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s
er
ies.
B
alac
h
an
d
r
a
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
u
s
ed
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
tr
u
s
t
c
en
tr
ic
ar
tific
ial
alg
ae
alg
o
r
ith
m
(M
-
T
C
AAA)
to
s
ec
u
r
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
W
SN
s
.
Ku
m
ar
an
d
Srim
an
ch
ar
i
[
2
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
q
u
a
n
tu
m
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
g
au
s
s
ian
m
u
tatio
n
ar
ch
im
ed
es
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
QGAO
A)
to
s
ec
u
r
e
d
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
.
Asi
r
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
u
ck
a
n
d
tr
a
v
eller
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
I
DT
O)
-
en
a
b
led
clu
s
te
r
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
(
I
DT
OM
HR
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
a
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
s
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
h
e
ad
an
d
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
.
Kalb
u
r
g
i
an
d
Ma
n
im
o
zh
i
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ta
y
lo
r
-
s
p
o
tted
h
y
e
n
a
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
T
ay
lo
r
-
SHO)
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
s
ec
u
r
e
CH
an
d
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
.
E
x
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
s
ee
n
to
ca
r
r
y
th
e
lim
itat
io
n
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
to
co
n
s
id
er
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
d
is
tan
ce
,
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
h
ig
h
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
af
f
e
ct
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
clu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
pe
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
–
b
al
d
ea
g
le
s
ea
r
ch
(
A
-
B
E
S
)
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e
o
f
W
SN
s
.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
,
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
ile
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
(
PLR)
ar
e
m
in
im
ized
.
T
h
e
ess
en
tial c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e:
a.
T
h
e
A
-
B
E
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
A
s
ec
u
r
e
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
,
an
d
also
m
in
im
izes e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
b.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
clu
s
t
er
th
e
ch
o
s
en
s
ec
u
r
e
C
Hs
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Netwo
r
k
clu
ts
er
in
g
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es.
c.
T
h
e
A
-
B
E
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
an
o
p
tim
a
l
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ed
r
o
u
te
p
ath
to
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
d
ata
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
te
p
at
h
p
r
ev
en
ts
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
in
ter
f
er
in
g
al
o
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
,
th
e
r
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
W
SN
’
s
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
ar
r
an
g
e
d
as:
s
ec
tio
n
2
ex
p
lai
n
s
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
a
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
s
ec
tio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
a
r
esu
lts
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
a
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
g
iv
es a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
A
-
B
E
S
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ass
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
i
n
W
SNs
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
-
B
E
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
clu
d
es
f
o
u
r
m
ain
p
h
ases
n
am
e
ly
,
s
en
s
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
s
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
SC
H
)
s
elec
tio
n
,
clu
s
ter
g
en
er
ati
o
n
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
.
B
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
tin
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
C
H
an
d
r
o
u
te
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ef
f
icie
n
tly
av
o
id
s
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
en
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
A
-
B
E
S
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
e
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
ce
s
s
o
f
A
-
B
E
S
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3832
3826
2
.
1
.
Sens
o
r
d
eplo
y
m
ent
a
nd
SCH
s
elec
t
io
n us
i
ng
A
-
B
E
S
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
a
r
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
SC
H
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tes
a
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
A
-
B
E
S,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
in
th
e
W
SN.
B
y
lev
e
r
a
g
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
A
-
B
E
S
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
s
elec
ts
th
e
o
p
tim
al
C
Hs
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
th
e
W
SN.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
i
d
en
tify
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
C
Hs
is
b
r
ief
ly
ex
p
lain
ed
.
2
.
2
.
Repre
s
ent
a
t
io
n a
nd
I
nitia
liza
t
io
n
I
n
A
-
B
E
S,
th
e
b
ald
ea
g
le
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
o
d
es
th
at
a
r
e
s
elec
ted
as
C
H
f
r
o
m
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
o
d
es
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
S
C
H
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
itializatio
n
p
h
ase.
E
ac
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
b
ald
ea
g
le
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
t
o
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Hs
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
E
v
e
r
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
in
itialized
with
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
I
D
f
r
o
m
1
to
t
h
e
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Se
n
s
o
r
s
(
NS)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ℎ
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
A
-
B
E
S
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
=
(
,
1
,
,
2
,
…
,
,
)
,
wh
er
ein
d
en
o
tes
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
C
Hs an
d
1
≤
≤
d
en
o
tes
n
o
d
e
I
D
f
r
o
m
1
t
o
NS.
2
.
3
.
A
-
B
E
S a
pp
ro
a
ch
B
E
S
is
n
o
v
el
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
b
ald
ea
g
le
’s
h
u
n
tin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
A
-
B
E
S a
lg
o
r
ith
m
m
im
ics
th
e
co
n
d
o
r
’s
h
u
n
tin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
wh
en
tar
g
etin
g
p
r
ey
an
d
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
s
elec
tio
n
,
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
,
an
d
s
wo
o
p
in
g
p
h
ases
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ess
p
h
ases
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
d
etail
b
elo
w
,
alo
n
g
with
th
ei
r
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
m
ath
em
atica
l e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
a.
Selectio
n
p
h
ase
.
I
n
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
ch
o
s
en
b
y
th
e
b
ald
ea
g
le
wh
en
it
is
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
its
p
r
ey
.
T
h
e
u
p
d
ated
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
ized
p
ar
am
ete
r
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
(
1
)
,
an
d
a
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
b
ald
ea
g
le
d
u
r
in
g
s
elec
tio
n
p
h
ase
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
2
)
.
I
n
(
2
)
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
p
d
ated
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
a
b
ald
ea
g
le
’
s
lo
ca
tio
n
,
d
en
o
tes
a
p
r
esen
t
iter
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
,
a
n
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
h
ig
h
est
iter
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
e
r
m
d
en
o
tes
a
p
r
esen
t
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
ℎ
b
ald
ea
g
le,
_
r
ef
er
s
to
a
p
r
esen
t
b
est
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
ℎ
b
ald
ea
g
le.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
_
d
escr
ib
es th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
all
th
e
b
al
d
ea
g
les,
an
d
r
∈
(
0
,
1
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
.
=
(
−
)
−
1
(
1
)
=
+
×
(
−
)
(
2
)
b.
Sear
ch
in
g
p
h
ase
.
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e
,
a
b
ald
ea
g
le
f
lies
in
co
n
i
ca
l
s
p
ir
al
with
in
a
ch
o
s
en
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
es
to
th
e
p
r
e
y
.
I
n
a
s
p
ac
e
o
f
a
co
n
ical
s
p
ir
al,
b
al
d
ea
g
le
m
o
v
es
to
war
d
s
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
u
r
s
es
f
o
r
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ee
d
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
an
o
p
tim
al
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
a
s
p
ir
al
f
lig
h
t o
f
a
b
ald
ea
g
le
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
)
–
(
5
)
.
=
+
(
)
×
(
−
)
+
(
)
×
(
−
+
1
)
(
3
)
(
)
=
×
(
)
(
|
×
|
)
(
4
)
(
)
=
×
(
)
(
|
×
|
)
(
5
)
I
n
(
3
)
–
(
5
)
,
+
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
u
p
d
ated
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ℎ
b
ald
ea
g
le,
wh
er
e
(
)
d
en
o
tes
a
p
o
lar
an
g
le
o
n
a
s
p
ir
al
eq
u
atio
n
,
an
d
(
)
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
s
p
ir
al
eq
u
at
io
n
d
iam
eter
.
Fin
ally
,
∈
(
0
,
5
)
an
d
∈
(
0
.
5
,
2
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
f
ac
t
o
r
s
wh
ich
co
n
tr
o
l
a
s
p
ir
al.
T
h
e
(
)
an
d
(
)
d
escr
ib
e
a
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
b
ald
ea
g
les
in
p
o
lar
co
o
r
d
in
ates w
ith
th
e
v
alu
es (
-
1,
1
)
.
c.
Swo
o
p
in
g
p
h
ase:
On
ce
b
ald
ea
g
le
h
as
lo
ck
ed
o
n
t
o
its
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
th
at
r
ap
id
ly
d
iv
er
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
o
p
tim
al
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ea
d
s
to
war
d
s
a
tar
g
et.
Swo
o
p
i
n
g
p
h
ase'
s
m
o
v
em
en
t
s
tate
r
em
ai
n
s
in
ef
f
ec
t
,
an
d
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
lar
co
o
r
d
in
ates
ar
e
o
u
tlin
ed
in
(
6
)
to
(
8
)
.
I
n
(
7
)
an
d
(
8
)
,
1
an
d
2
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
o
p
tim
al
an
d
ce
n
t
r
al
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
ald
ea
g
les
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
=
(
0
,
1
)
×
+
+
(
6
)
=
1
(
)
×
(
−
1
×
)
,
1
∈
[
1
,
2
]
(
7
)
=
1
(
)
×
(
−
2
×
)
,
2
∈
[
1
,
2
]
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
S
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
teri
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
–
b
a
s
ed
a
d
a
p
tive
–
b
a
ld
e
a
g
l
e
s
ea
r
ch
fo
r
…
(
A
s
h
a
R
a
n
i Ma
h
a
d
ev
a
)
3827
2
.
4
.
F
i
t
nes
s
f
un
ct
io
ns
f
o
r
ide
ntif
y
ing
t
he
o
ptim
a
l SCH
s
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
SC
H
u
s
in
g
A
-
B
E
S
ar
e,
tr
u
s
t
(
1
)
,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
2
)
,
d
is
tan
ce
(
3
)
,
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
(
4
)
,
tr
af
f
ic
r
ate
(
5
)
,
an
d
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
(
6
)
.
T
h
e
f
itn
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
o
p
tim
al
SC
Hs
in
th
e
W
SN,
an
d
a
b
r
ief
ex
p
lan
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
elo
w.
I
n
th
e
(
9
)
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
in
g
le
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
1
−
6
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
weig
h
t
m
etr
ic
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
ev
er
y
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
wei
g
h
t
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
s
ix
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
s
et
to
1
an
d
n
o
r
m
alize
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
=
1
×
1
+
2
×
2
+
3
×
3
+
4
×
4
+
5
×
5
+
6
×
6
(
9
)
a.
T
r
u
s
t:
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
tr
u
s
t
u
tili
ze
d
in
A
-
B
E
S
i
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
ag
ain
s
t
m
alicio
u
s
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
tr
u
s
t
(
1
)
d
ef
in
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets
in
th
e
n
o
d
es
.
I
n
(
1
0
)
,
,
an
d
,
s
ig
n
if
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
am
o
n
g
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
1
=
,
,
(
1
0
)
b.
R
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
:
t
h
e
d
ata
is
c
o
llected
b
y
C
Hs
f
r
o
m
th
eir
C
Ms
an
d
is
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
ed
to
th
e
d
esire
d
n
o
d
es.
A
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
Hs
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
task
s
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
w
ith
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
ar
e
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
id
e
n
t
if
y
C
Hs
an
d
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
(
2
)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
1
)
.
I
n
(
1
1
)
,
is
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
SC
H
ca
n
d
id
ate.
2
=
∑
1
=
1
(
1
1
)
c.
Dis
tan
ce
:
t
h
e
m
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
C
Ms
a
n
d
th
eir
C
Hs
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
n
ex
t
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
No
d
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
by
th
e
p
ath
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
’
s
en
er
g
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
is
less
er
wh
e
n
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
is
s
h
o
r
ter
an
d
th
e
m
a
th
em
atica
l
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
(
3
)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
2
)
.
I
n
th
e
b
elo
w
(
1
2
)
,
(
,
)
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
ℎ
an
d
ℎ
C
H
s
’
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
n
o
d
es in
th
e
c
lu
s
ter
.
3
=
∑
(
∑
(
,
)
/
=
1
)
=
1
(
1
2
)
d.
No
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
:
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
a
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
th
at
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Ms
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
C
H.
M
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
3
)
.
I
n
th
e
(
1
3
)
,
4
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lt o
f
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
C
M
f
o
r
th
e
ℎ
s
en
s
o
r
.
4
=
∑
=
1
(
1
3
)
e.
T
r
af
f
ic
r
ate:
t
h
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
r
ate
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
b
u
f
f
e
r
u
ti
lizatio
n
,
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
tak
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Fo
r
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
r
ate
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
in
i
m
ized
,
an
d
its
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
(
1
4
)
.
I
n
(
1
4
)
,
_
r
ep
r
esen
ts
b
u
f
f
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
_
d
en
o
tes
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
,
an
d
_
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ch
an
n
el
lo
a
d
.
5
=
1
3
[
+
+
]
(
1
4
)
f.
C
lu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
:
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
en
h
a
n
c
es
n
o
d
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
n
o
d
es.
W
h
en
th
e
d
e
n
s
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es,
it
r
esu
lt
s
in
h
ig
h
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
a
n
d
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
.
E
v
er
y
n
o
d
e
in
a
clu
s
ter
is
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
all
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
its
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
5
)
.
6
=
1
∑
|
|
=
1
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3832
3828
I
n
th
e
(
1
5
)
,
|
|
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ℎ
clu
s
ter
n
o
d
e
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
wh
o
le
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
wh
o
le
C
Hs.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
s
ix
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
SC
Hs
u
s
in
g
A
-
B
E
S,
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
av
o
id
e
d
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lead
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
en
er
g
y
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
an
d
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
2
.
1
.
Clus
t
er
g
ener
a
t
io
n
I
n
th
e
clu
s
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
,
th
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
SC
Hs.
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
em
p
lo
y
in
g
o
r
d
in
ar
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
th
e
ch
o
s
en
SC
H
s
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
6
)
.
(
)
=
(
,
)
(
1
6
)
2
.
2
.
Secure
ro
uting
us
i
ng
A
-
B
E
S
Af
ter
clu
s
ter
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
th
e
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
d
is
co
v
er
y
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
A
-
B
E
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
v
ar
io
u
s
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
S
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
A
-
B
E
S
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
d
ata
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
i
n
a
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
is
ex
p
lain
e
d
.
a.
I
n
itializatio
n
:
E
v
er
y
b
ald
ea
g
l
e
in
th
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
c
ess
i
s
in
itialized
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
tr
an
s
f
er
p
ath
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
B
S.
Dim
en
s
io
n
o
f
e
v
er
y
b
ald
ea
g
le
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Hs
p
r
esen
t in
a
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
o
u
te.
Fo
r
th
e
ℎ
b
ald
ea
g
le
in
A
-
B
E
S
d
u
r
in
g
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
it is
d
en
o
ted
as
=
(
,
1
,
,
2
,
…
,
,
3
)
,
wh
er
e
1
≤
≤
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
SC
H.
b.
R
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
le
r
o
u
tes
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
elec
ted
C
Hs
to
a
B
S
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
as
a
m
ai
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
p
ath
i
d
en
tific
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
in
clu
d
e
tr
u
s
t,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
u
p
d
at
e
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tin
g
t
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
1
7
)
.
=
1
×
,
,
+
2
×
∑
(
∑
(
,
)
/
=
1
)
=
1
+
3
×
∑
1
=
1
(
1
7
)
I
n
(
1
7
)
,
1
,
2
an
d
3
ar
e
th
e
weig
h
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
s
ix
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
SC
Hs
b
y
u
s
in
g
A
-
B
E
S,
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
av
o
id
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ec
u
r
ed
p
ath
s
ar
e
c
h
o
s
en
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
w
h
ile
also
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ata
d
eliv
er
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
-
B
E
S
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
i
s
s
im
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
2
(
NS2
)
with
a
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
1
6
GR
R
AM
,
an
i5
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
,
an
d
W
in
d
o
ws
1
1
OS.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
m
etr
ics
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
r
e
:
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
P
DR
)
,
PLR,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
d
elay
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
ab
le
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
A
-
B
ES
N
o.
o
f
N
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
,
2
5
0
a
n
d
3
0
0
A
r
e
a
1
0
0
0
×
1
0
0
0
m
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
0
.
5
5
J
P
a
c
k
e
t
si
z
e
4
0
0
0
b
y
t
e
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
1
0
0
s
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
t
h
e
e
v
alu
ated
PDR
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
-
B
E
S
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
e
v
alu
ated
PDR
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ex
is
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
n
am
el
y
,
ca
t
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
C
SO)
,
r
s
em
o
r
a
o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
R
OA)
,
r
e
p
tile
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
R
SA)
,
an
d
s
in
e
co
s
i
n
e
R
SA
(
SC
R
S
A)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
PLR,
wh
ile
F
ig
u
r
e
4
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
F
ig
u
r
e
5
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
elay
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
wh
ile
F
ig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
-
B
E
S
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
,
1
5
0
,
2
0
0
,
2
5
0
an
d
3
0
0.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
S
ec
u
r
e
clu
s
teri
n
g
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
–
b
a
s
ed
a
d
a
p
tive
–
b
a
ld
e
a
g
l
e
s
ea
r
ch
fo
r
…
(
A
s
h
a
R
a
n
i Ma
h
a
d
ev
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)
3829
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PDR
a
n
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PLR
a
n
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dela
y
a
n
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
aly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
aly
s
is
3
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
is
co
m
p
ar
in
g
to
f
o
ll
o
win
g
p
r
ev
io
u
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
:
i)
t
h
e
R
E
DAA
[
1
8
]
m
eth
o
d
,
s
im
u
lated
i
n
a
1
3
0
0
×
1
3
0
0
m
ar
ea
with
2
5
0
n
o
d
es,
i
i)
th
e
T
ay
lo
r
C
-
SS
A
[
1
9
]
m
eth
o
d
,
s
im
u
lated
in
a
1
0
0
×
1
0
0
m
ar
ea
with
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
to
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
0
s
im
u
latio
n
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
an
d
an
in
i
tial
en
er
g
y
0
.
5
J
,
iii)
th
e
M
-
T
C
AAA
[
2
0
]
m
et
h
o
d
,
s
im
u
late
d
in
a
2
0
0
×
2
0
0
m
ar
ea
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
,
4
0
,
6
0
,
8
0
,
a
n
d
1
0
0
,
an
d
a
n
in
itial
e
n
er
g
y
5
J
,
iv
)
th
e
QGAOA
[
2
1
]
m
eth
o
d
,
s
im
u
lated
in
a
1
5
0
0
×1
5
0
0
m
a
r
ea
with
1
0
0
n
o
d
es,
an
in
itial
en
er
g
y
1
J
,
an
d
a
si
m
u
latio
n
tim
e
5
0
0
s
,
a
n
d
f
i
n
ally
v
)
th
e
I
DT
OM
HR
[
2
2
]
m
eth
o
d
,
s
im
u
lated
f
o
r
1
0
0
a
n
d
2
5
0
n
o
d
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
2
4
-
3832
3830
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
N
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
1
0
0
2
5
0
P
D
R
(
%)
R
ED
A
A
[
1
8
]
-
79
M
-
TC
A
A
A
[
2
0
]
9
9
.
8
7
-
Q
G
A
O
A
[
2
1
]
9
4
.
5
-
A
-
B
ES
9
9
.
9
3
9
5
.
7
1
D
e
l
a
y
(
se
c
)
R
ED
A
A
[
1
8
]
-
8
.
3
Ta
y
l
o
r
C
-
S
S
A
[
1
9
]
0
.
4
5
6
-
A
-
B
ES
0
.
2
0
7
1
.
1
7
9
En
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
(
J)
M
-
TC
A
A
A
[
2
0
]
0
.
4
1
-
I
D
TO
M
H
R
[
2
2
]
3
.
3
4
8
.
7
0
A
-
B
ES
0
.
2
7
2
.
2
7
Th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
%)
Q
G
A
O
A
[
2
1
]
96
-
A
-
B
ES
9
7
.
2
4
9
9
.
5
9
R
e
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4.
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ase
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T
h
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ex
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d
s
a
n
etwo
r
k
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s
life
tim
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t
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SC
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s
elec
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,
clu
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ar
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f
o
r
m
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d
s
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o
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tes
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eter
m
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s
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th
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ith
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im
p
r
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v
in
g
th
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n
etwo
r
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’
s
o
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all
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
em
an
d
s
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F
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DATA
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RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
V
.
P
r
a
sad
B
.
S
a
n
d
H
.
R
.
R
o
o
p
a
s
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e
,
“
En
e
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se
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2
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0
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3
2
.
[
2
]
A
.
Ja
n
a
r
t
h
a
n
a
n
a
n
d
V
.
S
r
i
n
i
v
a
sa
n
,
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M
u
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m
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i
c
g
r
a
p
h
n
e
u
r
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l
n
e
t
w
o
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k
f
o
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s
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c
u
r
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d
d
a
t
a
a
g
g
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e
g
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
w
i
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s
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n
so
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
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n
t
e
r
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t
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J
o
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rn
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o
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l
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e
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.
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0
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4
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d
o
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:
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0
.
1
0
0
2
/
d
a
c
.
5
6
6
4
.
[
3
]
S
.
E
l
K
h
e
d
i
r
i
,
A
.
S
e
l
m
i
,
R
.
U
.
K
h
a
n
,
T.
M
o
u
l
a
h
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
o
r
e
n
z
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
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f
f
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c
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t
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l
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st
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r
r
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se
n
s
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r
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e
t
w
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r
k
s
u
si
n
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
me
t
a
h
e
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r
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c
a
p
p
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o
a
c
h
e
’
s,”
Ad
H
o
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t
w
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k
s
,
v
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l
.
1
5
8
,
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.
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0
2
4
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a
d
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2
0
2
4
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1
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3
.
[
4
]
A
.
A
l
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
f
u
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y
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c
t
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n
(
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-
F
LZS
EPF
C
H
)
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n
d
mu
l
t
i
p
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t
h
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i
n
w
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e
ss
se
n
so
r
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t
w
o
r
k
s,”
A
i
n
S
h
a
m
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
J
o
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l
,
v
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l
.
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5
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,
p
.
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3
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,
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e
b
.
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B
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RA
PHIE
S
OF A
UTH
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As
h
a
Ra
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h
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ti
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rin
g
a
n
d
M
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h
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o
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p
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ter
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rc
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sc
h
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r
fro
m
VTU,
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lag
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v
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a
n
d
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rn
a
tak
a
,
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d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
1
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
t
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a
c
h
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x
p
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c
e
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e
n
g
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rin
g
c
o
ll
e
g
e
.
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rre
n
t
ly
wo
rk
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g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
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n
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y
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u
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n
d
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a
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
sh
a
ra
n
im@
g
ss
s
.
e
d
u
.
in
.
Ro
o
p
a
shre
e
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e
jja
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n
g
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n
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t
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sha
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m
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s
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(E&C)
in
M
.
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h
(CS
&
E)
fro
m
VTU,
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lag
a
v
i
,
Ka
rn
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tak
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d
ia,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
fro
m
CHRIST
(De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
)
Be
n
g
a
lu
ru
,
Ka
rn
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tak
a
,
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d
ia.
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h
e
h
a
s
a
ro
u
n
d
1
3
y
e
a
rs
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f
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n
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u
strial
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p
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e
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n
d
th
re
e
y
e
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rs
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f
tea
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in
g
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x
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e
.
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e
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
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n
d
HO
D
in
d
e
p
t
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f
AI&
DS
a
t
G
S
S
S
IET
W,
M
y
su
r
u
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ro
o
p
a
sh
re
e
h
r@g
ss
s.e
d
u
.
in
.
Yo
g
e
e
sh
Am
b
a
l
a
g
e
r
e
Cha
n
d
r
a
sheka
r
a
ia
h
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
B.
E,
M
.
Tec
h
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
fro
m
Visv
e
sv
a
ra
y
a
Tec
h
n
o
l
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ica
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
Be
lag
a
v
i,
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rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
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u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
C
S
&
E,
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o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
C
h
a
m
a
ra
jn
a
g
a
r,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
His
a
re
a
o
f
i
n
t
e
re
st
is
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
,
IOT
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
y
o
g
e
e
sh
1
3
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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