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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ar
en
a
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f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
(
SG)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
a
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v
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ce
m
en
t
r
em
ain
s
ess
en
tial.
T
h
e
SG
s
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cto
r
is
at
th
e
f
o
r
ef
r
o
n
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
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f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
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,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
s
o
ciety
'
s
e
n
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Me
etin
g
escalatin
g
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
s
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
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e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
d
r
iv
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th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
.
W
ith
in
th
is
ev
o
lv
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
SG
s
y
s
tem
s
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
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g
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o
u
r
ce
s
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im
p
r
o
v
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g
g
r
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d
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esil
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ce
ag
a
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s
t
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
cy
b
er
t
h
r
ea
ts
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
tec
h
n
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g
y
is
p
o
is
ed
to
tr
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n
s
f
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r
m
th
e
SG
lan
d
s
ca
p
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s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
[
5
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
a
n
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
o
f
f
er
u
n
p
r
ec
e
d
en
ted
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
r
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
ize
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
tech
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lo
g
ies
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
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d
r
eli
ab
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en
er
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s
y
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tem
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p
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v
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e
[
6
]
.
B
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
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o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
SG
ch
allen
g
es.
I
ts
k
ey
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
r
eliab
le
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
(
P
2
P)
en
er
g
y
tr
a
d
in
g
,
d
em
an
d
r
esp
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o
p
tim
izatio
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d
im
p
r
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v
ed
g
r
id
r
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ce
th
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o
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g
h
im
m
u
tab
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ec
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s
an
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cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
em
p
h
asized
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
ar
ch
itectu
r
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
g
r
id
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
4
2
3
9
-
424
8
4240
T
h
is
ar
ticle
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
SG
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
b
o
a
r
d
co
m
p
u
ter
(
SB
C
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p
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m
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Sp
ec
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Or
an
g
e
Pi
4
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h
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SB
C
was
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s
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ased
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d
etailed
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am
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ain
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ch
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clu
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n
s
en
s
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s
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o
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ith
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s
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d
d
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ce
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alize
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c
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ls
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tu
d
y
p
r
o
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r
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ig
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ts
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f
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ts
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n
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u
cte
d
to
ev
alu
ate
t
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m
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n
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r
ce
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th
e
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n
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4
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m
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ed
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in
g
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h
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ilit
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e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
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lo
g
y
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
B
lo
c
k
c
h
ai
n
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
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as g
ai
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f
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s
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s
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m
s
d
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t
o
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t
s
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t
ial
to
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d
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cr
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l
c
h
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u
c
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d
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n
c
y
.
C
an
t
ill
o
-
L
u
n
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
t
h
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
en
ess
o
f
b
lo
c
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m
a
n
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d
is
t
r
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te
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r
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y
r
eso
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r
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es,
h
i
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li
g
h
ti
n
g
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ts
ab
i
lit
y
t
o
im
p
r
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v
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r
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o
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r
ce
all
o
c
ati
o
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
an
d
r
e
lia
b
i
l
ity
.
Si
m
i
la
r
l
y
,
Ab
d
ell
a
a
n
d
S
h
u
ai
b
[
1
1
]
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
P2
P
en
e
r
g
y
tr
a
d
i
n
g
,
s
h
o
w
ca
s
i
n
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l
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k
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in
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s
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li
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al
ize
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t
r
a
n
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a
cti
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e
d
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ci
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g
o
p
e
r
at
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al
co
s
ts
,
an
d
en
h
an
ci
n
g
m
ar
k
e
t
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
.
T
h
ese
s
t
u
d
ies
u
n
d
er
l
in
e
b
lo
c
k
c
h
ai
n
'
s
p
o
t
e
n
ti
al
t
o
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
t
r
a
d
i
ti
o
n
al
en
er
g
y
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
es
i
n
t
o
d
ec
en
t
r
aliz
e
d
,
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
-
o
r
i
e
n
te
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
An
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
SG
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
.
Fak
h
a
r
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
r
o
o
f
-
of
-
s
tak
e
an
d
b
y
za
n
tin
e
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
ce
(
B
FT)
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
tailo
r
ed
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
f
o
r
SG
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ir
wo
r
k
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
o
d
els
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
in
te
g
r
ity
wh
ile
ac
h
iev
in
g
lo
w
late
n
cy
an
d
h
i
g
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
s
en
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s
alg
o
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ith
m
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cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
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tin
g
th
e
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
i
n
SG e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
in
ce
n
tiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
as
also
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
a
r
ticip
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n
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
st
ab
ilit
y
in
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
r
k
ets.
Ku
m
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ai
n
-
d
r
iv
e
n
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
ce
n
tiv
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ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
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tem
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
v
ar
y
in
g
m
ar
k
et
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
is
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
J
u
n
aid
i
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
,
wh
o
r
e
v
i
ewe
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
’
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
ar
k
et
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
b
alan
ce
s
u
p
p
l
y
-
d
em
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ics
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
B
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
d
e
m
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
h
as
also
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
d
in
g
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
o
n
ce
n
tr
alize
d
au
t
h
o
r
ities
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
a
in
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
em
e
r
g
ed
as
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ali
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
ex
am
in
ed
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
ca
m
p
u
s
p
r
o
s
u
m
er
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
’
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
an
ag
e
s
ec
u
r
e
d
at
a
ex
ch
an
g
e
an
d
e
n
ab
le
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
Ap
p
as
an
i
et
a
l.
[
7
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
an
d
I
o
T
in
c
r
ea
tin
g
r
esil
ien
t
e
n
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
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m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wca
s
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
t
ial
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
with
I
o
T
to
cr
ea
te
s
m
ar
ter
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
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h
av
e
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
in
SGs
.
W
aseem
et
a
l.
[
8
]
an
aly
ze
d
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
’
s
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
s
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
em
p
h
asizin
g
its
r
o
le
in
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
,
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
r
id
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
.
Allad
i
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
d
etailed
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
’
s
v
a
r
io
u
s
u
s
e
ca
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
d
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
,
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
m
ain
te
n
an
c
e.
T
h
ese
r
ev
iews
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
'
s
v
er
s
atility
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
ets o
f
SG o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
eg
u
n
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
with
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
to
ad
d
r
ess
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
h
allen
g
es
in
SG
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
lo
lo
th
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
.
T
h
is
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
in
tellig
en
t,
ad
ap
tiv
e,
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
en
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
k
ey
s
tu
d
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
th
em
atic
ar
ea
s
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
eir
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
an
d
m
ajo
r
fi
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
tab
le
f
ac
ilit
ates
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
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o
f
s
tate
-
of
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th
e
-
ar
t
in
th
is
f
ield
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
g
ap
s
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t a
d
d
r
ess
.
3.
P
RO
T
O
T
YP
E
RE
A
L
I
SA
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
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tili
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Or
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g
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Pi
4
S
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C
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e
ce
n
tr
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p
r
o
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s
s
in
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it
(
C
PU)
f
o
r
a
b
lo
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ch
ain
-
b
ased
SG
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
T
h
e
Or
an
g
e
Pi
4
'
s
d
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co
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C
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-
A7
2
p
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s
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q
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f
R
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ca
p
ac
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f
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c
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Flas
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T
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war
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Ab
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[
1
9
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,
wh
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4241
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Or
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ak
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o
r
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l
o
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c
h
ain
-
b
ased
en
e
r
g
y
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
en
a
b
le
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
f
r
o
m
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
th
e
R
S
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4
8
5
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[
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–
[
1
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,
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ates
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atio
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[
7
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,
[
2
3
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.
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m
p
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izatio
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ased
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Mu
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[
2
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p
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y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
en
h
an
c
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
v
alid
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
etec
t
f
r
a
u
d
u
len
t
o
r
an
o
m
alo
u
s
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
allo
ca
tio
n
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
co
u
ld
also
r
ed
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
An
o
th
er
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
en
a
b
led
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
is
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
m
ar
k
ets,
wh
er
e
p
r
o
s
u
m
er
s
(
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
)
ca
n
e
n
g
ag
e
in
P2
P
en
er
g
y
tr
ad
in
g
.
Ou
r
s
y
s
tem
lev
er
ag
es
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
'
s
in
h
er
en
t
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
tio
n
,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
4
2
3
9
-
424
8
4246
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
r
ec
o
r
d
s
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
in
an
im
m
u
tab
le
led
g
er
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ity
an
d
t
r
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
ex
c
h
a
n
g
es.
Fig
u
r
es
4
an
d
5
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
h
an
d
lin
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
a
t
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t c
an
o
p
er
a
te
ef
f
icien
tly
ev
en
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
e
n
a
b
led
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
W
h
ile
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
o
n
lo
w
-
co
s
t
h
ar
d
war
e,
th
ey
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
ad
a
p
tatio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
r
ef
in
in
g
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
e
d
g
e
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
in
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
as
ed
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t so
lu
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
u
n
p
r
ed
i
ctab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
e
s
an
d
lev
er
ag
in
g
e
m
er
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
b
l
o
ck
ch
ai
n
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
s
ec
u
r
e,
e
f
f
icien
t,
an
d
s
elf
-
o
p
tim
izin
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
els
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
g
r
id
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
cy
b
u
t
also
p
av
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t e
n
er
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
u
s
in
g
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
th
e
Or
an
g
e
Pi
4
,
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
f
ac
ilit
ated
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
wh
il
e
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
wo
r
k
l
o
ad
s
.
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
s
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
its
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
u
t
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es
p
er
s
is
t
as
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tim
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
b
lo
ck
s
ize
an
d
v
o
lu
m
e.
Op
tim
izin
g
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
h
an
d
lin
g
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
with
ex
is
tin
g
g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
er
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
l
o
r
e
ar
tific
i
al
in
tellig
en
ce
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
laten
cy
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
will
en
ab
le
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
th
e
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
d
ec
en
t
r
a
lized
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Mo
u
ad
B
en
s
alah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ab
d
ellatif
Hair
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
ed
a
R
ab
ie
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
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Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
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y
s
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s
I
:
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n
v
e
s
t
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g
a
t
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o
n
R
:
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e
so
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:
D
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u
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Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
t
a
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
li
t
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
ca
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
s
n
o
n
e
w
d
at
a
w
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
al
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
B
lo
ck
ch
a
in
a
n
d
in
tern
et
o
f th
i
n
g
s
s
yn
erg
y:
tr
a
n
s
fo
r
min
g
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
fo
r
th
e
fu
tu
r
e
(
Mo
u
a
d
B
en
s
a
la
h
)
4247
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
H
.
H
a
s
h
mi
,
Z.
U
l
l
a
h
,
R
.
A
s
g
h
a
r
,
B
.
S
h
a
k
e
r
,
M
.
Ta
r
i
q
,
a
n
d
H
.
S
a
l
e
e
m,
“
A
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
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c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
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a
n
d
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ss
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e
s
i
n
smar
t
g
r
i
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,”
i
n
2
0
2
3
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
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Em
e
rg
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