Ω
P
o
l
e
p
a
i
r
P
4
N
o
mi
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
7
2
V
I
n
e
r
t
i
a
J
2
.
7
−
3
k
g
.
m
2
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
S
im
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
y
s
tem
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
an
d
its
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cted
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
74
7
-
7
6
0
756
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
,
with
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
i
n
ten
s
ity
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
0
0
to
1
,
0
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
v
ar
y
in
g
b
etwe
en
8
.
5
an
d
1
2
m
/s
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es 1
2
(
b
)
a
n
d
1
3
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
W
E
C
S
s
y
s
t
em
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tar
ts
at
0
.
6
k
W
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
th
r
e
e
s
tag
es
to
r
ea
ch
a
p
ea
k
o
f
2
.
1
k
W
,
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
in
two
s
tag
es
to
1
k
W
d
u
e
to
s
u
d
d
en
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
lev
els.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
a
)
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
win
d
s
y
s
tem
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
in
itially
g
en
er
ates
3
k
W
,
th
e
n
d
r
o
p
s
to
0
.
5
k
W
f
o
llo
win
g
a
win
d
s
p
ee
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
1
2
m
/s
to
8
.
5
m
/s
,
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
o
v
er
in
g
to
3
k
W
as
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
ag
ain
.
B
o
th
Fig
u
r
es
1
2
(
a)
an
d
1
3
(
a
)
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
av
ailab
le
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
alig
n
clo
s
ely
with
th
e
g
en
er
ated
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
FLC
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tr
ac
k
s
an
d
ex
tr
ac
ts
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
m
o
o
t
h
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t v
alid
ate
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
,
m
in
i
m
izin
g
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
ati
o
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
Po
wer
o
f
PV u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els (
a)
PV p
o
wer
an
d
(
b
)
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
tio
n
lev
els
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
W
in
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
a)
p
o
wer
o
f
win
d
a
n
d
(
b
)
win
d
s
p
ee
d
lev
els
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
elec
t
r
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
,
wh
er
e
Fig
u
r
es
1
4
(
a
)
-
1
4
(
c
)
d
ep
ict
th
e
p
o
wer
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
lo
ad
r
ec
eiv
es
a
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
d
esp
ite
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ce
n
tr
alize
d
DC
b
u
s
,
wh
ich
e
f
f
icien
tly
in
teg
r
ates
PV,
win
d
,
a
n
d
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
u
n
in
te
r
r
u
p
te
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.