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E
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rica
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m
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ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
25
,
p
p
.
3
7
0
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~
3
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1
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SS
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2088
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8
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DOI
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v
15
i
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.
pp
3
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3
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1
6
3707
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O
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e
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a
k
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l,
d
e
b
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th
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imiti
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),
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K
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:
Dis
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I
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ter
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f
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in
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s
Ker
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Ph
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s
ical
m
em
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y
p
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tectio
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R
ea
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p
o
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m
an
ag
e
m
en
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R
en
ewa
b
le
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o
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s
Sm
ar
t g
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id
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s
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p
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
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d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
n
ju
J
ay
ak
u
m
a
r
R
ag
h
v
in
Sch
o
o
l
of
E
lectr
o
n
ics
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
R
e
v
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Yela
h
an
k
a,
B
an
g
alo
r
e
,
Kar
n
at
ak
a,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
m
an
ju
r
ag
h
v
in
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
is
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
ce
n
tr
alize
d
to
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
m
o
d
els
[
1
]
.
Dr
i
v
en
b
y
d
em
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
tr
a
n
s
ac
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
en
ab
le
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
d
is
p
er
s
ed
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
en
g
ag
in
g
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
[
2
]
.
Sin
c
e
all
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
m
ad
e
in
o
n
e
ce
n
tr
al
l
o
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
is
n
ew
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
s
er
v
ice
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
c
h
allen
g
in
g
.
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ter
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
m
u
s
t
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
to
b
e
a
s
u
cc
ess
[
3
]
.
T
o
lay
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
s
u
f
f
icien
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
,
m
an
a
g
in
g
,
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
,
e
lectr
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
s
m
u
s
t
g
u
ar
an
tee
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
p
h
y
s
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
an
d
th
eir
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
its
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
co
m
p
u
ter
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
ar
e
c
r
u
ci
al
in
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
els
an
d
to
o
ls
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lec
t
all
th
e
m
an
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
n
ee
d
t
o
tak
e
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
s
h
a
r
ed
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
ea
ch
p
lay
er
to
lay
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
f
u
lf
ill
ev
er
y
o
n
e'
s
n
ee
d
s
wh
ile
also
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
v
iab
ilit
y
f
r
o
m
a
tec
h
n
ical,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
[
5
]
.
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
m
aj
o
r
co
r
p
o
r
a
tio
n
s
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
m
ay
p
lay
an
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
with
its
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
allo
ws,
in
ce
n
tiv
izes,
an
d
g
r
ea
tly
b
e
n
ef
its
en
d
-
u
s
e
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
7
0
7
-
3716
3708
T
h
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
,
wh
ich
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
m
o
r
e
th
an
d
o
u
b
les
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
f
f
-
p
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d
em
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n
d
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is
o
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o
f
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p
r
im
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y
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r
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s
in
th
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elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
ele
ctr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
ast,
th
is
v
a
r
ian
ce
wo
u
ld
lead
to
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
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d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
atin
g
s
id
e
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
v
o
latile
d
u
e
to
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
it m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt to
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Flex
ib
ilit
y
o
n
t
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
id
e,
ea
s
e
o
f
s
y
s
tem
o
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,
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ab
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to
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b
e
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b
y
s
m
ar
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i
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p
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s
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ac
tiv
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ar
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m
a
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p
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b
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d
d
e
m
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
9
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
s
,
s
m
aller
g
r
i
d
s
ca
lled
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
an
d
m
a
n
ag
ed
.
T
h
o
s
e
g
r
id
s
ar
e
o
p
er
ated
an
d
m
an
ag
ed
at
th
e
lo
ca
l
lev
el
an
d
ar
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
lim
ited
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
b
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
as
lim
ited
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
i
s
ty
p
ically
lin
k
e
d
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
i
d
b
u
t c
a
n
also
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
in
is
l
an
d
m
o
d
e
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
at
p
ea
k
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
r
e
g
u
latio
n
is
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
R
ec
en
t
g
lo
b
al
b
lack
o
u
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
co
llap
s
es
h
av
e
in
ad
eq
u
ate
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
eir
m
ain
ca
u
s
es
[
1
2
]
.
Fin
d
in
g
th
e
b
est p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
alu
es f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
v
ar
iab
les in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
i
n
im
ize
an
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
th
e
g
en
er
al
g
o
al
o
f
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
es
[
1
3
]
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
latio
n
p
o
s
es
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
r
estrictio
n
s
an
d
is
h
e
n
ce
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
e
f
r
o
m
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t
[
1
4
]
.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
m
in
im
izin
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
ar
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t is sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Activ
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t m
o
d
el
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
k
er
n
el
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
T
o
m
ak
e
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
an
d
k
er
n
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ea
s
ier
,
ce
r
tain
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
k
er
n
els
i
n
clu
d
e
a
d
eb
u
g
g
er
ca
lled
a
k
er
n
el
d
eb
u
g
g
e
r
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
k
er
n
el
d
e
b
u
g
g
er
is
l
au
n
c
h
ed
,
all
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
s
c
o
m
e
to
a
s
tan
d
s
till
in
th
e
SG.
Un
less
it
is
e
x
ited
,
h
ar
d
war
e
in
ter
r
u
p
ts
will
n
o
t
b
e
en
a
b
led
a
n
d
n
o
th
r
ea
d
wi
ll
b
e
a
b
le
to
m
ak
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
n
a
n
y
C
PU
[
1
6
]
.
So
,
o
n
e
ca
n
tak
e
th
ei
r
tim
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
a
s
tatic
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
en
ti
r
e
s
y
s
tem
in
k
er
n
el
de
b
u
g
g
in
g
la
n
d
(
KDL
).
O
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
OR
PM)
s
h
o
ws
u
p
as
a
d
if
f
icu
lt
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
is
s
u
e
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
lo
s
s
es,
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
s
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
ar
e
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
OR
PM.
A
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
t
r
ateg
y
t
h
at
ca
n
ad
a
p
t
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
r
u
le
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
7
]
.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
d
esig
n
in
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
less
en
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
o
u
tag
es
an
d
b
r
o
k
en
m
ac
h
in
er
y
b
y
s
h
if
tin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
[
1
8
]
.
OR
PM
is
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
l,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
,
r
ea
cto
r
s
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
n
d
en
s
er
s
ar
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tr
o
l
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
t
h
at
co
u
ld
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
OR
PM
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
o
f
f
s
et
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
d
em
an
d
,
th
ese
d
ev
ices
ca
n
in
ject
o
r
ab
s
o
r
b
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
as
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
i
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
u
s
in
g
k
er
n
el
d
e
b
u
g
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
(
OR
PM
-
SG
-
KDM
)
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
in
g
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
tly
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
I
t
is
u
s
u
al
p
r
ac
tice
to
lin
k
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
c
es
(
DE
R
s
)
.
to
th
e
g
r
id
v
ia
in
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
c/ac
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
m
o
r
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
DE
R
s
.
R
ev
is
io
n
s
to
g
r
id
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
DE
R
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
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p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
ed
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
fo
r
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
(
Ma
n
ju
J
a
ya
ku
ma
r
R
a
g
h
vin
)
3709
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
An
cillar
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
er
v
ice
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
DE
R
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
with
th
e
n
ew
g
r
id
co
d
es.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
d
esig
n
e
d
b
y
Saf
av
izad
eh
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
is
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
in
v
e
r
ter
-
b
ased
DE
R
s
(
I
B
D
E
R
)
.
Ho
m
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
HE
M)
s
y
s
tem
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
S
S
)
,
an
d
elec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
o
n
a
d
o
m
esti
c
s
ca
le.
I
n
t
h
e
p
ast,
t
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
r
e
d
u
cin
g
ac
tiv
e
p
o
we
r
u
s
e
wh
il
e
ig
n
o
r
i
n
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
at
th
e
h
o
m
e
-
to
-
g
r
i
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
ca
n
b
e
n
e
g
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
a
lar
g
e
im
b
alan
c
e
b
etwe
en
r
ea
ctiv
e
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ax
im
ize
t
h
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
a
n
d
g
u
a
r
a
n
tee
th
at
HE
M
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
b
u
d
g
etar
y
o
b
jectiv
es,
Ald
ah
m
ash
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
]
o
f
f
e
r
ed
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ec
is
ely
ca
lc
u
latin
g
th
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
v
alu
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
wel
l
as
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
th
er
m
o
s
tatic
lo
ad
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
.
R
esear
ch
in
to
n
etwo
r
k
ed
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
(
NM
Gs)
r
esil
ien
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
u
n
d
er
h
a
r
s
h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
Sh
ak
er
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
.
A
two
-
s
tag
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
is
s
u
g
g
ested
,
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
u
tili
zin
g
h
er
e
-
an
d
-
n
o
w
(
HAN)
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
u
tili
zin
g
wait
-
an
d
-
s
ee
(
W
AS)
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
wh
o
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[
4
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p
r
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d
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st
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m res
o
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r
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a
t
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n
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
O
D
E
L
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
g
r
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tab
ilit
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d
ef
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,
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e
r
e
v
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liter
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r
e
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o
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m
a
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ar
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e
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er
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et
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as
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s
tly
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
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n
o
p
tim
izatio
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m
et
h
o
d
s
[
2
1
]
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
cy
b
er
s
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u
r
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
2
]
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
cy
b
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ity
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d
f
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tics
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ity
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f
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co
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to
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n
d
itio
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s
[
2
3
]
.
Als
o
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f
th
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r
esear
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f
o
cu
s
es
o
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alize
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o
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o
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,
wh
ich
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with
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in
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-
s
ca
le
g
r
id
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s
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DE
R
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
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tim
ize
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r
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ig
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o
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wh
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o
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th
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tim
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allo
ca
tio
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d
etec
tio
n
o
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alies,
a
n
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th
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d
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tio
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o
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lts
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tim
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So
m
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with
a
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lled
a
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d
eb
u
g
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r
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
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s
to
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Ker
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:
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ir
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b
th
at
im
p
lem
en
ts
lo
w
-
lev
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o
p
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atio
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s
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
s
talli
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g
a
s
y
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tem
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s
o
r
s
all
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tio
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k
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if
f
e
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en
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m
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in
r
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-
tim
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
m
ay
c
o
n
tain
ess
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tial
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o
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m
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c
u
r
r
en
t,
tem
p
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at
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r
e,
an
d
m
o
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
B
y
b
r
in
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co
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b
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to
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in
r
ed
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d
laten
cy
an
d
f
aster
a
n
s
wer
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
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s
is
o
f
th
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u
tm
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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15
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Au
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3710
im
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[
3
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.
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u
r
e
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u
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d
u
s
es
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
k
er
n
el
is
ca
l
led
a
k
er
n
el
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
W
h
en
it
c
o
m
es
to
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
th
e
k
er
n
el,
s
y
s
tem
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
m
ay
also
en
co
u
n
ter
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
an
g
in
g
o
r
s
to
p
o
p
e
r
atin
g
in
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
ch
a
n
g
e
in
k
e
r
n
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
SG
cr
ash
es
o
r
lin
k
b
r
ea
k
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
OR
PM
-
SG
-
K
DM
f
o
r
m
an
ag
i
n
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
e
f
f
icien
tly
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
OR
PM
-
SG
-
KD
M
{
I
np
ut:
SG
No
d
es L
is
t {
SGN
s
et}
O
utput
:
Po
wer
Sch
ed
u
le
{Ps
ch
d
}
Ste
p
-
1:
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
m
ain
tai
n
ed
at
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
au
th
o
r
ity
.
T
h
is
SG
n
o
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
s
ec
u
r
ely
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
to
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
also
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
as
(
1
)
,
[
]
=
∑
(
)
+
(
)
+
(
,
+
1
)
+
(
)
+
ℎ
=
1
(
1
)
Her
e
n
o
d
e
a
d
d
r
ess
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
a
d
d
r
ess
o
f
n
o
d
e
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
ω
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
n
o
d
e
an
d
λ
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
ad
jace
n
t
n
o
d
e
with
m
in
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
,
δ
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
le
v
els.
T
h
is
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
in
itiated
to
1
0
0
.
S
t
ep
-
2:
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
r
u
n
n
in
g
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ef
f
icien
tly
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
ig
g
est
co
n
ce
r
n
s
is
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ch
ed
u
le
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Op
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
a
ce
r
tain
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
wh
ile
s
atis
f
y
in
g
all
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
estrictio
n
s
is
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
m
ix
ed
in
teg
er
a
n
d
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
r
o
b
lem
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
t
o
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
v
o
ltag
e
is
a
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
.
I
t
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
's
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
s
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
,
[
]
=
∏
(
,
+
1
)
−
+
l
im
→
(
(
(
,
+
1
)
)
+
µ
(
)
)
=
1
(
2
)
ℎ
[
]
=
∑
ma
x
(
(
,
+
1
)
)
+
(
(
)
)
+
φ
(
N
i
n
f
o
(
n
)
)
=
1
(
3
)
He
r
e
γ
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
g
en
er
ate
d
p
o
wer
,
µ
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
p
o
wer
in
th
e
SG,
α
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
r
ea
ct
iv
e
p
o
wer
R
p
m
ain
tain
ed
at
a
n
o
d
e
n
a
n
d
φ
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
lcu
lates th
e
to
tal
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tes to
a
n
o
d
e
n
a
n
d
T
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
Ste
p
-
3:
Pro
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
s
tate
esti
m
ate
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
in
to
a
m
atr
ix
-
r
ea
d
y
n
o
d
e
b
r
an
c
h
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
b
y
m
ak
i
n
g
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t state
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
is
o
lato
r
s
an
d
b
r
ea
k
er
s
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
(
Q)
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
an
d
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
AC
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
an
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
ed
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
fo
r
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
(
Ma
n
ju
J
a
ya
ku
ma
r
R
a
g
h
vin
)
3711
Mu
ltip
ly
in
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
(
)
)
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
(
(
)
)
at
an
y
g
iv
en
tim
e
y
iel
d
s
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
e
o
u
s
p
o
wer
(
(
)
)
in
an
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
cir
cu
it.
(
)
=
(
)
(
4
)
(
)
=
s
in
(
+
)
(
5
)
Her
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
p
ea
k
r
an
g
es
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
ω
is
th
e
an
g
u
lar
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
Θ
is
th
e
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
)
=
(
)
∗
(
)
(
6
)
(
)
=
s
in
(
)
∗
s
in
(
+
)
(
7
)
T
h
e
tr
ig
o
n
o
m
etr
y
id
en
tity
o
f
t
h
e
s
in
es p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
(
)
=
2
c
os
(
)
−
2
c
os
(
2
+
)
(
8
)
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
wer
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
o
v
er
o
n
ce
c
y
cle
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
9
)
,
=
∗
(
)
(
9
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
am
o
n
g
V
an
d
I
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
1
0
)
,
=
√
(
∗
)
2
−
(
∗
∗
(
)
)
2
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t is p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
as
(
1
1
)
,
=
(
∗
)
∗
√
1
−
2
(
)
(
1
1
)
[
]
=
∑
ma
x
(
P
(
α
(
n
)
)
)
ℎ
α
(
n
)
>
ℎ
min
(
P
(
α
(
n
)
)
)
ℎ
ℎ
α
(
n
)
<
ℎ
=
1
(
1
2
)
[
]
=
∏
m
a
x
(
(
)
)
−
m
in
(
(
)
)
+
ℎ
(
,
+
1
)
{
(
)
<
α
(
M
)
(
)
>
α
(
M
)
=
1
(
1
3
)
Her
e
ℎ
is
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
r
a
n
g
e.
Ste
p
-
4:
T
h
e
k
er
n
el
is
an
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
twar
e
th
at
ty
p
ically
h
as
f
u
ll
au
th
o
r
ity
o
v
er
th
e
wh
o
le
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
k
er
n
el
is
lik
ewise
in
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
av
o
id
in
g
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
is
p
u
tes.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
en
g
in
ee
r
s
to
d
e
b
u
g
k
er
n
el
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
h
ey
wr
ite.
A
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
is
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
k
er
n
el
a
n
d
u
s
es
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
k
er
n
el
is
ca
lled
a
k
er
n
el
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
k
er
n
el
s
ettin
g
an
d
k
er
n
el
d
e
b
u
g
g
in
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
as
(
1
4
)
an
d
(
1
5
)
,
[
]
=
∑
l
im
→
(
(
)
+
α
(
O
Rp
d
i
s
(
n
)
)
+
α
(
O
Pp
d
i
s
(
n
+
1
)
)
(
)
)
=
1
(
1
4
)
[
]
=
∑
(
)
+
m
ax
(
(
α
(
OR
pdi
s
(
n
,
n
+
1
)
)
+
ω
(
Ke
r
Se
t
(
n
)
)
=
1
(
1
5
)
Ste
p
-
5:
T
h
er
e
is
ty
p
ically
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
ter
ac
t
in
c
o
m
p
licated
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
way
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
wh
ich
cla
s
s
ical
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
an
d
le
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
n
v
a
r
y
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
at
h
an
d
.
An
ess
en
tial a
s
p
ec
t o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
is
r
ea
c
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
a
m
ix
ed
-
in
teg
er
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
is
b
o
th
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
an
d
co
m
p
lex
.
All
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ality
an
d
in
eq
u
ality
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
s
atis
f
ied
wh
ile
i
t o
p
tim
izes
a
g
iv
en
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t is ap
p
lied
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
le
is
g
e
n
er
ated
as
(
1
6
)
an
d
(
1
7
)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
0
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&
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m
p
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
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.
4
,
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g
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s
t
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7
0
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[
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=
∑
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(
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
t
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
way
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Po
w
er
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
i
v
id
ed
i
n
to
th
r
ee
m
ain
g
r
o
u
p
s
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
ec
to
r
'
s
r
ef
o
r
m
in
itiativ
es:
g
en
er
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
An
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ato
r
o
v
er
s
ee
s
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
ese
en
titi
es.
T
h
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
g
r
id
o
p
er
at
o
r
is
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t w
h
e
r
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
ac
t
s
m
ay
b
e
ex
ec
u
te
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
tr
ad
ed
co
m
m
o
d
ity
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
m
ar
k
et.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
an
y
an
cillar
y
s
er
v
ices
n
ee
d
ed
in
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
m
ar
k
et,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
en
o
u
g
h
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
m
ain
tain
g
r
i
d
s
af
ety
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
o
f
u
tm
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
th
e
g
r
id
is
a
m
ajo
r
o
b
s
tacl
e
to
th
e
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
ac
ts
s
in
ce
it
e
n
d
an
g
e
r
s
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
af
ety
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
ce
.
I
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
we
r
m
ar
k
et
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
s
am
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
en
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
Gen
e
r
ato
r
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
em
u
n
er
atio
n
u
n
d
er
t
h
is
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
u
s
tain
th
eir
ac
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
OR
PM
-
SG
-
KDM
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
tr
a
d
i
tio
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
m
itig
atio
n
u
s
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
a
s
m
ar
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
B
DE
R
)
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
in
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ee
p
r
ein
f
o
r
c
em
en
t
lear
n
in
g
(
R
T
E
MS
H
-
DR
L
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
p
tim
ized
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t is v
er
y
ef
f
icien
t w
h
e
n
co
n
tr
asted
with
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
an
d
in
tr
icate
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
lib
e
r
aliza
tio
n
o
r
d
er
eg
u
latio
n
in
th
e
e
lectr
icity
b
u
s
in
ess
,
wh
er
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
is
ex
c
h
an
g
ed
as
an
ad
d
i
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ice,
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
s
p
ar
k
ed
g
r
ea
t
s
cr
u
tin
y
f
r
o
m
s
cien
tis
t
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
im
iz
e
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
s
wh
ile
s
im
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
ly
m
in
im
izin
g
lo
s
s
es,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
is
s
u
e
m
u
s
t
ad
h
er
e
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
eq
u
ality
an
d
e
q
u
ality
-
b
ased
r
estrictio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
els
.
I
t
is
cr
itical
to
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
p
ar
ticle
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
ar
iab
le
v
ec
to
r
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
g
r
an
d
to
t
al
o
f
9
0
en
tr
ies
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
v
ec
to
r
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle
in
th
e
SG
th
at
is
b
ei
n
g
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
s
3
9
b
u
s
es
an
d
1
2
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
th
at
in
clu
d
e
tap
ch
an
g
er
s
.
A
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
ices
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
op
tim
izatio
n
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
v
o
ltag
e
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
r
atio
,
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
e
v
ice
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
t
h
at
is
alr
ea
d
y
k
n
o
wn
.
T
h
e
o
p
t
im
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
els ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
lev
els
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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8
Op
timiz
ed
r
ea
ctive
p
o
w
er ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t sys
tem
fo
r
s
ma
r
t g
r
i
d
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
(
Ma
n
ju
J
a
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ma
r
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a
g
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3713
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Op
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
e
ls
T
o
m
ak
e
d
e
b
u
g
g
in
g
a
n
d
k
e
r
n
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ea
s
ier
,
ce
r
t
ain
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
k
er
n
els
in
clu
d
e
a
d
eb
u
g
g
er
ca
lled
a
k
er
n
el
d
eb
u
g
g
e
r
.
An
o
th
e
r
m
ac
h
in
e
,
r
u
n
n
in
g
a
f
u
ll
-
b
lo
wn
d
eb
u
g
g
e
r
lik
e
GNU
Deb
u
g
g
e
r
,
ca
n
s
en
d
co
m
m
an
d
s
t
o
th
e
k
er
n
el
d
e
b
u
g
g
er
s
tu
b
o
v
e
r
a
s
er
ial
lin
e
o
r
v
ia
a
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
o
r
th
e
d
eb
u
g
g
er
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
et
o
f
co
m
m
an
d
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
im
m
ed
iately
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ein
g
d
e
b
u
g
g
ed
.
A
k
er
n
el
d
eb
u
g
g
er
ca
n
also
b
e
a
s
tu
b
th
at
im
p
lem
en
ts
lo
w
-
l
ev
el
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Ker
n
el
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
els
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ker
n
el
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
els
R
eg
u
latin
g
v
o
ltag
es,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
m
an
ag
in
g
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
all
v
ital
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
A
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
's p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
ices c
a
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
v
o
ltag
e,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
r
atio
,
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
o
r
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
ev
ice
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
th
a
t
is
alr
ea
d
y
k
n
o
wn
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t a
cc
u
r
ac
y
le
v
els ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
7
0
7
-
3716
3714
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Op
tim
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
cc
u
r
ac
y
lev
els
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
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el
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ak
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ar
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to
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ac
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o
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ig
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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RE
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
S
a
f
a
v
i
z
a
d
e
h
,
G
.
R
.
Y
o
u
sefi
,
a
n
d
H
.
R
.
K
a
r
s
h
e
n
a
s
,
“
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
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t
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o
n
m
i
t
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g
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t
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s
t
r
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b
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t
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o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
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s
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S
m
a
rt
G
r
i
d
,
v
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l
.
1
0
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.
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p
.
1
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5
,
M
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r
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0
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o
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0
9
/
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.
2
0
1
7
.
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7
8
1
6
9
0
.
[
2
]
J.
A
l
d
a
h
mas
h
i
a
n
d
X
.
M
a
,
“
R
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
e
n
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y
m
a
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a
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me
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n
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f
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r
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e
me
n
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l
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a
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,
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EEE
Ac
c
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ss
,
v
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l
.
1
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p
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3
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5
5
–
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0
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/
A
C
C
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.
2
0
2
4
.
3
3
7
5
7
7
1
.
[
3
]
A
.
S
h
a
k
e
r
,
A
.
S
a
f
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
h
a
h
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e
h
p
o
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r
,
“
R
e
a
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p
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r
m
a
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men
t
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4
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L
.
T
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k
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n
d
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.
Ti
m
o
t
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o
u
,
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/
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S
.
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0
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1
.
3
1
1
8
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5
.
[
5
]
M
.
K
a
s
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i
f
,
M
.
J
.
H
o
ss
a
i
n
,
E
.
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r
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a
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d
e
z
,
M
.
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.
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.
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mi
,
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.
M
.
N
.
A
l
i
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a
n
d
V
.
S
h
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r
ma,
“
A
n
o
p
t
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m
a
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a
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o
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r
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p
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,
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m
s
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o
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l
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j
s
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t
.
2
0
2
0
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9
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5
.
[
6
]
S
.
Z
h
a
n
,
J.
M
o
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r
e
n
,
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.
V
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n
D
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k
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re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
in
ECE
fro
m
Na
g
a
rju
n
a
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
a
ffil
iate
d
t
o
VTU,
Be
lg
a
u
m
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
in
2
0
0
9
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ics
fro
m
RV
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
a
ffil
iate
d
to
VTU,
Be
lg
a
u
m
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
in
2
0
1
1
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
i
n
g
to
wa
rd
s
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Re
v
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ye
lah
a
n
k
a
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
a
rti
ficia
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t:
m
a
n
ju
ra
g
h
v
in
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ma
n
ju
l
a
R.
Bh
a
r
a
m
a
g
o
u
d
r
a
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
sc
h
o
o
l
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
REVA
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Be
n
g
a
lu
r
u
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
v
a
st
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
,
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
a
d
m
in
istrati
o
n
.
S
h
e
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r,
sh
e
h
a
s
se
c
u
re
d
fu
n
d
e
d
p
ro
jec
ts
fr
o
m
AICTE,
VG
S
T
a
n
d
h
a
s
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
re
p
u
ted
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
li
k
e
El
se
v
ier,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
a
n
d
Wi
ley
.
S
h
e
h
o
ld
s
m
u
lt
i
p
le
g
ra
n
ted
p
a
ten
ts
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
it
a
ti
o
n
s.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
a
re
in
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
I
n
tern
e
t
o
f
Th
i
n
g
s,
AI
a
n
d
Ro
b
o
ti
c
s.
S
h
e
is
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
wi
th
m
a
n
y
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
b
o
d
ies
s
u
c
h
a
s
IEE
E
,
IE
TE
,
IS
TE
,
HA
M
m
e
m
b
e
r
(VU
3
UFS
)
,
a
n
d
h
a
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
wa
rd
s
fo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t:
m
a
n
ju
lae
c
e
2
0
2
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Rite
sh
Da
sh
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
EE
E,
REVA
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
n
g
a
l
u
ru
.
Be
f
o
re
h
is
c
u
rre
n
t
a
ss
ig
n
m
e
n
t,
h
e
a
lso
s
e
rv
e
d
a
s
d
e
sig
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l,
a
t
WAP
COS
Lt
d
.
He
h
a
s
v
a
st
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
th
e
field
o
f
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
a
u
d
it
i
n
g
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
1
4
y
e
a
rs
o
f
re
se
a
r
c
h
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
so
u
n
d
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
a
rti
ficia
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
F
A
CTS
,
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
lea
rn
in
g
.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
3
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
h
a
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
a
d
h
u
su
d
a
n
M
e
m
o
rial
Aw
a
rd
,
IEI
Y
o
u
n
g
E
n
g
in
e
e
rs
Aw
a
rd
,
G
re
e
n
En
e
rg
y
A
wa
rd
b
y
KREE
P
A,
a
n
d
th
e
In
stit
u
t
io
n
a
l
Aw
a
rd
fro
m
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs,
I
n
d
ia.
H
e
is
a
ss
o
c
iat
e
d
with
m
a
n
y
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
b
o
d
ies
,
su
c
h
a
s
IE
EE
,
I
n
d
ia
n
S
c
ien
c
e
Co
n
g
re
ss
,
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs,
S
o
lar
E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
o
f
In
d
ia,
a
n
d
Ca
r
b
o
n
S
o
c
iety
o
f
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
h
a
n
d
led
m
a
n
y
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
ts
fu
n
d
e
d
b
y
DST
,
S
ER
B,
CG
COST
,
a
n
d
TE
QU
IP
-
III.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t:
rit
e
sh
.
d
a
sh
@re
v
a
.
e
d
u
.
i
n
.
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