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id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sp
o
r
ts
in
ju
r
ies
ar
e
a
p
r
ess
in
g
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
e,
with
a
s
ig
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if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ath
letes
an
d
p
h
y
s
ic
ally
ac
tiv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
Mu
s
cle
d
am
ag
e
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
s
p
o
r
ts
m
o
v
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
ca
n
lead
to
s
e
r
io
u
s
in
ju
r
ies
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
n
d
tim
ely
m
ed
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Un
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
p
atter
n
s
th
at
ca
u
s
e
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
c
r
u
c
ial
s
tep
s
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
is
s
u
e.
Sk
eleta
l
m
u
s
cle
tis
s
u
e
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
m
ass
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
4
5
%
o
f
t
o
tal
b
o
d
y
weig
h
t.
A
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
b
io
m
ec
h
an
ics
o
f
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
em
e
n
ts
is
k
ey
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
o
ten
tially
h
ar
m
f
u
l
m
o
v
em
en
t
p
atter
n
s
with
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
we
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
y
r
is
k
an
d
d
esig
n
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Mu
s
cle
m
o
v
em
en
t
s
th
at
ca
u
s
e
in
ju
r
y
g
en
er
ally
o
cc
u
r
wh
en
th
e
m
u
s
cle
is
o
v
er
s
tr
etch
ed
o
r
o
v
er
-
co
n
tr
ac
ted
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ec
ce
n
tr
ic
m
o
v
em
e
n
ts
o
r
wh
en
th
e
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
etch
es
wh
ile
b
ea
r
i
n
g
weig
h
t.
Mu
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies
ca
n
o
c
cu
r
d
u
e
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
o
v
er
u
s
e
in
s
p
o
r
ts
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
tr
ain
,
lack
o
f
war
m
-
u
p
,
o
r
u
s
e
o
f
in
c
o
r
r
ec
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
[
3
]
–
[
7
]
.
Mu
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
v
er
u
s
e
in
s
p
o
r
ts
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
tr
ain
,
lack
o
f
war
m
-
u
p
,
o
r
u
s
e
o
f
in
co
r
r
ec
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
J
o
in
t
an
g
le,
to
r
q
u
e,
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
,
as
w
ell
as
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
h
am
s
tr
in
g
m
u
s
cle
-
ten
d
o
n
u
n
it
ca
lcu
l
ated
u
s
in
g
a
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
b
io
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
o
d
el,
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icity
o
f
r
eh
ab
ilit
atio
n
[
8
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
B
en
f
ica
et
a
l.
s
tu
d
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
en
g
th
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
wh
et
h
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
wer
e
tak
e
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
o
r
n
o
n
-
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
s
id
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
f
o
r
th
e
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
2
0
-
2
9
to
6
0
-
6
9
y
e
ar
s
,
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e
r
e
f
er
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v
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o
f
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
en
g
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r
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n
g
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f
r
o
m
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6
7
±
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.
4
to
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.
8
±
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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f
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m
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y
ea
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s
.
Me
n
ten
d
to
h
a
v
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h
ig
h
er
m
u
s
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en
g
t
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th
an
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en
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e
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t
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s
to
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h
ig
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er
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
en
g
th
th
a
n
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
s
id
e.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
class
if
y
in
g
m
u
s
cles
th
at
m
o
v
e
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
with
m
u
s
cles
th
at
m
o
v
e
in
co
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r
ec
tly
in
p
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f
o
r
m
in
g
s
p
o
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ts
m
o
v
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en
ts
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
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u
s
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
p
r
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in
r
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tim
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v
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l
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ag
es
f
r
o
m
a
d
ep
th
s
en
s
o
r
,
to
id
en
tify
h
u
m
an
m
o
v
em
en
ts
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ately
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
tr
ain
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ca
m
er
a
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ab
ili
ty
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
tim
ely
v
is
u
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
p
atien
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
m
er
a
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
b
etter
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
h
ea
lth
y
s
u
b
jects
an
d
th
o
s
e
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
lo
w
b
ac
k
p
ain
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
m
er
as
in
th
e
B
io
m
ac
VR
s
y
s
tem
n
o
t
o
n
ly
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
atien
ts
an
d
th
er
ap
is
t
s
b
u
t
also
en
r
ich
es
o
v
er
all
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
th
e
c
o
n
t
ex
t
o
f
r
em
o
te
p
atien
t
r
e
h
ab
ilit
atio
n
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
tr
ain
g
a
u
g
e
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
tr
a
in
g
au
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
tr
ain
an
d
s
tr
ess
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
es
u
ltin
g
d
ata
will
b
e
co
llected
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
d
ata
s
e
t,
wh
ich
will
th
e
n
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
o
th
at
it
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
u
s
cle
d
etec
tio
n
r
esu
lts
wh
en
an
er
r
o
r
o
cc
u
r
s
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
ex
er
cise
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
Th
e
in
itial
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
3
5
0
Ω
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
,
b
u
t
1
2
0
Ω
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
th
at
is
d
ir
ec
tly
m
o
u
n
ted
o
r
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
As
we
k
n
o
w,
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
will
ch
an
g
e
alo
n
g
with
th
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
to
b
e
d
etec
ted
.
Flex
ib
le
an
d
s
tr
etch
ab
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
m
u
s
cle
co
n
tr
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
elb
o
w
m
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
T
A1
20
-
6
A
A
m
o
d
els
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
s
en
s
itiv
e
g
r
id
s
ize
a
n
d
u
s
e
a
s
p
ec
ial
m
ater
ial
(
an
n
ea
led
C
o
n
s
tan
ta
n
Fo
il)
th
at
allo
ws
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
d
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
p
to
2
0
%
with
a
Gag
e
Facto
r
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
.
0
0
-
2
.
2
0
<0
×
D3
>
<0
×
0
7
>
1
%.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
Dr
ag
o
n
Sk
i
n
s
ilico
n
e
r
u
b
b
er
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
clo
s
e
to
th
e
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
s
k
in
an
d
ca
n
s
tr
etch
to
s
ev
er
al
tim
es
its
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ize
an
d
r
e
tu
r
n
to
its
o
r
i
g
in
al
s
h
ap
e
with
o
u
t d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
au
th
o
r
s
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
m
o
v
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
in
s
p
o
r
ts
.
Stra
in
g
au
g
es
ar
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
ar
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
s
m
all
ch
an
g
es
in
ten
s
io
n
an
d
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
o
n
ito
r
ch
an
g
e
s
in
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
as
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
it
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
th
at
we
ca
n
id
en
tify
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
p
a
tter
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ca
u
s
e
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
a
n
d
in
a
tim
ely
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
o
f
f
er
s
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
an
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
b
io
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
an
d
s
tr
ain
p
atter
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
ju
r
ies,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
ca
n
d
esig
n
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
c
o
m
p
licatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
etec
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
ass
is
t
in
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies
in
s
p
o
r
ts
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
we
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
ten
tially
h
ar
m
f
u
l
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
u
s
cle
in
j
u
r
y
f
o
r
ath
letes
an
d
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
we
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
n
ew
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
m
u
s
cle
in
ju
r
ies in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
s
p
o
r
t
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
b
u
ild
s
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
d
etec
t
th
e
w
r
o
n
g
m
u
s
cles
wh
en
d
o
in
g
s
p
o
r
ts
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
en
s
o
r
to
c
ap
tu
r
e
s
tr
ain
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
u
s
cles,
th
en
th
e
d
ata
is
co
llec
ted
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ata
th
at
is
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
s
to
r
ed
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
m
s
a
d
ata
s
et
th
at
will
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
m
ater
ial
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
wr
o
n
g
m
u
s
cle
m
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
p
o
r
ts
s
o
th
at
ath
l
etes
ca
n
av
o
id
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
th
at
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
in
ju
r
y
o
r
as
ev
alu
atio
n
m
ater
ial
wh
en
in
ju
r
e
d
in
s
p
o
r
ts
s
o
th
at
in
ju
r
ies
th
at
o
cc
u
r
in
m
u
s
cles
ca
n
b
e
e
v
alu
ated
w
h
en
m
e
d
ic
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t
will
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
th
at
w
ill b
e
b
u
ilt is
lik
e
th
e
b
lo
c
k
d
ia
g
r
am
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
ain
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
to
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
is
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
r
esis
tan
ce
th
at
o
c
cu
r
s
wh
en
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
p
u
lled
o
r
p
r
ess
ed
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
an
g
e.
T
h
is
c
h
an
g
e
ca
n
th
en
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
en
g
t
h
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
m
u
s
cle
co
n
tr
a
ctio
n
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Alv
ar
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
u
s
cle
s
tr
ain
will
b
e
s
to
r
ed
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
d
ata
s
et
th
at
will
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
d
ata
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
s
ed
to
class
if
y
m
u
s
cles
with
co
r
r
ec
t m
o
v
em
en
ts
with
m
u
s
cles w
ith
in
co
r
r
ec
t m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
ex
er
cise is sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
r
es
is
t
a
n
c
e
w
h
en
t
h
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
g
a
u
g
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
i
s
p
u
l
l
e
d
a
n
d
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
is
t
h
e
n
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
a
s
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
h
a
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
b
y
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
o
t
h
a
t
i
t
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
m
u
s
c
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
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8
8
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I
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t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
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u
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20
25
:
3
6
9
6
-
3706
3698
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f str
a
in
g
a
u
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
in
b
icep
s
mu
s
cle
mo
ve
men
t d
etec
tio
n
…
(
Desy
K
r
is
tya
w
a
ti
)
3699
T
h
e
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
g
in
s
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
(
p
r
im
ar
y
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ata
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cq
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is
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ata
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.
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ter
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e
d
at
a
is
p
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e
p
ar
ed
(
d
ata
p
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ar
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b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
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o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
d
u
p
licate
r
em
o
v
al
an
d
h
an
d
lin
g
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
d
ata
clea
n
in
g
,
wh
e
r
e
er
r
o
r
s
o
r
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
in
th
e
d
at
a
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
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o
r
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ec
ted
.
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t,
a
f
ea
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r
e
s
elec
tio
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alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
a
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
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in
clu
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
On
ce
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
s
elec
ted
,
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
ch
o
o
s
e
m
o
d
el
alg
o
r
ith
m
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
el
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
c
h
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
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ce
th
e
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o
d
el
is
s
elec
ted
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
tr
ain
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tr
ain
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u
s
in
g
th
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ev
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o
u
s
ly
p
r
ep
a
r
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d
ata.
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ally
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
aly
s
is
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
u
s
in
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th
e
tr
ain
e
d
m
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el
to
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ak
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p
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ed
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s
o
r
esti
m
ates
o
n
n
ew
d
ata
th
at
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
b
ef
o
r
e.
B
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
is
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
s
tep
s
,
it
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
in
f
o
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m
ati
v
e
an
aly
s
is
ca
n
b
e
p
r
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d
u
ce
d
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
p
r
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p
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ly
c
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llected
an
d
p
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o
ce
s
s
ed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
a
s
im
u
latio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
L
ab
View,
wh
ich
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
d
esire
d
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
L
ab
View
to
s
ee
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e.
3
.
1
.
Str
a
in
s
et
up
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
wh
o
s
e
v
alu
e
is
en
ter
ed
in
th
e
L
ab
View
s
im
u
latio
n
is
th
e
s
tr
ain
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
is
s
e
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
g
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
2
0
Ω
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tr
ain
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
q
u
ar
ter
b
r
id
g
e
1
,
g
a
u
g
e
f
ac
t
o
r
2
.
0
5
,
Vex
is
th
e
ex
citatio
n
v
o
ltag
e
g
iv
en
to
th
e
W
h
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ts
to
n
e
b
r
id
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is
5
V
,
an
d
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n
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v
o
ltag
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-
1
8
0
.
0
8
µV
is
f
o
u
n
d
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n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Stra
in
v
alu
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ca
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b
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p
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s
itiv
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o
r
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ativ
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b
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u
s
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s
tr
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g
au
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s
en
s
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s
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s
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to
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d
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r
m
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o
r
s
tr
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in
a
m
at
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ial.
I
ts
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
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is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
c
h
an
g
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in
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tr
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ca
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ce
th
at
o
cc
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s
wh
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th
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s
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s
o
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s
tr
ain
ed
.
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ch
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(
f
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)
ap
p
lied
to
it.
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s
u
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ex
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as
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p
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it
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o
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i
n
cr
e
ases
,
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
tr
ain
(
co
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
tr
ain
)
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
is
p
r
ess
ed
s
o
th
at
its
len
g
th
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Stra
in
s
etu
p
with
q
u
ar
ter
b
r
id
g
e
I
3
.
2
.
Set
t
ing
Y
o
un
g
's
m
o
du
lus
qu
a
rt
er
bridg
e
I
T
o
g
iv
e
t
h
e
s
am
e
elasticity
ef
f
ec
t
as
h
u
m
a
n
s
k
in
,
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
will
b
e
d
ec
is
iv
e;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
v
alu
e
s
im
ilar
to
h
u
m
a
n
s
k
in
is
s
o
u
g
h
t.
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
s
k
in
v
ar
ies
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
m
an
y
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
th
e
b
o
d
y
,
ag
e
,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
h
ea
lth
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
u
t
in
g
en
er
al,
it
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
s
ci
en
tific
liter
atu
r
e
b
ased
o
n
a
g
e,
wh
er
e
at
a
y
o
u
n
g
a
g
e
it
is
4
.
2
×
1
0
N/m
2
,
an
d
f
o
r
o
ld
ag
e,
it
is
8
.
5
×
1
0
5
N/m
2
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
Y
o
u
n
g
m
o
d
u
lu
s
v
alu
e
th
at
is
clo
s
e
to
h
u
m
a
n
s
k
in
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
ilico
n
d
r
ag
o
n
s
k
in
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
Yo
u
n
g
m
o
d
u
lu
s
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
0
.
2
4
MPa
an
d
0
.
7
4
MPa
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
r
ag
o
n
s
k
in
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t,
u
s
in
g
R
T
V
-
5
2
as
it
s
em
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
W
ith
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
d
ata
f
r
o
m
d
r
ag
o
n
s
k
in
,
th
e
s
tr
ain
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
wh
ich
will
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tr
ess
.
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
9
6
-
3706
3700
m
o
d
u
lu
s
is
a
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
elasticity
o
f
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
ar
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
at
elasticity
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
es
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tr
ain
,
an
d
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
n
v
e
r
t
th
at
s
tr
ain
to
s
tr
ess
,
s
o
we
ca
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
m
at
er
ials
b
eh
av
e
u
n
d
er
ce
r
tain
lo
ad
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
is
th
e
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
s
ettin
g
in
L
a
b
View.
I
n
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
s
ettin
g
in
L
ab
View,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
o
n
t
h
e
s
tr
ess
s
id
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ass
is
in
k
g
,
it
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
ac
ce
l
er
atio
n
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
,
wh
ich
is
9
.
8
1
m
/s
2
.
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
ar
am
eter
t
h
at
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
e
last
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
m
ater
ials
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
h
o
w
t
h
ey
r
esp
o
n
d
to
a
p
p
lied
s
tr
ess
.
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
(
also
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
elasticity
)
i
s
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tiff
n
ess
o
f
a
m
ater
ial.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
will b
e
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
b
icep
s
m
u
s
cle
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es th
e
s
am
e
Yo
u
n
g
m
o
d
u
lu
s
as
h
u
m
an
s
k
in
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Settin
g
Y
o
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
q
u
ar
ter
b
r
id
g
e
I
3
.
3
.
Desig
n o
f
s
t
r
a
in g
a
ug
e
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
qu
a
rt
er
bridg
e
I
Def
in
e
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
tr
ain
with
in
th
e
elastic
lim
it
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial,
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
eg
io
n
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ater
ial
will
r
etu
r
n
to
its
o
r
ig
in
al
s
h
a
p
e
af
ter
th
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
ce
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
en
m
ater
ials
ar
e
test
ed
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e,
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
is
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
s
tr
ain
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
.
W
ith
o
u
t
k
n
o
win
g
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
,
we
ca
n
n
o
t
ac
cu
r
ately
co
n
v
e
r
t
s
tr
ain
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
th
e
m
at
er
ial.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
cir
c
u
it a
r
e
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Desig
n
o
f
s
tr
ain
g
a
u
g
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
q
u
a
r
ter
b
r
id
g
e
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f str
a
in
g
a
u
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
in
b
icep
s
mu
s
cle
mo
ve
men
t d
etec
tio
n
…
(
Desy
K
r
is
tya
w
a
ti
)
3701
I
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
L
ab
View
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
lo
ck
i
s
a
f
o
r
m
u
la
th
at
ca
n
b
e
in
p
u
tted
as
a
n
in
d
icato
r
th
at
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
s
tr
a
in
g
au
g
e
in
ten
s
io
n
an
d
s
tr
et
ch
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
6
in
d
icato
r
s
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
f
o
r
m
u
las,
n
am
el
y
m
ea
n
,
Yo
u
n
g
'
s
m
o
d
u
lu
s
,
m
(
Kg
)
,
L
s
(
K
g
)
,
b
an
d
h
(
m
)
.
T
h
is
attr
ib
u
t
e
d
at
a
ca
n
later
b
e
en
ter
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
with
th
e
d
esig
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
t
h
e
d
ata
s
et
ca
n
b
e
r
etr
iev
ed
as in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
3
.
4
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
circ
uit
o
f
s
t
r
a
in g
a
ug
e
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
qu
a
rt
er
bridg
e
I
Af
ter
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
r
u
n
an
d
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
with
th
e
d
esire
d
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
tr
ain
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
o
f
th
e
L
ab
View
s
im
u
latio
n
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
attr
ib
u
te
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
f
illed
in
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tr
ain
an
d
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
s
tr
ess
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
g
r
ap
h
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tr
ain
will
co
m
e
o
u
t
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
attr
ib
u
t
e
d
ata
en
ter
ed
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
tr
ain
will
ap
p
ea
r
as
a
n
o
m
in
al
alo
n
g
with
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
r
a
p
h
t
h
at
ap
p
ea
r
s
.
Yo
u
n
g
m
o
d
u
lu
s
will
co
m
e
o
u
t a
s
an
in
d
icato
r
o
f
th
e
elasticity
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
etch
ed
s
tr
a
in
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Simu
latio
n
cir
cu
it o
f
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
q
u
ar
ter
b
r
id
g
e
I
3
.
5
.
Set
t
ing
Y
o
un
g
's
m
o
du
lus
qu
a
rt
er
bridg
e
I
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
E
x
ce
l
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
ain
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fro
m
th
e
E
x
ce
l
d
ata,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
s
tr
ain
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
ca
n
also
b
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
le
n
g
th
p
er
u
n
it
in
itial
len
g
th
(
r
elativ
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
)
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tr
ain
(
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ain
)
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es o
f
L
s
,
m
ass
(
m
)
,
an
d
h
eig
h
t (
m
)
ca
n
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
as n
ee
d
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
x
ce
l
d
ata
s
tr
ain
v
al
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
9
6
-
3706
3702
3
.
6
.
Str
a
in
g
a
ug
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
Whea
t
s
t
o
ne
bridg
e
)
B
ased
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
L
a
b
View
u
s
in
g
q
u
a
r
ter
b
r
id
g
e
1
,
g
au
g
e
f
ac
to
r
2
.
0
5
,
Ve
x
,
n
am
ely
th
e
ex
citatio
n
v
o
ltag
e
g
i
v
en
to
th
e
W
h
ea
ts
to
n
e
b
r
id
g
e
is
5
V
an
d
th
e
in
itial v
o
ltag
e
is
-
1
8
0
.
0
8
µ
V
an
d
R
g
1
2
0
Ω
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
a
n
d
8
,
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
v
alu
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
in
ex
ce
l
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ain
v
al
u
e
o
b
tain
ed
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
len
g
t
h
r
e
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to
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el
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d
ef
o
r
m
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)
,
with
a
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itiv
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er
r
e
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to
as
a
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ain
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ain
d
ata
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
ab
View
s
im
u
latio
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
g
et
t
h
e
s
tr
ess
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alu
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th
en
with
th
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ca
lc
u
latio
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lts
b
y
th
e
v
alu
e
en
ter
ed
in
th
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ab
View
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im
u
lato
r
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s
in
g
q
u
ar
te
r
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r
id
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e
1
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ich
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m
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to
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e
lik
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s
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ts
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with
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5
wh
er
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g
a
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g
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ac
to
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er
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is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
r
esis
tan
ce
with
s
tr
ain
,
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
Gau
g
e
(
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g
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s
ed
is
1
2
0
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,
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e
i
n
itial
v
o
ltag
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is
-
1
8
0
.
0
8
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,
t
h
e
e
x
citatio
n
v
o
ltag
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(
)
is
5
V
an
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ain
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ata
u
s
in
g
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ab
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is
4
.
0
8
×
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-
5
th
en
if
it
is
d
er
iv
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d
f
r
o
m
th
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W
h
ea
ts
to
n
e
b
r
id
g
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
b
tain
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b
y
b
ei
n
g
d
er
iv
ed
in
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
.
=
⁄
=
×
=
(
∆
)
(
4
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=
×
×
(
4
)
=
2
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05
×
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08
×
10
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(
5
4
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×
10
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4
=
0
.
105
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
ata
is
tak
en
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
s
im
u
latio
n
g
en
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ated
b
y
L
ab
View
.
T
h
e
d
ata
b
elo
w
is
s
am
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led
f
r
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m
s
o
m
e
s
tr
ain
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ata
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r
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m
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ab
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,
wh
ich
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ca
lcu
lated
to
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e
a
s
tr
ain
.
C
alcu
latio
n
d
ata
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
tr
ain
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
alcu
latio
n
o
f
s
tr
ess
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
s
tr
ain
S
t
r
a
i
n
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
)
v
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l
t
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u
r
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t
a
m
p
e
r
e
4
.
0
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8
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4
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-
07
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f str
a
in
g
a
u
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
in
b
icep
s
mu
s
cle
mo
ve
men
t d
etec
tio
n
…
(
Desy
K
r
is
tya
w
a
ti
)
3703
Fro
m
th
e
d
ata
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
1
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
in
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
b
icep
s
m
u
s
cle
wh
en
it
is
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
o
r
r
elax
in
g
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
s
tr
ain
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
e,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
len
g
th
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
i
n
itial
len
g
th
(
r
elativ
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
)
,
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tr
ain
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
as
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ain
.
B
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
ex
p
er
im
en
t
s
o
n
a
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
R
T
V
-
5
2
,
wh
er
e
th
e
R
T
V
-
5
2
is
p
u
lled
alo
n
g
0
to
5
cm
with
a
r
u
ler
in
d
icato
r
to
s
ee
.
W
h
en
n
o
t
p
u
lled
o
r
0
c
m
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
esu
lts
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
an
d
Mu
ltime
t
er
,
wh
ich
is
7
m
V
as in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Stra
in
g
au
g
e
with
d
r
a
wal
ex
p
er
im
en
t
o
n
R
T
V
-
5
2
as
em
b
ed
d
e
d
s
y
s
tem
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
wh
en
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
is
p
u
lled
with
a
s
tr
a
in
b
etwe
en
0
to
5
cm
,
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
co
n
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
elax
atio
n
m
o
v
em
en
ts
in
th
e
b
icep
s
m
u
s
cl
e.
Fro
m
th
e
tab
le
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
g
r
e
ater
th
e
s
tr
ain
,
th
e
s
m
al
ler
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
r
e
s
u
lts
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
an
d
m
u
ltime
ter
ar
e
s
lig
h
tly
d
if
f
e
r
en
t b
u
t n
o
t sig
n
if
i
ca
n
t.
T
ab
le
2
.
Stra
in
Gau
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
test
in
g
S
i
z
e
(
c
m)
M
e
a
su
r
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
u
s
i
n
g
mu
l
t
i
me
t
e
r
(
mV
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
n
L
C
D
(
mV
)
0
7
.
00
7
.
01
1
6
.
86
6
.
86
2
6
.
70
6
.
70
3
6
.
51
6
.
52
4
6
.
35
6
.
38
5
6
.
20
6
.
26
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
alcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ess
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
s
tr
ain
in
t
h
e
s
tr
ain
ta
b
le
,
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
in
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
b
icep
s
m
u
s
cle
wh
en
it
is
co
n
tr
ac
tin
g
o
r
r
elax
in
g
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
s
tr
ain
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
e
d
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
le
n
g
th
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
in
itial
len
g
th
(
r
elativ
e
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
)
,
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tr
ain
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
ten
s
ile
s
tr
ain
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ess
e
s
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t v
al
u
es will la
ter
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
to
g
et
th
e
wr
o
n
g
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t e
x
er
cise m
o
v
em
en
t
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
b
icep
s
m
u
s
cle.
I
n
th
e
test
,
th
e
s
tr
ain
g
au
g
e
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
R
T
V
-
5
2
as
an
em
b
ed
d
e
d
s
y
s
tem
is
p
u
lled
u
p
to
5
cm
an
d
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
e
en
o
n
th
e
L
C
D
an
d
also
th
e
m
u
ltime
ter
,
wh
ich
wil
l la
ter
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
b
icep
s
m
u
s
cle.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
We
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
Gu
n
a
d
ar
m
a
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
f
o
r
its
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
9
6
-
3706
3704
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
is
s
in
ce
r
ely
g
r
atef
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
Gu
n
ad
a
r
m
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
r
esear
ch
wh
ich
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
r
esear
c
h.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
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DATA AV
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
L
.
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n
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s,
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.
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2
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[
6
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[
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[
2
3
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