I
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Study o
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R
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Oct
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2
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ev
is
ed
Ap
r
10
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2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
2
,
2
0
2
5
In
teg
ra
ti
n
g
d
e
sig
n
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
(DT)
with
so
f
twa
re
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(S
E)
is
wi
d
e
ly
a
p
p
li
e
d
i
n
i
n
d
u
stry
,
se
rv
i
n
g
a
s
a
re
fe
re
n
c
e
fo
r
S
E
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
trai
n
in
g
.
Th
e
in
d
u
stry
h
a
s
v
a
rio
u
s
i
n
teg
ra
t
io
n
m
o
d
e
ls,
b
u
t
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
to
rs
m
a
in
ly
a
d
a
p
t
th
e
m
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
A
c
lea
r
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
DT
-
S
E
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
t
o
fi
g
u
ri
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
ir
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
e
x
ist
in
g
DT
-
S
E
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
u
si
n
g
Kit
c
h
e
n
h
a
m
’
s
fra
m
e
wo
rk
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
train
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
wa
s
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
fro
m
S
c
ien
c
e
Dire
c
t,
IEE
EXp
lo
r
e
,
S
c
o
p
u
s,
ACM,
S
p
rin
g
e
rLi
n
k
,
a
n
d
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar,
y
ield
i
n
g
5
9
3
in
it
ial
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
with
4
3
se
lec
ted
f
o
r
i
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
a
n
a
ly
sis.
F
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
ica
te
th
a
t
th
e
d
.
sc
h
o
o
l
m
o
d
e
l
is
th
e
m
o
st
wid
e
l
y
a
d
o
p
te
d
DT
m
o
d
e
l.
Ke
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
c
lu
d
e
tea
m
d
y
n
a
m
ics
,
p
ro
c
e
ss
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
,
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
fa
c
to
rs.
DT
is
in
teg
ra
ted
i
n
t
o
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(RE)
d
u
e
t
o
it
s
u
se
r
-
c
e
n
tere
d
n
a
tu
re
,
th
o
u
g
h
o
n
l
y
two
stu
d
i
e
s
e
x
p
li
c
it
ly
d
e
sc
rib
e
DT
-
S
E
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls,
b
o
th
a
p
p
l
ied
e
a
rly
i
n
S
E
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s.
Th
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
su
g
g
e
st
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
li
g
n
with
in
d
u
stry
tren
d
s
in
m
o
d
e
l
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
f
o
c
u
s.
E
d
u
c
a
to
rs
a
n
d
p
ra
c
t
it
i
o
n
e
rs
c
a
n
u
se
th
e
se
i
n
sig
h
ts
to
d
e
sig
n
o
r
a
d
a
p
t
in
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
tr
a
in
in
g
b
y
sh
a
p
in
g
c
u
rricu
la t
h
a
t
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
u
se
r
-
c
e
n
tere
d
d
e
sig
n
,
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
e
x
ten
sio
n
o
f
DT
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
RE
-
stre
n
g
th
e
n
in
g
it
s
imp
a
c
t
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
trai
n
in
g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Desig
n
th
in
k
in
g
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
So
f
twar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
T
r
ain
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
I
h
s
an
Z
u
l
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Po
litek
n
i
k
C
altex
R
iau
Pek
an
b
ar
u
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: ih
s
an
@
p
cr
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Desig
n
th
in
k
in
g
(
DT
)
is
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
h
as
g
a
in
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
ac
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
[
1
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
is
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
iv
er
s
e
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
f
ac
e
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ea
lm
,
DT
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es,
with
s
o
f
twar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
SE)
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
u
t
a
s
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
o
tab
le
ex
am
p
le
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
W
ith
in
SE,
DT
d
esig
n
s
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
s
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
s
o
f
twar
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
”
in
th
is
co
n
te
x
t
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
u
t
also
clo
s
ely
alig
n
e
d
with
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
DT
in
SE
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
an
d
d
ig
ital
b
an
k
in
g
[
6
]
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
,
all
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
d
ig
ital la
n
d
s
ca
p
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
tu
d
y
o
f
d
esig
n
th
in
kin
g
a
n
d
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
h
s
a
n
Zu
l
)
1385
T
h
is
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
o
f
ten
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
s
ch
em
es,
s
u
ch
as
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
eq
u
ip
te
am
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
DT
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
7
]
.
B
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
DT
’
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
it
in
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
ic
u
la
[
8
]
th
r
o
u
g
h
teac
h
in
g
ac
t
iv
ities
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
aim
s
to
p
r
ep
a
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
th
e
r
e
q
u
is
ite
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
f
o
r
DT
ap
p
licatio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
ar
e
well
-
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
f
u
tu
r
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
B
o
th
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
s
s
h
ar
e
a
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
al
i
n
th
eir
in
itial
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
DT
:
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
k
illed
d
esig
n
th
in
k
er
s
wh
o
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
u
m
an
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
DT
,
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
r
esear
ch
o
n
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
tu
d
y
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
DT
in
to
SE
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
W
h
ile
DT
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
its
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
SE
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ap
p
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
in
te
g
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
Sy
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
(
SLR)
o
n
SE
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
with
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies f
o
r
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
n
tex
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
DT
i
n
SE
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
te
n
em
p
h
asizes
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
E
X)
d
esig
n
.
Su
ch
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
DT
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
k
ills
with
in
a
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
c
e,
th
e
w
o
r
k
b
y
Fer
r
eir
a
an
d
C
an
ed
o
[
1
1
]
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
DT
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
’
s
Desig
n
Sp
r
in
t
m
o
d
e
l
in
p
r
o
ject
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
s
et
tin
g
s
f
o
r
UX
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
UX
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
o
lely
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ti
v
ities
u
tili
zin
g
Go
o
g
le
’
s
Desig
n
Sp
r
in
t
m
o
d
els
an
d
d
i
d
n
o
t
ex
p
lo
r
e
o
th
er
DT
m
o
d
els.
Nex
t,
a
s
tu
d
y
th
at
d
el
v
es
in
to
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DT
with
ag
ile
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
ASD)
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
i
n
e
s
2
9
p
ap
e
r
s
to
i
d
en
tify
th
e
DT
m
o
d
el,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
h
o
w
to
in
teg
r
ate
DT
with
ASD
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ted
v
ar
io
u
s
DT
m
o
d
els
in
ASD,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
SO,
I
DE
O
,
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l,
Go
o
g
le
Desig
n
Sp
r
in
t,
an
d
Do
u
b
le
Diam
o
n
d
,
al
o
n
g
s
id
e
ASD
m
o
d
el
s
lik
e
XP,
L
ea
n
,
Kan
b
an
,
an
d
Scr
u
m
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ey
em
p
h
asize
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
d
if
f
er
en
c
es,
tig
h
t
s
ch
ed
u
les,
lim
ited
b
u
d
g
ets,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
c
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
co
n
te
x
t
an
d
d
id
n
o
t e
x
am
in
e
th
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
in
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
co
n
tex
t.
Similar
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
Par
izi
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
1
2
7
p
ap
e
r
s
th
at
u
s
e
DT
with
i
n
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
o
r
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
tr
at
eg
ies
s
u
ch
as
Up
f
r
o
n
t
DT
,
I
n
f
u
s
ed
DT
,
an
d
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
DT
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
DT
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
b
u
t
it
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DT
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
.
I
n
an
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
,
th
e
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
ar
es
ASD
an
d
DT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
a
SE
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
two
s
tu
d
en
t
team
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
Ag
ile
a
n
d
DT
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
o
v
er
1
6
s
ess
io
n
s
with
in
a
r
eg
u
lar
co
u
r
s
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
Ag
ile
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
q
u
ick
er
,
wh
ile
DT
o
f
f
er
s
d
ee
p
e
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
DT
in
lear
n
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
n
ee
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
f
u
r
th
er
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t D
T
m
o
d
els u
s
ed
,
as
v
ar
y
in
g
s
tag
es c
an
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
im
p
ac
t p
r
o
ject
co
m
p
letio
n
s
p
ee
d
.
Giv
en
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
h
o
w
DT
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
is
ess
e
n
tial.
I
d
en
tify
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
DT
m
o
d
els
co
m
b
in
ed
with
ASD
is
a
k
ey
s
tep
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
in
DT
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
-
b
o
th
ex
ter
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
al
-
will
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Sin
ce
DT
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
l
ied
at
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tag
es
o
f
SE,
o
p
tim
izin
g
its
u
s
e
in
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DT
a
n
d
SE
w
ith
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
co
v
er
in
g
m
o
d
els,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
els.
Ultim
ately
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
as
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
r
a
ctitio
n
er
s
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
DT
in
teg
r
ated
with
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
.
Asi
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
is
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
ex
p
an
d
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
e
f
f
o
r
ts
in
DT
in
te
g
r
ated
with
SE
to
war
d
s
o
th
er
p
o
ten
tial d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as p
r
o
d
u
ct
ev
al
u
atio
n
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
y
s
tem
atica
ll
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
clar
ity
an
d
co
h
e
r
en
ce
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
cti
o
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
,
in
clu
d
es
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e,
an
d
o
u
tlin
es
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
r
ev
iewin
g
r
elev
a
n
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
tio
n
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
s
tag
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
d
etailed
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
is
at
ea
ch
s
tag
e,
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
te
r
p
r
etin
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
t
h
em
with
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
i
es.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
Kitch
en
h
am
’
s
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
SLR
,
a
m
eth
o
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
f
o
r
its
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
r
ee
p
iv
o
t
al
p
h
ases
:
p
lan
n
in
g
th
e
r
ev
iew,
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
e
v
iew,
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
e
r
e
v
ie
w
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
itially
,
t
h
e
p
la
n
n
in
g
p
h
ase
in
v
o
l
v
es
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
elab
o
r
atin
g
a
d
etailed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
y
,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
f
o
r
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
1
3
8
4
-
1
398
1386
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
clea
r
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ically
s
o
u
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
ev
iew.
Af
te
r
th
is
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
h
ase
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
s
ea
r
ch
es
r
el
ated
liter
atu
r
e
with
in
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
q
u
ality
cr
iter
ia
an
d
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
el
ec
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
in
to
a
f
o
cu
s
e
d
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
p
er
tin
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
p
h
a
s
e,
s
y
n
th
esizes
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
wr
itten
an
d
v
is
u
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
r
esu
lts
,
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es th
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
tio
n
will
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
p
lain
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tag
es
o
f
p
lan
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
ec
tio
n
will
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
ev
iew
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
s
tag
es
in
d
etail.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
tag
es
b
ased
o
n
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
K
itch
en
h
am
’
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h ques
t
io
ns
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
e
x
p
lo
r
es
DT
an
d
SE
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
b
y
ex
am
i
n
in
g
e
x
is
tin
g
DT
m
o
d
els
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
ls
an
d
id
en
tify
i
n
g
ch
alle
n
g
es.
I
t
s
ee
k
s
to
u
s
e
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
n
ew
m
o
d
els
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
SE
th
r
o
u
g
h
DT
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
e
d
u
c
atio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
is
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ass
ess
cu
r
r
en
t
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
SE
with
DT
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
−
R
Q1
:
w
h
at
is
th
e
m
o
s
t c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
DT
m
o
d
el
ap
p
lied
in
SE
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
?
−
R
Q2
:
w
h
at
ch
allen
g
es a
r
e
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
DT
wit
h
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
?
−
R
Q3
:
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
s
tag
es wh
er
e
DT
is
u
tili
ze
d
in
SE
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
?
−
R
Q4
:
w
h
ich
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws th
e
DT
an
d
SE
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
l in
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
s
?
2
.
2
.
K
ey
wo
rds
a
nd
re
s
o
urce
s
A
s
et
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
was
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
o
cu
s
ed
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
etr
iev
al
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
in
clu
d
ed
“
d
esig
n
th
in
k
in
g
,
”
“
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
”
“
s
o
f
t
war
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
”
“
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
”
“
s
o
f
twar
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
co
u
r
s
e,
”
an
d
“
tr
ain
in
g
,
”
co
v
er
in
g
a
b
r
o
ad
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
to
p
ics r
elate
d
to
in
teg
r
atin
g
DT
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ai
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
lead
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
atab
ases
an
d
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
Sco
p
u
s
,
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
Sp
r
in
g
e
r
L
in
k
,
E
ls
ev
ier
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
I
E
E
E
Xp
lo
r
e,
a
n
d
th
e
Ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
Ma
ch
in
er
y
(
AC
M)
.
T
h
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
ir
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
llectio
n
s
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
,
c
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
,
a
n
d
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
wa
s
b
ased
o
n
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
p
er
tin
en
t
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
is
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
ata
b
ases
also
aim
ed
to
en
co
m
p
ass
a
b
r
o
ad
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
d
is
co
v
e
r
ies in
th
e
f
ield
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
tu
d
y
o
f
d
esig
n
th
in
kin
g
a
n
d
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
h
s
a
n
Zu
l
)
1387
2
.
3
.
I
nclus
io
n
c
rit
er
ia
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
c
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
p
ap
er
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
o
n
l
y
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
r
ese
ar
ch
was
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
First,
th
e
p
ap
e
r
s
n
ee
d
e
d
t
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
esear
ch
with
in
SE
,
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
ASD
,
an
d
DT
.
T
h
is
cr
iter
io
n
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
r
elate
d
to
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies with
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
co
n
te
x
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies h
ad
to
s
p
ec
if
ically
r
elate
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
a
p
p
lied
to
en
h
an
cin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
o
n
ly
r
esear
ch
p
ap
e
r
s
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
o
s
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
as
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
ap
er
s
,
o
r
b
o
o
k
ch
ap
te
r
s
,
to
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
with
in
th
e
last
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
b
etwe
en
2
0
2
0
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
is
tim
e
f
r
am
e
was
s
elec
ted
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
ac
tices in
DT
an
d
SE
as a
p
p
lied
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wa
s
f
o
ll
o
wed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
,
“
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
ev
iew
”
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
p
ap
er
s
m
et
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
cr
iter
ia
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
s
ev
er
al
s
tep
s
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
at
o
n
ly
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
an
d
h
ig
h
-
qu
ality
r
esear
ch
was
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
:
1
)
e
v
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
ea
ch
p
ap
er
b
ased
o
n
its
titl
e
an
d
elim
in
atin
g
an
y
d
u
p
licates
to
m
ain
tain
u
n
i
q
u
e
p
ap
e
r
s
.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
p
ap
er
titl
es
wer
e
s
elec
ted
in
d
etail
to
s
ee
if
th
e
y
co
n
tain
ed
elem
en
ts
o
f
DT
ap
p
licatio
n
with
SE
2
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
q
u
ality
ass
es
s
m
en
t
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
eir
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
b
j
e
c
t
iv
e
,
m
e
th
o
d
,
an
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
,
an
d
3
)
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
r
e
a
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
l
l
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
p
a
p
er
s
t
o
o
b
t
a
in
a
d
e
ep
e
r
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
ed
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
e
a
ch
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
t
th
i
s
s
t
a
g
e
,
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
o
n
w
h
e
th
e
r
th
e
p
ap
e
r
s
d
i
s
cu
s
s
e
d
t
h
e
D
T
m
o
d
e
l,
t
h
e
ch
a
l
l
en
g
e
s
f
a
c
ed
i
n
i
n
t
eg
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
S
E
s
t
ag
e
D
T
wa
s
ap
p
li
e
d
in
th
e
i
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
wh
e
th
e
r
o
r
n
o
t
t
h
ey
d
ep
i
c
t
ed
th
e
i
r
i
n
t
eg
r
a
t
io
n
m
o
d
el
v
i
s
u
a
l
l
y
.
2
.
4
.
Repo
rt
ing
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
s
ec
tio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
will
e
x
tr
ac
t
an
d
o
r
g
an
ize
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tab
les
an
d
ch
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
f
o
r
all
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
DT
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Per
eir
a
an
d
R
u
s
s
o
[
1
2
]
.
R
elev
an
t r
ef
er
e
n
c
es in
clu
d
e
th
e
SE
s
tag
es a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
DT
in
th
e
SE
s
tag
e
[
1
4
]
.
Deta
iled
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as a
n
s
wer
s
to
all
R
Qs.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
ev
iew
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
K
itch
en
h
am
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
3
.
1
.
Co
n
du
ct
ing
t
he
re
v
iew
re
s
ult
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
a
s
ea
r
ch
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
tar
g
eted
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
ch
o
s
en
d
i
g
ital
lib
r
ar
y
.
Alo
n
g
s
id
e
u
s
in
g
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
f
il
ter
in
g
o
p
tio
n
s
we
r
e
a
p
p
lied
with
in
ea
ch
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
y
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
av
ailab
le
o
n
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
ese
f
ilter
in
g
o
p
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
ed
s
elec
tin
g
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
p
ap
e
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ev
iew
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
a
p
er
s
,
o
r
j
o
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles,
with
all
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
r
elate
d
to
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
in
itial sear
ch
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
First
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lt
S
o
u
r
c
e
C
o
n
st
r
a
i
n
t
s
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
R
e
s
u
l
t
(
p
a
p
e
r
s)
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
−
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s,
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
−
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
a
r
e
a
s
“
D
e
si
g
n
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
”
AND
“
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
”
AND
(
“
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
O
R
“
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
”
)
44
G
o
o
g
l
e
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
−
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
“
D
e
si
g
n
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
”
AND
“
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
”
AND
(
“
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
AND
“
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
”
)
2
6
2
I
EEE
X
p
l
o
r
e
−
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
(
“
A
l
l
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
”
:
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e
s
i
g
n
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
)
A
N
D
(
“
a
l
l
m
e
t
a
d
a
t
a
”
:
S
o
f
t
w
a
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E
n
g
i
n
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e
r
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n
g
)
A
N
D
(
(
“
A
l
l
M
e
t
a
d
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t
a
”
:
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d
u
c
a
t
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n
)
A
N
D
(
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a
l
l
m
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t
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t
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”
:
t
r
a
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n
i
n
g
)
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1
0
9
S
c
o
p
u
s
−
C
o
m
p
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t
e
r
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
a
r
e
a
s
−
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
“
D
e
si
g
n
t
h
i
n
k
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n
g
”
AND
“
so
f
t
w
a
r
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e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
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n
g
”
AND
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“
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
O
R
“
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
”
)
18
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
Li
n
k
−
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
a
n
d
r
e
sea
r
c
h
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
−
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
a
r
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a
s
“
D
e
si
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t
h
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n
k
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n
g
”
AND
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so
f
t
w
a
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n
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i
n
e
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r
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n
g
”
AND
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“
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d
u
c
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t
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o
n
”
O
R
“
t
r
a
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n
i
n
g
”
)
23
A
C
M
−
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
“
D
e
si
g
n
t
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i
n
k
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so
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t
w
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”
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(
“
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d
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t
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o
n
”
O
R
“
t
r
a
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n
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n
g
”
)
1
3
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
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I
n
d
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n
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J
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g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
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2
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Au
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u
s
t
20
25
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1
3
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-
1
398
1388
T
h
e
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
y
ield
ed
m
a
n
y
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
,
with
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
esu
lts
(
2
6
2
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
AC
M
(
1
3
7
)
an
d
I
E
E
E
Xp
lo
r
e
(
1
0
9
)
.
I
n
Stag
e
2
,
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
y
was
m
etic
u
lo
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ated
.
R
e
lev
an
ce
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
wh
eth
er
th
e
titl
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
o
r
th
eir
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
s
.
Pap
er
s
n
o
t
m
ee
tin
g
th
ese
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
,
elim
in
atin
g
3
1
6
p
ap
er
s
ir
r
ele
v
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
r
r
elev
an
t
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
th
ese
elim
in
ated
p
a
p
er
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
AC
M
an
d
I
E
E
E
Xp
l
o
r
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
u
p
licate
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
i
g
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
r
em
o
v
e
d
.
Sev
er
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
d
u
p
licated
in
b
o
th
G
o
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
,
as
w
ell
as
in
o
th
er
d
ig
it
al
lib
r
ar
ies.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
Stag
e
2
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
ed
f
ilter
i
n
g
p
a
p
er
s
in
Stag
e
3
.
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
eir
q
u
ality
b
ased
o
n
th
ei
r
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
.
1
5
3
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
an
a
ly
ze
d
an
d
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
q
u
ality
b
y
ex
am
in
i
n
g
th
e
clar
ity
o
f
th
eir
r
esear
ch
o
b
ject
iv
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
a
p
er
s
wer
e
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
r
elev
an
ce
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
s
o
m
e
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
d
e
e
m
ed
n
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
ab
l
e
.
S
p
e
c
if
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
i
t
w
a
s
i
d
e
n
t
if
i
e
d
th
a
t
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
p
a
p
e
r
s
d
id
n
o
t
e
x
p
l
i
c
it
l
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
D
T
b
u
t
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
DT
,
s
u
ch
a
s
u
s
e
r
-
c
en
t
e
r
e
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
t
e
r
ed
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
an
d
l
e
a
n
s
t
a
r
t
u
p
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
ly
,
s
o
m
e
p
a
p
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
S
E
a
c
t
iv
i
t
i
e
s
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
in
g
,
f
a
l
l
i
n
g
o
u
t
s
id
e
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
’
s
s
c
o
p
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
S
t
a
g
e
3
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
in
T
a
b
l
e
3
(
S
t
a
g
e
3
)
.
Af
ter
s
elec
tin
g
5
6
p
a
p
er
s
,
t
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
ed
ex
tr
a
ctin
g
an
d
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
r
ea
d
i
n
g
th
e
f
u
ll
co
n
ten
t
o
f
e
ac
h
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
r
e
v
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
er
e
f
u
r
th
er
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
p
ap
er
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
elev
an
t
b
ased
o
n
co
n
ten
t
s
y
n
th
esis
is
s
till
p
o
s
s
i
b
le.
I
n
itially
,
5
6
p
a
p
er
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
,
b
u
t
4
3
wer
e
c
h
o
s
en
as
k
ey
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ex
clu
d
in
g
1
3
.
T
h
e
ex
clu
d
ed
p
ap
er
s
g
e
n
er
ally
d
id
n
o
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
DT
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
to
p
ic
o
f
th
eir
r
esear
ch
,
o
n
ly
b
r
ief
ly
m
en
tio
n
in
g
DT
with
in
th
eir
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
is
s
tag
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
(
Stag
e
4
)
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
h
ase
b
e
g
an
w
ith
an
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
th
at
id
en
tifie
d
5
9
3
p
ap
er
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
ed
r
ev
iewin
g
titl
es
an
d
r
em
o
v
in
g
d
u
p
licates,
1
5
3
p
a
p
er
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
en
tailed
a
q
u
ality
ass
es
s
m
en
t
b
y
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
t
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
5
6
p
a
p
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
ese
p
ap
er
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ich
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
ex
tr
ac
ted
an
d
s
y
n
th
esized
to
ass
ess
ea
ch
p
a
p
er
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
.
Ultim
ately
,
4
3
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
as
k
e
y
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
o
n
ly
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
a
n
t
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esu
lt f
o
r
ea
ch
s
tag
e
in
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
e
v
iew
p
h
ase
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Stag
e
2
r
esu
lt
S
o
u
r
c
e
D
u
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
Ex
c
l
u
d
e
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
To
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
17
27
44
G
o
o
g
l
e
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
13
2
1
6
33
2
6
2
I
EEE
Ex
p
l
o
r
e
64
45
1
0
9
S
c
o
p
u
s
4
10
8
18
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
Li
n
k
9
14
23
A
C
M
1
1
1
26
1
3
7
To
t
a
l
17
4
2
7
1
5
3
5
9
3
T
ab
le
3
.
Stag
e
3
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t a
n
d
s
tag
e
4
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
s
y
n
th
esis
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
t
a
g
e
3
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
ssess
me
n
t
S
t
a
g
e
4
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
Ex
c
l
u
d
e
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
To
t
a
l
Ex
c
l
u
d
e
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
To
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
19
8
27
2
6
8
G
o
o
g
l
e
S
c
h
o
l
a
r
29
4
33
3
1
4
I
EEE
Ex
p
l
o
r
e
21
24
45
5
19
24
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
8
8
1
7
8
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
Li
n
k
10
4
14
2
2
4
A
C
M
18
8
26
8
8
To
t
a
l
97
56
1
5
3
13
43
56
3
.
2
.
P
a
pers
des
cr
iptiv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
As
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ap
e
r
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
43
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
ar
e
1
4
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles,
2
8
co
n
f
er
e
n
c
e
p
ap
e
r
s
,
an
d
1
b
o
o
k
ch
a
p
ter
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
i
n
all
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
tu
d
y
o
f
d
esig
n
th
in
kin
g
a
n
d
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
h
s
a
n
Zu
l
)
1389
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
t
h
e
r
ev
ie
w
r
esu
lt
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stu
d
y
t
ype
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
r
esear
ch
ty
p
es
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
s
elec
ted
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
DT
with
SE.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
ap
e
r
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
ly
o
n
e
p
ap
e
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
4
was
s
elec
ted
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
t
o
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
y
ea
r
s
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
an
u
p
war
d
tr
e
n
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
jo
u
r
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
a
r
ticles.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
h
as g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial to
b
e
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pap
er
b
y
y
ear
13
11
9
4
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C
a
s
e
S
t
udy
M
ode
l
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
E
xplor
a
tor
y
S
tudy
S
y
s
t
e
m
a
ti
c
L
it
e
r
a
tur
e
R
e
view
E
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
S
tu
dy
E
mpi
r
ica
l
S
tud
y
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
t
u
d
y
(
Pa
p
e
r
)
S
t
u
d
y
T
y
p
e
1
2
2
8
1
1
11
4
5
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
3
2
0
2
4
Nu
mb
e
r
o
f
S
t
u
d
y
(
P
ap
e
r
)
Y
e
a
r
B
ook
C
ha
pter
J
our
n
a
l
P
r
oce
edin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
1
3
8
4
-
1
398
1390
3
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
q
ues
t
io
n
3
.
3
.
1
.
RQ
1
w
ha
t
is
t
he
m
o
s
t
co
m
mo
nly
us
ed
DT
m
o
del a
pp
lied i
n
SE
e
du
ca
t
io
n a
nd
t
ra
ini
ng
?
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
R
u
s
s
o
an
d
Per
eir
a
[
1
2
]
,
at
least
f
i
v
e
DT
m
o
d
els
ar
e
wid
el
y
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
a
y
.
L
ar
g
e
co
m
p
an
ies
s
u
ch
as
I
B
M
an
d
SAP
h
av
e
also
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
eir
DT
m
o
d
els.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
DT
m
o
d
els in
th
e
4
3
r
esear
c
h
p
ap
e
r
s
r
ev
iew
ed
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Desig
n
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
D
e
si
g
n
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
mo
d
e
l
P
h
a
se
s a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
I
D
EO
b
y
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
l
t
i
n
g
f
i
r
m
I
n
sp
i
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
d
e
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
d
e
si
g
n
a
t
S
t
a
n
f
o
r
d
(
d
.
sc
h
o
o
l
)
Emp
a
t
h
i
z
e
,
d
e
f
i
n
e
,
i
d
e
a
t
e
,
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
,
t
e
st
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
S
O
)
:
h
u
ma
n
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
d
e
si
g
n
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
,
s
p
e
c
i
f
y
,
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
G
o
o
g
l
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
p
r
i
n
t
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
,
s
k
e
t
c
h
,
d
e
c
i
d
e
,
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
,
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
A
u
st
i
n
c
e
n
t
e
r
f
o
r
d
e
si
g
n
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
Et
h
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s,
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
i
n
g
[
1
2
]
D
e
si
g
n
c
o
u
n
c
i
l
U
K
,
d
o
u
b
l
e
d
i
a
m
o
n
d
D
e
f
i
n
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
(
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
,
d
e
f
i
n
e
)
a
n
d
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
(
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
,
c
r
e
a
t
e
)
[
1
2
]
I
B
M
d
e
si
g
n
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
O
b
serv
e
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
,
ma
k
e
[
1
8
]
S
A
P
P
l
a
n
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
d
e
si
g
n
,
a
d
a
p
t
,
me
a
su
r
e
[
1
9
]
Of
th
e
4
3
p
a
p
er
s
,
1
1
d
id
n
o
t
e
x
p
licitly
m
en
tio
n
th
e
DT
m
o
d
el
th
ey
u
s
ed
in
t
h
eir
r
esear
c
h
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
ese
p
ap
er
s
d
id
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
y
t
h
e
DT
m
o
d
el,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
id
en
tify
it
b
ased
o
n
th
e
DT
p
h
ases
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
p
a
p
er
s
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
la
in
th
e
d
etail
ed
DT
p
h
ases
o
f
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ese
1
1
p
a
p
er
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
n
o
t
e
x
p
licitly
id
en
tif
y
in
g
t
h
e
DT
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
f
DT
m
o
d
els
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
3
2
p
ap
er
s
is
as
f
o
llo
ws:
1
)
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l
in
2
5
p
a
p
er
s
,
2
)
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
m
o
d
els
in
3
p
ap
er
s
,
3
)
Go
o
g
le
Desig
n
Sp
r
in
t
in
2
p
ap
er
s
,
4
)
Do
u
b
l
e
Diam
o
n
d
in
1
p
ap
er
,
an
d
5
)
I
DE
O
in
1
p
ap
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
m
o
d
el
in
SE
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
is
th
e
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
a
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
y
[
1
8
]
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
r
eg
io
n
; th
e
m
o
s
t u
s
ed
m
o
d
el
i
n
SE
is
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l.
3
.
3
.
2
.
RQ
2
w
ha
t
cha
lleng
es a
re
enco
un
t
er
ed
in inte
g
ra
t
in
g
DT
wit
h
SE
i
n e
du
ca
t
io
n a
nd
t
ra
ini
ng
?
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
id
e
n
tifi
ed
b
y
d
etec
tin
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
r
aised
in
ea
ch
p
ap
e
r
r
ev
iewe
d
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
th
e
n
co
llecte
d
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
s
em
an
tic
s
im
ilar
ities
,
lead
in
g
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
f
ch
allen
g
es
in
to
s
ev
er
al
m
ain
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
team
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
m
p
le
x
ity
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e.
T
h
es
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
u
b
-
ch
alle
n
g
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
ap
er
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
s
o
m
e
p
ap
er
s
ex
p
licitly
m
en
tio
n
ed
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
c
h
allen
g
e
with
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
th
eir
s
u
b
ca
teg
o
r
ies ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Ma
in
c
h
allen
g
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
No
M
a
i
n
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
P
a
p
e
r
1
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
M
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
ma
n
a
g
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s
,
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
n
e
e
d
s
a
n
d
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
[
6
]
,
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
7
]
2
C
u
l
t
u
r
e
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
g
,
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
i
ss
u
e
s
,
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s,
m
i
n
d
se
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
,
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
s,
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s,
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
,
f
o
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
g
a
p
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
7
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
1
]
3
P
r
o
c
e
ss
/
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
,
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s,
m
i
sa
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
,
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s,
g
a
p
b
u
si
n
e
s
s
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
I
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
ss
u
e
s,
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
l
i
n
e
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s,
t
o
o
l
s,
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
s,
l
a
c
k
o
f
u
ser
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
-
[
4
3
]
4
Te
a
m
U
ser rese
a
r
c
h
i
ss
u
e
s
,
t
e
a
m
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
,
u
n
c
l
e
a
r
c
l
i
e
n
t
s
n
e
e
d
,
p
o
o
r
l
y
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
s,
mi
s
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
n
c
o
n
si
st
e
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
,
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
t
o
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
u
ser
n
e
e
d
s a
n
d
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s,
t
e
a
m
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s,
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
a
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
e
a
m
i
d
e
a
s,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
r
[
5
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
4
3
]
-
[
5
8
]
Fig
u
r
e
5
r
ef
lects
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
ch
allen
g
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
b
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
h
e
o
r
d
er
is
p
a
p
er
s
,
team
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
/m
an
ag
em
en
t,
c
u
ltu
r
e,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
al
len
g
e
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
DT
with
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
t
r
ain
in
g
lies
with
in
th
e
team
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
-
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
team
in
v
o
l
v
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
to
ap
p
ly
DT
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
SE
p
r
ac
tices
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
c
h
allen
g
es
en
c
o
m
p
ass
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
team
d
y
n
am
ics,
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
team
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
n
av
i
g
at
e
th
ese
ar
ea
s
is
v
ital
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
DT
-
SE
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
team
d
y
n
am
ics in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
tu
d
y
o
f
d
esig
n
th
in
kin
g
a
n
d
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
h
s
a
n
Zu
l
)
1391
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
h
allen
g
es b
ased
o
n
p
ap
er
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
esear
ch
o
n
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
R
E
)
i
n
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
7
]
,
it
is
e
v
id
en
t
th
at
clien
t
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
in
ter
v
iewin
g
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
team
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
r
R
E
en
g
in
ee
r
s
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
alig
n
clo
s
ely
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
esp
e
cially
th
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
team
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
.
T
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ill
s
et
s
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e
wh
en
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
SE
an
d
DT
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
t
h
e
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
team
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
team
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
DT
-
S
E
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
d
d
r
ess
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
b
u
t
also
p
r
esen
t
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
r
ea
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
th
is
f
ield
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
th
e
ch
al
l
en
g
es
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
ab
le
5
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
team
d
y
n
am
ics,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
2
2
]
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
u
ltip
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
ls
an
d
r
e
m
in
d
er
ca
r
d
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
team
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
all
team
m
em
b
er
s
r
em
ain
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
alig
n
ed
i
n
th
eir
task
s
.
Similar
ly
,
a
s
tu
d
y
[
4
4
]
in
teg
r
ated
SE
ac
tiv
ities
with
DT
in
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
d
i
r
ec
tly
ap
p
l
y
in
g
DT
p
r
in
cip
les
with
in
SE,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
m
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
DT
p
lay
s
a
r
o
le
in
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
co
n
tin
u
e
to
d
e
v
elo
p
in
lin
e
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
.
T
o
o
ls
s
u
c
h
as
a
DT
to
o
lb
o
x
[
3
0
]
a
n
d
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
-
b
ased
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
3
2
]
ar
e
cr
u
cial
to
h
elp
in
g
team
s
m
an
a
g
e
SE
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
ef
f
o
r
t
wo
r
th
i
n
ess
(
DE
W
)
I
n
d
ex
[
3
5
]
a
n
d
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
d
i
g
ital
in
n
o
v
atio
n
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
SE
an
d
DT
[3
6]
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
DT
with
o
t
h
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
elp
s
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
ject
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t is ad
d
r
ess
ed
n
o
t o
n
ly
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t to
o
ls
b
u
t
also
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
AI
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
au
to
m
atio
n
a
n
d
f
aster
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
[
2
1
]
.
De
v
elo
p
in
g
b
etter
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
o
ls
an
d
DT
m
o
d
els
in
teg
r
at
ed
with
co
-
cr
ea
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
en
h
an
ce
s
u
s
er
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
A
“
d
esig
n
f
o
r
r
ea
l
p
eo
p
le
”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
cr
ea
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
team
r
em
ain
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
en
d
-
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
[
2
5
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
f
u
r
th
er
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
alig
n
in
g
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
al
v
alu
es
with
in
d
iv
id
u
al
team
m
em
b
er
s
’
v
al
u
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
ea
te
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
team
[
2
9
]
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
allen
g
e
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
last
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
e
-
d
ay
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
DT
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als ar
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
ad
d
r
es
s
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
is
s
u
e
s
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
[
7
]
.
A
DT
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
SE
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
also
u
s
ed
as
a
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
allen
g
es
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
t
h
ese
is
s
u
es
is
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
er
s
ad
ap
t
to
t
h
e
DT
m
o
d
el
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
c
o
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
[
3
1
]
.
3
.
3
.
3
.
RQ
3
w
ha
t
a
re
t
he
s
t
a
g
es wher
e
DT
i
s
utilize
d in
SE
educa
t
io
n a
nd
t
ra
ini
ng
?
I
d
en
tify
in
g
DT
ap
p
licatio
n
with
in
SE
s
tag
es
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
was
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
DT
was
im
p
l
em
en
ted
an
d
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
ac
h
iev
ed
in
th
e
r
ev
iewe
d
s
tu
d
i
es.
Fo
r
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
ep
icted
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
D
T
with
SE,
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
DT
s
tag
es
with
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
m
o
d
el.
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t,
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
licit
ly
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
e
d
,
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
was b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
DT
an
d
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
SE.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
m
o
s
t
DT
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
R
E
ac
tiv
ities
(
3
0
p
a
p
er
s
)
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
g
ath
e
r
in
g
d
etailed
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DT
,
f
o
u
n
d
in
6
p
ap
er
s
,
is
in
team
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
aim
e
d
at
e
q
u
ip
p
in
g
team
s
with
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
r
o
les
as
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
DT
in
te
g
r
atio
n
s
tag
es
with
SE
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
6
.
6
9
14
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
C
ult
ur
e
C
omp
lexity
P
r
oc
e
s
s
/M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
T
e
a
m
4
3
2
1
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
t
u
d
y
(
Pa
p
e
r
)
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
1
3
8
4
-
1
398
1392
T
ab
le
6
.
DT
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
SE
s
tag
e
S
t
a
g
e
i
n
S
E
S
t
u
d
y
(
P
a
p
e
r
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
2
4
.
6
5
%
I
n
f
u
sed
D
T
R
E
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
30
6
9
.
7
7
%
U
p
f
r
o
n
t
D
T
R
i
s
k
/
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
1
2
.
3
3
%
I
n
f
u
sed
D
T
Te
a
m
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
6
1
3
.
9
5
%
C
o
n
si
d
e
r
e
d
a
s U
p
f
r
o
n
t
D
T
W
h
o
l
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss
4
9
.
3
0
%
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s DT
To
t
a
l
43
1
0
0
.
0
0
%
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DT
with
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
,
as
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
ab
le
6
,
ca
n
b
e
m
ap
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Heh
n
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
Par
izi
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ter
m
s
:
1
)
Up
f
r
o
n
t
DT
,
w
h
er
e
DT
is
ap
p
lied
at
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
id
e
n
tify
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
o
f
twar
e
f
ea
tu
r
es;
2
)
in
f
u
s
ed
DT
,
wh
er
e
DT
is
u
s
ed
as
a
to
o
l
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
x
is
ti
n
g
R
E
ac
tiv
ities
;
an
d
3
)
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
DT
,
wh
er
e
DT
is
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
en
tire
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
s
el
ec
ted
p
ap
e
r
s
wer
e
m
ap
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
ei
r
r
es
p
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
(
i
n
teg
r
at
io
n
s
tr
ateg
y
)
.
T
h
is
m
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
clea
r
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
h
o
w
DT
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
co
n
tex
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es tak
en
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
DT
in
t
o
th
e
SE
s
tag
es.
Pro
d
u
ct
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
r
is
k
/s
ec
u
r
ity
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
u
n
d
er
i
n
f
u
s
ed
DT
b
ec
au
s
e
DT
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
to
o
ls
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
aly
s
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
te
am
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
DT
s
in
ce
DT
is
ap
p
lied
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
i
n
itial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
SE,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
DT
is
u
tili
ze
d
at
th
e
v
er
y
s
tar
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
d
e
f
in
in
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
ea
tu
r
es,
a
r
e
wel
l
-
estab
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
f
o
r
war
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
Par
izi
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
class
if
icatio
n
,
ass
er
tin
g
th
at
u
p
f
r
o
n
t D
T
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
s
tr
ateg
y
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
i
s
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
DT
is
also
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
SE
with
DT
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
p
r
e
v
alen
t
p
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
with
DT
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
u
ts
et,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
ci
ng
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
3
.
4
.
RQ
4
w
hich re
s
ea
rc
h sh
o
ws t
he
DT
a
nd
SE
inte
g
ra
t
io
n m
o
del in t
heir
wo
rk
s
?
No
t
all
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
licitly
d
esc
r
ib
e
th
e
DT
-
SE
in
te
g
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
in
th
eir
r
ep
o
r
t.
O
n
ly
two
o
f
th
e
4
3
p
ap
er
s
r
ev
iewe
d
p
r
esen
t
a
n
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
Alh
az
m
i
an
d
Hu
an
g
[
4
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
DT
wit
h
th
e
Scr
u
m
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
u
tili
zin
g
an
Up
f
r
o
n
t
s
tr
ate
g
y
wh
er
e
DT
is
ap
p
lied
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
m
an
ag
e
R
E
ac
tiv
ities
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
o
u
tp
u
ts
s
u
c
h
as
u
s
er
s
to
r
ies
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ac
k
lo
g
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
DT
in
to
Sc
r
u
m
iter
atio
n
s
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
R
E
wh
en
a
s
p
r
in
t
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
leted
.
A
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
DT
a
n
d
s
cr
u
m
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
[
4
3
]
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
s
th
e
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l
DT
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
t
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
DT
m
o
d
el
v
alid
ati
o
n
s
till
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
,
l
ea
v
in
g
its
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
u
n
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
tly
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
n
ee
d
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
estab
lis
h
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
to
im
p
lem
en
t,
test
,
o
r
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
S
tu
d
y
o
f
d
esig
n
th
in
kin
g
a
n
d
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
I
h
s
a
n
Zu
l
)
1393
th
e
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l
m
o
d
el
in
th
ese
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
f
o
r
m
s
th
at
s
ev
er
al
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
is
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
s
co
p
e,
th
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
lev
el
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
team
,
a
n
d
th
e
clar
ity
o
f
th
e
clien
t
’
s
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
f
a
cto
r
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
e
d
.
s
c
h
o
o
l m
o
d
el
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
a
s
tu
d
y
[
6
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
in
teg
r
ated
m
o
d
el
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
co
-
cr
ea
tio
n
,
DT
,
an
d
ASD,
s
p
ec
if
ically
tar
g
etin
g
d
ig
ital b
an
k
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
esen
t th
e
r
o
le
s
o
f
ea
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
a
n
d
co
h
er
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
b
eg
in
s
wi
th
th
e
co
-
c
r
ea
tio
n
p
h
ase,
wh
er
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
ar
e
g
ath
er
e
d
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
d
iv
e
r
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
ject’
s
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
id
en
tif
y
in
g
ess
en
tial
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
r
ich
in
g
t
h
e
in
itial
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
DT
p
h
ase
g
e
n
er
ates
id
ea
s
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
id
en
t
if
ied
n
ee
d
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
o
u
tp
u
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
n
v
ases
,
u
s
er
s
to
r
ies,
an
d
o
t
h
er
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
e
as
c
o
n
cr
ete
g
u
id
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
h
ase
is
th
en
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
ASD
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
(
Scr
u
m
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
g
ath
er
ed
ea
r
lier
ar
e
r
ef
in
ed
in
to
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ac
k
lo
g
m
a
n
ag
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Scr
u
m
’
s
iter
ativ
e
an
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ev
o
lv
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
a
d
ap
ta
tio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
ag
ile
p
r
in
cip
les.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
er
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ac
k
lo
g
item
s
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
leted
i
n
c
y
cles.
On
ce
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
h
ase
is
co
m
p
lete,
t
h
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
h
a
v
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
n
e
m
u
ltip
le
iter
atio
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
its
alig
n
m
en
t
with
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
ject
g
o
als.
A
d
etailed
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
is
in
teg
r
at
ed
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
L
ik
e
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
el,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
h
as
y
et
t
o
b
e
o
f
f
icially
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
its
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
ev
alu
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
o
n
l
y
ap
p
lies
DT
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
i
d
ea
tio
n
p
h
ase,
wh
ile
th
e
em
p
at
h
ize
an
d
d
e
f
in
e
p
h
ases
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
co
-
c
r
ea
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ti
ll
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
r
th
er
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
DT
in
th
e
d
i
g
ital
b
an
k
in
g
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
6
]
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n a
nd
l
im
it
a
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
iewe
d
5
9
3
p
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
DT
in
te
g
r
atio
n
with
SE
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
elec
tin
g
4
3
k
ey
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
Stan
f
o
r
d
d
.
s
ch
o
o
l
m
o
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DT
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