I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
20
25
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
8
~
3
9
0
3
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
4
.
pp
3
8
8
8
-
3
9
0
3
3888
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The g
ro
wth
a
nd
t
rends in
forma
tion tech
no
lo
g
y
endang
ered
la
ng
ua
g
e re
v
italiza
tion resea
rch:
i
n
sig
ht
from a
bi
bli
o
metric
study
L
eo
na
rdi P
a
ris H
a
s
ug
ia
n
1,
2
,
Sy
if
a
ul F
ua
da
3
,
T
ria
na
M
ug
i
a
Ra
ha
y
u
4
,
Apridio
E
dwa
rd
K
a
t
ili
5
,
F
eby
Art
wo
din
i
M
u
qta
diro
h
1
,
Nur
Aini Ra
k
hm
a
wa
t
i
1
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
ms
,
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
S
e
p
u
l
u
h
N
o
p
e
m
b
e
r
,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
ms
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
K
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
Te
l
e
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
P
u
r
w
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
P
a
r
a
h
y
a
n
g
a
n
C
a
t
h
o
l
i
c
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
5
B
a
d
a
n
R
i
s
e
t
d
a
n
I
n
o
v
a
si
N
a
si
o
n
a
l
,
J
a
y
a
p
u
r
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 2
3
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
r
2
9
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
4
,
2
0
2
5
S
in
c
e
Un
it
e
d
Na
ti
o
n
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l,
S
c
ien
ti
fic
a
n
d
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
(
UN
ES
CO
)
d
e
c
lare
d
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
re
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s,
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
h
a
v
e
re
v
it
a
li
z
e
d
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
re
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
i
n
m
a
n
y
f
ield
s.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
d
isc
u
ss
e
s
a
b
i
b
li
o
m
e
tri
c
a
n
a
ly
sis
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
t
o
i
n
v
e
stig
a
te
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
t
h
e
t
o
p
ic
o
f
re
v
it
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
re
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
in
i
n
fo
r
m
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
'
s
a
im
is
t
o
a
ss
e
ss
re
s
e
a
rc
h
to
p
ics
b
y
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
a
u
th
o
rs,
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
th
a
t
in
flu
e
n
c
e
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
S
c
o
p
u
s
d
a
tas
e
t
(fro
m
2
0
0
2
-
2
0
2
4
)
wa
s
o
b
tai
n
e
d
fro
m
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
rti
c
les
(n
=
6
2
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs
(n
=
7
6
)
a
n
d
v
isu
a
l
ize
d
u
sin
g
VO
S
v
iew
e
r
1
.
6
.
2
0
.
T
h
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
u
tco
m
e
s
re
v
e
a
l
a
flu
c
tu
a
ti
n
g
t
re
n
d
wi
th
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
p
a
tt
e
rn
.
Th
e
U
n
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
Ca
n
a
d
a
,
a
n
d
Ch
in
a
we
re
i
d
e
n
ti
fied
a
s
th
e
to
p
t
h
re
e
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
in
term
s
o
f
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
M
e
a
n
wh
il
e
,
t
h
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
A
lb
e
rta,
Un
i
v
e
r
sité
d
u
Q
u
é
b
e
c
à
M
o
n
tréa
l,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Au
c
k
lan
d
,
a
n
d
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ha
wa
iʻi
a
t
M
ā
n
o
a
a
re
th
e
m
o
st
p
ro
li
f
ic
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
is
to
p
ic,
with
two
a
u
th
o
rs
fro
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsité
d
u
Qu
é
b
e
c
à
M
o
n
tréa
l,
S
a
d
a
t
a
n
d
Le
,
b
e
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
st
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
.
Th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
is
re
l
a
ted
to
c
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
a
l
li
n
g
u
isti
c
s.
M
e
a
n
wh
il
e
,
to
p
ic
s
su
c
h
a
s
p
h
o
n
e
ti
c
p
o
ste
rio
g
ra
m
s,
in
teg
ra
ted
fra
m
e
wo
rk
s,
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
a
re
so
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
p
lo
re
d
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
re
.
Its
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
x
p
o
si
n
g
th
e
e
x
ten
t
t
o
wh
ic
h
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
re
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
re
v
it
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
a
c
c
o
m
m
o
d
a
ted
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
E
n
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
Po
ten
tial r
esear
ch
R
ev
italizatio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Nu
r
Ain
i Rak
h
m
awa
ti
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Sy
s
tem
s
,
I
n
s
titu
t T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i Sep
u
lu
h
No
p
em
b
er
Kep
u
tih
R
o
ad
,
Su
k
o
lilo
Dis
tr
ict,
Su
r
ab
ay
a
6
0
1
1
7
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: n
u
r
.
ain
i@
its
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al,
Scien
tific
an
d
C
u
ltu
r
al
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
UNE
SC
O)
s
tated
th
at
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
7
,
1
1
7
lan
g
u
ag
es
s
p
o
k
e
n
wo
r
ld
wid
e,
2
,
5
0
0
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
ar
e
class
if
ied
as
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
[
1
]
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
5
.
1
3
%,
an
d
o
n
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
s
ev
er
y
1
4
d
ay
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
d
itio
n
th
r
ea
ts
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
h
er
it
ag
e
wh
ich
c
o
n
tain
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
tr
ad
itio
n
s
,
an
d
id
en
tity
[
5
]
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
ix
im
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
d
icato
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
wh
eth
er
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
co
u
ld
b
e
th
r
ea
ten
ed
with
ex
tin
ctio
n
is
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
v
itality
[
6
]
.
L
a
n
g
u
ag
e
v
itality
r
ef
er
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
,
h
ea
lth
,
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
u
s
e,
a
n
d
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
l
[
7
]
.
Hig
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
d
a
n
g
ered
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
…
(
Leo
n
a
r
d
i P
a
r
i
s
Ha
s
u
g
ia
n
)
3889
v
itality
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
p
ea
k
er
s
,
in
ter
g
en
er
ati
o
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
p
o
licies
in
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
8
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
T
s
u
n
o
d
a
p
u
t
n
i
n
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
itality
[
1
2
]
,
th
en
B
r
o
m
h
am
p
r
esen
ted
5
1
g
lo
b
al
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
ex
tin
ctio
n
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
ten
ca
teg
o
r
ies
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
t
wo
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
in
ter
s
ec
t o
n
h
o
w
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
s
o
cial,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t a
s
p
ec
ts
ca
n
co
n
cr
etely
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
v
itality
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
s
tu
d
ied
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies.
E
co
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
s
o
cial
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
id
en
tity
[
1
5
]
,
co
l
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
a
n
ati
o
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
a
n
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
eg
e
m
o
n
y
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
3
]
in
f
a
ct
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
v
itality
o
f
th
e
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
,
g
lo
b
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
es,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
itality
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Fin
lan
d
,
Swed
en
,
an
d
No
r
wa
y
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
Saam
i
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Sám
i
Giellág
ald
u
in
s
titu
tio
n
[
2
8
]
,
r
ev
italizatio
n
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
ig
itizatio
n
(
tex
t,
au
d
io
,
an
d
v
id
eo
)
[
6
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
r
p
u
s
b
u
ild
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
3
2
]
–
[
3
6
]
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
g
en
er
al
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
p
u
lar
lan
g
u
a
g
es
s
u
ch
as
B
ab
b
el,
Du
o
lin
g
o
,
Go
o
g
le
T
r
an
s
late,
an
d
R
o
s
etta
Sto
n
e
as
well
as
s
p
ec
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
s
u
ch
as
Sav
e
L
in
g
o
[
3
7
]
,
I
n
d
y
L
a
n
[
3
8
]
,
W
o
o
lar
o
o
[
3
9
]
,
Kar
elia
n
lear
n
in
g
g
am
es
[
4
0
]
,
an
d
HUQA
R
I
Q
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
th
o
s
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
i
n
s
av
in
g
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es.
Mo
b
ile
ap
p
s
,
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
,
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
,
s
h
ar
in
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
ata,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
em
p
o
wer
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
eir
h
er
it
ag
e,
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
iv
er
s
ity
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
lo
b
e
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
L
an
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
is
a
r
esear
ch
d
o
m
ain
th
at
is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
r
eg
i
o
n
al
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
[
4
5
]
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
e
r
v
es
as
a
v
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
l
with
in
a
r
eg
io
n
,
b
ein
g
a
n
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
s
p
ir
it
o
f
a
n
atio
n
o
r
s
tate
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
ital
izatio
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
ce
r
tain
co
u
n
tr
ies
ten
d
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
is
v
er
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
r
esear
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
will
v
ar
y
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
co
m
p
lex
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
m
an
y
v
ar
iab
les
[
4
8
]
an
d
as
a
r
e
s
u
lt
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
at,
we
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
As
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
o
f
ar
,
m
an
y
m
eth
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
id
en
tify
r
esear
c
h
tr
en
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
[
4
9
]
,
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
[
5
0
]
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
ie
w
[
5
1
]
,
in
teg
r
ativ
e
r
ev
iew
[
5
2
]
,
an
d
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
[
5
3
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
,
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
an
aly
s
is
h
o
ld
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
q
u
ick
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
d
etails
o
n
p
o
ten
ti
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
5
4
]
.
W
ith
th
ese
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ics
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ield
s
,
s
u
ch
as
n
u
r
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
5
5
]
,
Asi
an
lin
g
u
is
tics
[
4
5
]
,
s
o
cial
life
[
5
6
]
,
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lity
[
5
7
]
,
b
io
m
e
d
ical
[
5
8
]
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
is
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
ap
p
r
aisi
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
jo
u
r
n
als'
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
th
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
a
f
ield
'
s
in
tel
lectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e,
th
is
an
aly
s
is
ca
n
r
ev
ea
l
p
atter
n
s
th
at
em
er
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
en
ab
lin
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
f
ield
b
ette
r
,
id
en
tify
g
ap
s
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
a
n
d
d
is
co
v
er
n
ew
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Ul
tim
ately
,
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
i
s
ca
n
h
elp
p
o
s
itio
n
ex
p
ec
ted
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
ield
[
5
9
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
en
d
a
n
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
e
v
iv
al,
d
esp
ite
th
e
to
p
ic'
s
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
g
ap
we
ar
e
tr
y
in
g
to
f
ill b
y
d
o
in
g
a
n
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
ev
italizati
o
n
o
f
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
im
p
licatio
n
s
to
ex
p
o
s
e
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
g
iv
e
r
ea
d
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
th
at
ar
e
at
th
e
f
o
r
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
d
o
m
ain
,
m
ap
p
in
g
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
r
esear
ch
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies,
its
r
esear
ch
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
o
p
en
to
p
ics f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
is
a
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
r
esear
c
h
tr
en
d
s
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
an
titat
iv
e
to
p
ics
[
6
0
]
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
m
p
iled
in
to
th
r
ee
s
tag
es
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
e
n
m
ain
s
tep
s
ex
p
lain
e
d
b
y
Pas
s
as
[
6
1
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
was
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
in
th
e
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
s
tag
e.
Sco
p
u
s
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
cu
r
ate
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
an
d
citatio
n
s
c
o
v
er
in
g
s
cien
tific
jo
u
r
n
als,
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
p
aten
ts
[
6
2
]
,
[
6
3
]
.
A
p
ar
t f
r
o
m
th
at,
Sco
p
u
s
also
co
v
er
s
m
an
y
jo
u
r
n
als
[
6
4
]
,
[
6
5
]
a
n
d
ar
ticles
[
6
6
]
,
[
6
7
]
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
d
ataset
was
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es.
W
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
r
elate
d
to
“Rev
italizatio
n
o
f
E
n
d
an
g
er
e
d
L
an
g
u
ag
e”
with
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
TITLE
-
ABS
-
K
E
Y
(
"P
r
ese
r
va
tio
n
"
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
8
8
-
3903
3890
OR
"Co
n
s
erva
n
cy
"
OR
"
C
o
n
s
erva
tio
n
"
OR
"R
ev
ita
liz
a
tio
n
"
OR
"R
ev
iva
l"
OR
"P
r
o
tectio
n
"
OR
"Ma
in
ten
a
n
ce
"
OR
"Ca
r
e"
A
N
D
"E
n
d
a
n
g
er
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"E
n
d
a
n
g
ered
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"E
n
d
a
n
g
ermen
t
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"E
xtin
ct
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"Min
o
r
ity
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"V
u
ln
era
b
le
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"De
a
th
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
OR
"I
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
La
n
g
u
a
g
e"
)
A
N
D
(
LIMI
T
-
TO
(
S
UB
JA
R
E
A
,
"COM
P
")
)
A
N
D
(
LIMI
T
-
TO
(
DOCT
YPE
,
"a
r
")
OR
LIMI
T
-
TO
(
DOCT
YPE
,
"c
p
")
)
)
.
T
h
es
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
c
h
o
s
en
t
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
v
ar
io
u
s
wo
r
d
ch
o
ices
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
o
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
'
E
n
d
an
g
er
e
d
L
an
g
u
ag
es
R
ev
italizatio
n
'
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
titl
e,
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
an
d
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
o
n
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
Fo
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
f
r
o
m
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
an
d
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
ap
e
r
s
.
B
o
th
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
[
6
8
]
,
[
6
9
]
.
T
h
en
,
t
o
ex
clu
d
e
ir
r
ele
v
an
t
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
wer
e
li
m
ited
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
'C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
,
'
wh
ich
i
s
r
elev
an
t
to
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
with
o
u
t
lim
itin
g
th
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
y
ield
ed
a
co
r
p
u
s
o
f
1
3
8
ar
ticl
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
6
2
jo
u
r
n
al
a
r
ticles
(
4
4
.
9
%)
an
d
7
6
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
a
p
er
s
(
5
5
.
1
%)
.
Af
ter
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
th
e
d
ata
s
ea
r
ch
cr
iter
ia,
m
etad
ata
s
u
ch
as
au
th
o
r
s
,
af
f
iliatio
n
s
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
v
er
te
d
in
t
o
.
csv
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
s
tag
es o
f
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
Data
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
is
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
it
c
r
ea
tes
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
to
aid
th
eir
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
p
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
[
7
0
]
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
o
f
twar
e
alter
n
ativ
es
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
w
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
(
v
er
s
io
n
1
.
6
.
2
0
)
.
T
h
e
p
latf
o
r
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
ar
ie
ty
o
f
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
7
1
]
,
allo
win
g
u
s
ef
f
icie
n
tly
.
Af
ter
th
at,
we
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
W
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
r
esear
ch
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
t
h
en
m
ap
p
e
d
ea
ch
a
u
th
o
r
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Nex
t,
we
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
to
g
et
a
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
tu
d
y
.
B
y
i
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
an
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
we
co
u
ld
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
d
etailed
an
d
in
s
i
g
h
tf
u
l
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
r
esear
c
h
o
n
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
th
at
ar
e
lead
in
g
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
d
o
m
ain
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies,
a
n
d
p
o
in
tin
g
o
u
t f
u
tu
r
e
c
h
allen
g
es a
n
d
o
p
en
to
p
ics.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h g
ro
wt
h
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
s
tag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase,
as
m
an
y
as
1
3
8
s
cien
tific
ar
ticles
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
o
llected
o
n
th
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
in
ce
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
p
u
b
licat
io
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
2
to
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
4
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Du
r
in
g
th
o
s
e
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
v
a
r
ies
b
u
t
s
h
o
ws
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
r
en
d
i
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
As
a
n
o
te,
we
m
ad
e
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
i
n
2
0
2
4
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata
tak
e
n
at
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
9
,
2
0
2
4
.
I
n
th
e
J
o
u
r
n
al
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
L
ea
r
n
in
g
&
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
2
0
0
2
,
T
r
ac
ey
Mc
Hen
r
y
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ea
r
l
y
r
esear
c
h
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject.
Mc
Hen
r
y
is
af
f
iliated
with
E
aster
n
W
a
s
h
in
g
to
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
Sco
p
u
s
h
as
in
d
ex
ed
th
e
ar
ticle,
an
d
it
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
1
2
tim
es,
wh
ile
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
r
ec
o
r
d
s
3
8
citatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
it
ies
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
n
ativ
e
Am
er
ican
s
,
"I
n
d
ian
L
an
g
u
ag
es",
b
ef
o
r
e
web
s
ite
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
is
f
o
r
ed
u
c
ato
r
s
an
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
th
at
th
e
in
ter
n
et
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
latest
co
n
tex
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
s
an
d
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es
ar
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
eir
D
at
a
C
ol
l
e
ct
i
on
•
Sco
p
u
s
D
at
a
V
i
s
ual
i
z
at
i
on
•
V
o
s
V
i
ew
er
1
.
6
.
2
0
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
•
Res
ea
r
c
h
g
r
o
w
t
h
an
al
y
s
i
s
•
Rev
i
t
al
i
z
at
i
o
n
en
d
an
g
er
ed
l
an
g
u
ag
e
i
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es
•
Res
er
ach
c
h
al
l
en
g
es
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
d
a
n
g
ered
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
…
(
Leo
n
a
r
d
i P
a
r
i
s
Ha
s
u
g
ia
n
)
3891
cu
ltu
r
e,
we
b
s
ite
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ak
es
th
eir
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
v
ailab
l
e
o
n
web
s
ite
m
ed
ia.
I
t
ca
n
r
e
ac
h
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
n
ativ
e
Am
er
ican
s
in
n
u
r
t
u
r
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
v
itality
o
f
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
w
h
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
in
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
ce
o
f
a
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
wo
r
ld
[
7
2
]
.
L
ater
in
th
e
s
am
e
y
ea
r
,
Dan
iel
J
.
Villa,
wh
o
is
af
f
iliated
with
New
Me
x
ico
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
p
ilo
t
p
r
o
ject
in
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
r
ig
h
t
way
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
out
-
g
r
o
u
p
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
a
s
o
ci
ety
o
f
Nav
aj
o
s
p
ea
k
er
s
(
in
-
g
r
o
u
p
mem
b
er
)
i
n
p
r
eser
v
in
g
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e.
He
is
a
p
i
o
n
ee
r
in
th
e
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
ee
k
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
n
ativ
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
ar
e
tr
ain
e
d
in
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies to
ac
q
u
ir
e,
r
e
co
r
d
,
an
d
p
r
eser
v
e
t
h
e
Nav
ajo
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
ey
co
n
tin
u
e
to
u
s
e
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
i
n
th
e
f
am
ily
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
f
ac
t
th
a
t
in
-
g
r
o
u
p
mem
b
ers
d
o
n
o
t
n
e
ed
to
r
ely
o
n
o
u
t
-
g
r
o
u
p
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
r
esea
r
ch
ers
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ater
ials
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
is
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
u
s
in
g
C
D
-
R
OM
,
it
i
s
n
o
t
to
o
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
ev
en
ten
d
s
to
b
e
ch
ea
p
[
7
3
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle's
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
b
y
its
8
7
ci
tatio
n
s
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
an
d
2
1
citatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
o
wth
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
r
ev
italizatio
n
en
d
an
g
e
r
e
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
esear
ch
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
y
ea
r
2
0
0
3
,
th
er
e
was
a
s
ca
r
city
o
f
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
s
,
an
d
th
is
also
h
ap
p
en
e
d
in
2
0
0
8
.
B
etwe
en
2
0
0
4
-
2
0
0
7
,
th
e
r
e
wer
e
4
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
an
d
4
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
e
em
p
h
asis
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
to
p
ics
th
is
y
ea
r
s
p
an
s
in
ter
s
ec
ts
with
to
p
ics
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
i
als,
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
(
d
ig
ital
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
)
,
an
d
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
y
s
tem
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
in
o
r
ity
lan
g
u
ag
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es.
Au
th
o
r
s
[
7
4
]
,
[
7
5
]
em
p
h
asized
h
o
w
a
(
co
m
p
u
ter
-
ass
is
ted
)
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es.
T
h
e
n
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
7
5
]
–
[
7
7
]
an
d
[
7
8
]
a
g
r
ee
d
to
f
i
n
d
way
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
o
w
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
ca
n
h
el
p
m
ai
n
tain
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
tex
t,
au
d
i
o
,
a
n
d
v
id
eo
f
o
r
m
ats.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
L
u
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
I
m
ag
eSp
ac
e,
wh
ich
is
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
b
u
ild
i
n
g
o
n
t
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
an
n
o
tatio
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tex
t
an
d
im
ag
es
[
7
6
]
.
I
n
li
n
e
with
L
u
et
a
l.
,
C
h
aisad
e
et
a
l.
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
n
o
tated
v
er
b
al
co
r
p
o
r
a
[
7
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
au
th
o
r
s
[
7
7
]
,
[
7
9
]
–
[
8
1
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
m
in
o
r
it
y
lan
g
u
a
g
es.
C
u
n
lif
f
e
an
d
R
o
b
er
ts
-
Yo
u
n
g
d
esig
n
ed
[
7
9
]
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ted
[
8
0
]
a
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
y
s
tem
to
s
o
ciety
in
W
ales,
b
u
t
th
e
tr
en
d
s
h
o
wed
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
E
n
g
l
is
h
lan
g
u
ag
e,
n
o
t
th
e
W
elsh
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
t
h
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
m
in
o
r
ity
lan
g
u
ag
es
is
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
is
i
s
also
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
in
C
h
o
wd
u
r
r
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
I
n
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
h
e
d
escr
ib
es
h
is
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
atien
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
at
a
h
ea
lth
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
in
No
r
th
E
n
g
lan
d
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
ailed
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
h
a
d
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
is
ca
s
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
is
s
u
es
lin
k
ed
with
th
e
way
o
f
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ject
em
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tak
e
n
[
8
1
]
a
n
d
also
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
in
its
im
p
lem
e
n
tat
io
n
.
Fro
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
2
4
,
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject
h
as
an
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
.
Fo
r
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
,
in
2
0
2
4
,
th
e
r
e
will
o
n
ly
b
e
1
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticle
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
is
d
ata
was
g
ath
er
ed
u
n
til
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
9
,
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
is
in
2
0
2
2
,
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
1
0
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
an
d
1
7
c
o
n
f
er
en
ce
p
ap
e
r
s
.
Fro
m
2
0
0
9
to
2
0
2
4
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
u
b
licat
io
n
s
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
8
8
-
3903
3892
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ia
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
y
(
d
ig
ital
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
)
,
a
n
d
b
ilin
g
u
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
[
8
2
]
–
[
8
6
]
;
m
o
b
ile
d
esig
n
[
8
7
]
–
[
8
9
]
;
s
p
ee
ch
ac
o
u
s
tics
,
s
p
ee
ch
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
9
0
]
–
[
9
6
]
;
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
,
r
a
p
id
co
llectio
n
,
co
r
p
u
s
[
9
7
]
–
[
9
9
]
;
ar
tific
ial
i
n
tellig
en
ce
:
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
3
4
]
,
[
1
0
0
]
–
[
1
0
2
]
,
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
[
1
0
3
]
,
a
n
d
n
eu
r
al
m
ac
h
in
e
[
1
0
4
]
,
[
1
0
5
]
;
a
n
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
[
1
0
6
]
,
[
1
0
7
]
.
T
h
ese
i
d
en
tifie
d
to
p
ics
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
an
y
to
p
ic
r
elate
d
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
to
p
s
ix
au
th
o
r
s
o
n
r
en
ewin
g
en
d
an
g
e
r
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
Sco
p
u
s
H
-
I
n
d
ex
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
,
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
s
,
cu
r
r
en
t
af
f
iliatio
n
,
n
atio
n
ality
,
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
au
th
o
r
I
D
wer
e
n
o
ted
.
R
an
k
i
n
g
s
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
citatio
n
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
'
im
p
ac
t
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
ield
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tatis
tics
,
Sad
at
an
d
L
e
ar
e
th
e
to
p
-
r
an
k
ed
au
t
h
o
r
s
,
with
4
p
u
b
l
icatio
n
s
an
d
1
5
citatio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
th
e
s
am
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
,
Un
iv
er
s
ité
d
u
Qu
éb
ec
à
Mo
n
tr
éa
l,
an
d
h
av
e
r
esear
ch
in
ter
ests
in
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
W
ar
d
,
Ko
o
le,
Su
n
d
ar
a
m
,
an
d
Mir
za
ea
ch
h
a
v
e
th
r
ee
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
W
ar
d
h
as th
e
m
o
s
t c
itatio
n
s
,
with
1
9
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
o
p
au
t
h
o
r
s
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
cit
atio
n
s
(
co
u
n
te
d
o
n
Ma
r
ch
5
,
2
0
2
4
)
R
a
n
k
A
u
t
h
o
r
C
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
To
t
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
o
p
u
s
H
-
I
n
d
e
x
A
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
S
c
o
p
u
s
I
D
1
S
a
d
a
t
,
F
.
(
4
)
15
83
12
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
é
d
u
Q
u
é
b
e
c
à
M
o
n
t
r
é
a
l
C
a
n
a
d
a
6
5
0
7
6
4
7
9
1
4
1
Le
,
N
.
T.
(
4
)
15
19
4
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
é
d
u
Q
u
é
b
e
c
à
M
o
n
t
r
é
a
l
C
a
n
a
d
a
5
7
2
0
2
7
1
1
5
1
4
2
W
a
r
d
,
M
.
(
3
)
19
19
5
D
u
b
l
i
n
C
i
t
y
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
1
4
1
2
0
4
9
1
6
0
0
2
K
o
o
l
e
,
M
.
L.
(
3
)
9
24
9
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
S
a
sk
a
t
c
h
e
w
a
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
1
5
0
6
1
5
8
7
0
0
0
2
S
u
n
d
a
r
a
m
,
D
.
(
3
)
5
2
0
2
18
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
u
c
k
l
a
n
d
N
e
w
Ze
a
l
a
n
d
6
6
0
2
5
6
2
9
9
0
2
M
i
r
z
a
,
A
.
(
3
)
5
12
2
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
u
c
k
l
a
n
d
N
e
w
Ze
a
l
a
n
d
5
7
1
9
0
2
7
9
0
0
2
3
.
2
.
M
a
pp
i
ng
re
v
it
a
liza
t
io
n
enda
ng
er
ed
la
ng
ua
g
e
o
n
info
rm
a
t
io
n
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
re
s
ea
rc
h
in
v
a
rio
us
co
un
t
ries
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
to
p
t
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
ac
h
iev
ed
h
i
g
h
p
u
b
licatio
n
in
t
h
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
la
n
g
u
a
g
es,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
icate
th
at
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Alb
er
ta
h
as
em
e
r
g
ed
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
with
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ité
d
u
Qu
éb
ec
à
M
o
n
tr
éa
l,
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Au
ck
la
n
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Haw
aiʻ
i
at
Mā
n
o
a
ea
ch
h
av
e
4
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
o
th
er
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
o
p
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
R
a
n
k
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
1
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
l
b
e
r
t
a
C
a
n
a
d
a
5
2
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
é
d
u
Q
u
é
b
e
c
à
M
o
n
t
r
é
a
l
C
a
n
a
d
a
4
2
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
u
c
k
l
a
n
d
N
e
w
Ze
a
l
a
n
d
4
2
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
H
a
w
a
i
ʻ
i
a
t
M
ā
n
o
a
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
4
3
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
n
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
3
3
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
B
r
i
t
i
s
h
C
o
l
u
m
b
i
a
C
a
n
a
d
a
3
3
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
S
a
s
k
a
t
c
h
e
w
a
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
3
3
G
e
o
r
g
e
M
a
s
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
3
3
D
u
b
l
i
n
C
i
t
y
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
I
r
e
l
a
n
d
3
3
C
a
r
n
e
g
i
e
M
e
l
l
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
3
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
C
an
ad
a
s
co
r
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
with
o
n
e
o
f
th
em
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
ac
ad
em
ics
Sad
at,
L
e,
an
d
Ko
o
le,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
th
e
Un
ited
States
lead
s
in
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
with
th
e
b
est
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
>=
2
s
cien
tific
ar
ticles.
T
h
is
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
with
v
ar
io
u
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
at
h
o
m
e
an
d
ab
r
o
ad
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
wh
ich
p
u
ts
th
e
Un
ited
States
at
th
e
f
o
r
e
f
r
o
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
Un
ited
S
tates
an
d
Au
s
tr
alia
ab
o
u
t
r
ev
italizin
g
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
was
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
1
.
6
.
2
0
s
o
f
twar
e
to
an
aly
ze
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
(
b
y
co
u
n
tr
y
)
,
with
a
min
imu
m
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
o
f
5
co
u
n
tr
y
d
o
cu
men
ts
.
C
o
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
an
aly
s
is
is
ap
p
lied
to
s
h
o
w
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
a
u
n
ivers
ity
-
w
id
e
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
n
etw
o
r
k
[
1
0
8
]
.
On
ly
9
o
f
th
e
4
1
co
u
n
t
r
ies
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
m
et
th
i
s
th
r
esh
o
ld
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t.
On
ly
5
o
f
th
e
9
co
u
n
tr
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
d
a
n
g
ered
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
…
(
Leo
n
a
r
d
i P
a
r
i
s
Ha
s
u
g
ia
n
)
3893
d
is
p
lay
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
.
C
h
in
a,
I
n
d
ia,
Me
x
ico
,
an
d
New
Z
ea
lan
d
d
id
n
o
t
p
ar
ticip
ate
i
n
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
th
e
f
iv
e
co
u
n
tr
ies;
h
en
c
e
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
in
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
e
U
n
ited
States
h
as
a
Lin
k
S
tr
en
g
th
o
f
6
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
s
h
o
ws
lin
k
a
g
es
with
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
C
an
ad
a,
J
ap
an
,
an
d
Au
s
tr
alia,
with
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
5
,
3
,
3
,
an
d
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
to
tal,
th
e
f
iv
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
i
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
co
m
b
in
ed
To
ta
l Lin
k
S
tr
en
g
th
o
f
1
8
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
to
p
th
r
ee
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
:
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
C
an
ad
a,
an
d
C
h
in
a,
with
3
7
,
2
2
,
an
d
1
1
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
en
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ield
is
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
r
esear
ch
ed
an
d
g
en
er
ally
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
in
No
r
th
Am
er
ica
an
d
E
ast
Asi
a.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
Simo
n
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
m
ap
p
e
d
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
la
n
g
u
ag
es
t
h
r
ea
ten
ed
with
ex
tin
ctio
n
o
r
ex
tin
ct
in
2
5
y
ea
r
s
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
C
an
ad
a,
a
n
d
Au
s
tr
alia
ar
e
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
m
ass
iv
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
it
ality
[
1
0
9
]
,
n
o
t
in
clu
d
in
g
C
h
i
n
a.
T
h
is
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
wh
y
th
e
r
e
is
a
lo
t
o
f
ac
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
o
s
e
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Ov
e
r
all,
all
th
e
to
p
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
wer
e
f
r
o
m
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
AR
C
C
e
n
tr
e
o
f
E
x
ce
llen
ce
f
o
r
th
e
Dy
n
am
ics o
f
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
wh
ich
was n
o
t a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
o
p
lead
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
R
a
n
k
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
To
p
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
o
r
s
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
1
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
37
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
H
a
w
a
i
ʻ
i
a
t
M
ā
n
o
a
,
G
e
o
r
g
e
M
a
so
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
C
a
r
n
e
g
i
e
M
e
l
l
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
I
l
l
i
n
o
i
s Ur
b
a
n
a
-
C
h
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
,
B
o
st
o
n
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
2
C
a
n
a
d
a
22
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
l
b
e
r
t
a
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
é
d
u
Q
u
é
b
e
c
à
M
o
n
t
r
é
a
l
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
S
a
sk
a
t
c
h
e
w
a
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
B
r
i
t
i
s
h
C
o
l
u
m
b
i
a
,
S
i
m
o
n
F
r
a
ser
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
3
C
h
i
n
a
11
N
o
r
t
h
w
e
st
M
i
n
z
u
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
Y
u
n
n
a
n
N
o
r
ma
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
B
e
i
j
i
n
g
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
4
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
9
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
n
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
M
e
l
b
o
u
r
n
e
,
C
u
r
t
i
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
A
R
C
C
e
n
t
r
e
o
f
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
D
y
n
a
mi
c
s o
f
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
*
4
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
9
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
S
o
u
t
h
W
a
l
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
E
d
i
n
b
u
r
g
h
5
N
e
w
Ze
a
l
a
n
d
6
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
A
u
c
k
l
a
n
d
*
)
N
o
n
-
u
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
-
b
a
se
d
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Netwo
r
k
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
am
o
n
g
co
u
n
tr
ies co
n
tain
in
g
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
Au
s
tr
alia,
C
an
ad
a,
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
a
n
d
J
ap
a
n
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
C
an
ad
a
h
av
e
th
e
b
est
ch
an
ce
s
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
n
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
ev
iv
al
i
n
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ield
.
T
h
is
i
s
v
alid
ated
b
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ticles
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
ev
ital
izati
o
n
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
a
g
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
e
is
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
th
e
Sad
at
an
d
L
e
r
esea
r
ch
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ité
d
u
Q
u
éb
ec
à
Mo
n
tr
éa
l,
as
well
as
th
e
Su
n
d
ar
am
an
d
Mir
za
r
esear
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Au
c
k
lan
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
g
r
ea
t
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
as
s
ee
n
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
citatio
n
s
th
eir
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
T
h
is
is
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
t
o
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
en
d
an
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
as c
o
n
v
ey
e
d
b
y
Sh
ar
o
f
o
v
a
[
4
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
e
d
in
T
ab
le
3
was
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
cr
ea
te
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
wh
ic
h
v
is
u
ally
d
ep
icts
th
e
g
lo
b
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
r
ev
italiza
tio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
n
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
p
was
co
l
o
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
3
0
-
lev
el
g
r
a
d
ien
t,
with
d
ar
k
e
r
co
l
o
r
s
in
d
icate
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
p
a
p
er
s
an
d
lig
h
te
r
s
h
ad
es
in
d
icate
f
ewe
r
ar
ticles.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
F
ig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
Un
ited
States
is
clea
r
ly
d
ep
icted
in
d
a
r
k
r
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
C
an
ad
a
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
b
r
ig
h
t
r
ed
.
T
h
en
s
u
ch
as
J
ap
a
n
,
I
n
d
ia,
Ar
g
en
tin
a,
B
r
az
il,
Me
x
ico
,
Nam
ib
ia,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
So
u
th
Af
r
ica,
a
n
d
h
alf
o
f
E
u
r
o
p
e
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
i
n
lig
h
t
r
e
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
te
n
d
s
to
b
e
l
o
w.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
at
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
is
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
e
a
p
io
n
ee
r
in
co
n
d
u
c
tin
g
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
r
ev
italizin
g
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
R
u
s
s
ia,
th
e
W
est A
s
ian
r
eg
io
n
,
an
d
th
e
Af
r
ican
co
n
tin
e
n
t f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
th
e
n
o
r
th
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
8
8
-
3903
3894
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
p
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ield
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
o
u
n
tr
ies
3
.
3
.
M
a
pp
i
ng
in
re
v
it
a
liza
t
io
n
e
nd
a
ng
er
ed
la
ng
ua
g
e
o
n
info
rm
a
t
i
o
n
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
re
s
ea
rc
h
cha
lleng
es
a
nd
o
pen t
o
pics
An
aly
s
is
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etat
io
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
c
h
allen
g
es
.
T
h
ese
tr
en
d
s
co
u
ld
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
q
u
an
tity
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
b
y
ac
ad
em
ics
[
1
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
ex
h
ib
its
d
ata
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
in
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
2
u
n
til
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
is
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
o
v
er
la
y
m
o
d
e,
s
o
we
ca
n
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
co
lo
r
ch
a
n
g
es
o
v
er
th
e
last
2
2
y
ea
r
s
an
d
g
ain
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic.
Key
wo
r
d
ass
o
ciatio
n
m
ap
p
in
g
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
u
s
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
1
.
6
.
2
0
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
ataset.
T
h
is
m
ap
p
in
g
,
al
s
o
k
n
o
wn
as
ke
ywo
r
d
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
,
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
an
d
to
p
ics
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
u
s
es
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
o
n
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
t
o
p
ick
a
ter
m
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
ly
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
ap
p
ea
r
i
n
g
at
least
o
n
ce
in
th
e
g
iv
en
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
8
2
8
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
m
et
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
cir
cle
s
ize
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
u
tili
ze
d
,
with
lar
g
er
cir
cles r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
m
o
r
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
we
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
th
at
ar
e
u
n
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
th
e
av
ailab
le
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ar
ea
s
n
ee
d
f
u
tu
r
e
atten
ti
o
n
a
n
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esear
ch
t
o
clo
s
e
t
h
e
g
ap
.
T
h
e
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
in
q
u
esti
o
n
ar
e:
s
im
u
latio
n
;
u
n
iv
er
s
al
d
esig
n
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
;
m
o
b
ile
d
esig
n
;
h
u
m
an
-
co
m
p
u
ter
in
ter
ac
tio
n
;
g
am
if
icatio
n
;
m
u
ltime
d
ia
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
;
web
ap
p
licatio
n
;
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
;
em
o
tio
n
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
;
s
em
an
tic
web
;
tex
t
to
s
p
ee
ch
;
o
p
tical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
;
p
h
o
n
etic
p
o
s
ter
io
g
r
a
m
;
o
r
th
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
ch
atb
o
t;
to
k
e
n
izer
;
ac
ce
n
t
r
o
b
o
t;
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
;
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
;
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
t
(
AI
)
;
n
eu
r
al
m
ac
h
i
n
e;
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
;
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
; n
atu
r
al
la
n
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
; c
ellu
lar
au
to
m
ata;
an
aly
s
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
; c
o
llectiv
e
in
tellig
en
ce
;
au
to
m
atic
r
ap
id
c
o
r
p
u
s
co
llectio
n
; in
teg
r
a
ted
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
; in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
; k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t; a
g
il
e
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t;
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
;
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
;
an
d
s
p
ee
ch
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
k
ey
wo
r
d
is
s
tr
ictly
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
lin
g
u
is
tics
.
I
f
s
ea
r
ch
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
,
th
en
th
e
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
in
g
r
ee
n
lead
to
y
ello
w
lab
el
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
d
o
m
ain
.
A
p
h
o
n
etic
p
o
s
ter
io
g
r
am
is
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
h
o
n
eti
c
an
d
p
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
aly
s
is
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
s
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
lis
ten
er
s
[
1
1
2
]
,
[
1
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
an
d
th
e
n
an
aly
ze
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
o
u
s
tic
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
am
p
litu
d
e,
a
n
d
d
u
r
ati
o
n
ca
n
c
h
an
g
e
o
v
er
tim
e,
v
is
u
alize
d
i
n
g
r
a
p
h
s
o
r
d
iag
r
am
s
,
ca
lled
p
o
s
ter
io
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
ter
io
g
r
am
is
v
er
y
h
elp
f
u
l
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
n
d
s
in
o
n
e
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
lan
g
u
ag
es
an
d
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
s
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
p
ea
k
in
g
an
d
h
ea
r
in
g
[
1
1
4
]
–
[
1
1
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
s
in
ce
2
0
0
5
[
7
5
]
,
an
d
u
n
til
n
o
w
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
t
h
is
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
r
ef
er
s
to
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
is
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
h
er
en
ce
a
n
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
to
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
u
s
er
s
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
m
ain
ca
n
m
a
p
tec
h
n
ical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
o
cio
tech
n
ical
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
i
ew
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
1
7
]
,
[
1
1
8
]
.
S
o
th
at
ev
er
y
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will
b
e
ea
s
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
a
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
o
als.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
ese
to
p
ics,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
with
s
u
b
-
to
p
ics s
u
ch
as n
eu
r
al
m
ac
h
in
e
s
,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
m
ac
h
in
e
le
ar
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
n
at
u
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
h
as
r
elati
v
ely
r
ec
en
tly
b
ee
n
to
u
c
h
ed
o
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
la
n
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
d
a
n
g
ered
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
…
(
Leo
n
a
r
d
i P
a
r
i
s
Ha
s
u
g
ia
n
)
3895
ex
p
licitly
s
in
ce
2
0
2
0
[
1
0
1
]
.
B
asically
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
te
llig
en
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
-
d
o
m
ain
s
is
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
en
tatio
n
i
n
tex
t
an
d
au
d
i
o
f
o
r
m
ats
as
t
h
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
b
eh
in
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
[
1
1
9
]
,
[
1
2
0
]
.
Su
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
o
r
in
c
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
p
o
ten
ti
ally
s
av
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
th
at
a
r
e
e
n
d
an
g
er
ed
[
3
5
]
,
[
1
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
wi
th
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
n
ee
d
s
p
u
t f
o
r
war
d
b
y
Olaa
r
e
[
4
2
]
an
d
Sh
ar
o
f
o
v
a
[
4
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Key
w
o
r
d
s
in
th
e
to
p
i
c
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ield
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
e
v
ea
l
th
e
ex
ten
t
t
o
wh
ich
to
p
ics
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
all
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
.
C
h
allen
g
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
t
o
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
ev
ea
l
h
o
w
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
u
r
v
iv
al
o
f
th
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
[
1
2
2
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
m
ass
iv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ield
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
1
2
3]
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
[
1
2
4
]
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
2
5
]
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
[
1
2
6
]
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
au
th
o
r
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
as
m
ass
iv
e
a
s
th
ese
f
ield
s
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
wan
ts
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ar
ea
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
t
o
p
r
eser
v
e
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
th
e
u
r
g
en
c
y
th
at
o
n
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
s
ev
e
r
y
1
4
d
ay
s
[
2
]
.
3
.
4
.
Str
eng
t
hs
a
nd
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
ee
r
-
r
ev
iewe
d
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic,
we
em
p
lo
y
ed
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
with
VOSv
iewe
r
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ata
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
o
c
u
s
ar
ea
s
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
is
v
ital
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
in
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
.
First,
th
e
d
ata
was
ac
q
u
ir
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase,
leav
in
g
o
u
t
o
th
e
r
lead
in
g
d
atab
ases
lik
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
we
o
n
ly
ex
a
m
in
ed
s
cien
tific
wo
r
k
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
th
at
we
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
is
also
em
p
h
asized
b
y
th
e
m
an
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
8
8
8
-
3903
3896
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
d
atab
ase
in
o
th
er
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
es,
as
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
au
th
o
r
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
[
1
2
7
]
–
[
1
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
s
et
was
u
s
ed
to
d
is
co
v
er
r
elev
an
t
r
esear
ch
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it
is
es
s
en
tial
to
n
o
te
th
at
m
an
y
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
en
c
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
i
n
g
s
ar
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
d
atab
ase.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
at
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
m
is
s
ed
s
cien
tific
ar
ticle
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
an
d
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
in
d
ex
e
d
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
th
at
will
d
is
to
r
t
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
o
r
m
etr
ic
s
[
1
3
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
S
co
p
u
s
d
ata
b
ase,
we
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ly
o
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
in
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
with
th
e
in
ten
t
io
n
o
f
ev
er
y
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
ar
ticles
r
elate
d
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
is
d
r
iv
en
b
ased
o
n
v
is
ib
ilit
y
,
ev
e
r
y
s
cien
tific
ar
ticle
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
th
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
with
th
e
f
o
cu
s
an
d
s
co
p
e
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
jo
u
r
n
als an
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
[
1
3
7
]
,
[
1
3
8
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
an
an
aly
s
is
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ar
ticles
cited
b
y
o
th
er
au
th
o
r
s
.
W
e
also
in
ter
p
r
et
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
b
y
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
t
h
eir
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
elev
an
t
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
Sco
p
u
s
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
s
an
d
r
etr
iev
es
ar
ticles
th
at
m
ay
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
m
en
tio
n
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
we
d
ec
lar
ed
.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
e
v
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es.
T
h
e
w
o
r
d
s
in
"r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es"
wer
e
cu
t
in
to
two
p
ar
ts
,
n
am
el
y
"r
ev
italizatio
n
"
an
d
"e
n
d
a
n
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
"
I
n
th
ese
two
s
e
ctio
n
s
,
we
ex
p
a
n
d
with
v
ar
io
u
s
wo
r
d
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
r
elev
an
t
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
:
th
e
wo
r
d
"r
ev
italizatio
n
"
in
ter
s
ec
t
s
with
p
r
eser
va
t
io
n
,
co
n
s
erva
n
cy
,
co
n
s
erva
tio
n
,
r
ev
iva
l,
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
ma
in
ten
a
n
ce
,
an
d
ca
r
e
; w
h
ile
"e
n
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e"
h
a
s
a
s
im
ilar
m
ea
n
in
g
in
en
d
a
n
g
er
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
en
d
a
n
g
ermen
t
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
ex
tin
ct
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
min
o
r
ity
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
v
u
ln
era
b
le
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
d
ea
th
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
a
n
d
i
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
T
h
is
h
el
p
s
u
s
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
o
l
o
f
ar
ticles
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
m
a
y
b
e
s
o
m
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
m
is
s
in
g
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
q
u
ite
b
en
ef
icial
wh
en
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
ev
iews
with
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
d
at
asets
,
b
u
t
it
is
im
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
m
an
u
al
r
e
v
iews.
I
n
s
o
m
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
a
n
ar
r
o
w
r
ev
iew
f
o
cu
s
with
th
e
d
ataset
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
e
d
v
ia
m
an
u
al
r
ev
iew,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
[
5
4
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
ataset
o
b
tain
ed
wa
s
1
3
8
ar
ticles.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
d
ataset
is
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all,
it
is
s
till
r
elev
an
t
to
b
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
ef
f
icien
tly
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
m
eth
o
d
,
as
s
ev
er
al
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
u
s
ed
d
atasets
with
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
d
if
f
er
en
t n
u
m
b
er
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
0
-
2
0
0
d
ataset
s
,
s
u
ch
as:
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
1
0
4
d
atasets
to
an
aly
ze
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
m
ar
t
to
u
r
is
m
[
1
3
9
]
;
1
3
8
d
atasets
to
an
aly
ze
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ices
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
i
a
[
1
4
0
]
;
1
3
8
d
atasets
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
[
5
3
]
;
1
4
8
d
atasets
to
a
n
aly
ze
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
t
o
p
ic
o
f
i
n
-
b
o
d
y
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
[
1
4
1
]
;
a
n
d
1
6
1
d
atasets
to
an
aly
ze
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
s
o
cial,
a
n
d
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e
[
1
4
2
]
.
Vis
u
alizin
g
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
c
o
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
ac
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
,
an
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
Yad
av
s
tated
[
4
4
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
in
o
u
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
ed
lan
g
u
ag
es in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es in
th
e
f
i
eld
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
r
ev
italiz
atio
n
in
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
iel
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
2
to
2
0
2
4
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
is
is
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
s
tu
d
y
th
at
o
n
ly
u
s
es
d
ata
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
e
v
italizatio
n
i
n
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ield
h
as
f
lu
ctu
at
ed
with
a
s
tead
y
in
c
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
u
n
til
2
0
2
4
,
n
o
twith
s
tan
d
in
g
a
p
au
s
e
b
etwe
en
2
0
0
3
an
d
2
0
0
8
.
T
h
e
to
p
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
ar
e
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
C
an
ad
a,
an
d
C
h
in
a.
T
h
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Alb
e
r
ta,
U
n
iv
er
s
i
té
d
u
Q
u
éb
ec
à
Mo
n
tr
éa
l,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Au
ck
la
n
d
,
an
d
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Haw
aiʻ
i
at
Mā
n
o
a
ar
e
n
o
tab
le
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
is
f
ield
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Sad
at
a
n
d
L
e,
wh
o
ar
e
b
o
th
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
am
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
,
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
ité
d
u
Qu
éb
ec
à
Mo
n
tr
éa
l
in
C
an
ad
a,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
is
f
ield
.
Am
o
n
g
all
th
e
s
cien
tific
ar
tic
les
o
n
th
is
s
u
b
ject,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
lin
g
u
is
tics
is
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
to
p
ic.
Ho
we
v
er
,
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
m
ak
i
n
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ev
italize
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
l
an
g
u
ag
es th
r
o
u
g
h
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
s
ti
ll wid
e
o
p
en
,
s
u
ch
as
to
p
ics
in
p
h
o
n
etic
p
o
s
ter
io
g
r
am
s
,
in
teg
r
ated
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
,
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
e
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
av
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
e
v
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
wh
ic
h
ca
n
r
ev
italize
en
d
an
g
er
ed
la
n
g
u
ag
es,
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
llab
o
r
at
io
n
,
an
d
s
ettin
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
t
h
e
d
ataset
is
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
i
n
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
c
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
"r
ev
italizatio
n
o
f
en
d
an
g
e
r
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
"
T
h
is
is
a
wea
k
n
ess
in
t
h
e
c
o
llectio
n
o
f
d
atasets
th
at
m
an
y
s
cien
tifi
c
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
d
ata
b
ases
s
u
ch
as
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sc
h
o
lar
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
m
ay
b
e
o
th
e
r
r
elev
an
t
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
o
n
ly
E
n
g
lis
h
p
ap
er
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
th
at
will
af
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
ataset’
s
o
v
er
all
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
is
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
b
ib
li
o
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
ev
italizin
g
en
d
a
n
g
er
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
es in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
g
r
o
w
th
a
n
d
tr
en
d
s
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
d
a
n
g
ered
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
…
(
Leo
n
a
r
d
i P
a
r
i
s
Ha
s
u
g
ia
n
)
3897
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
Dir
ek
to
r
a
t
P
en
elitia
n
d
a
n
P
en
g
a
b
d
ia
n
ke
p
a
d
a
Ma
s
ya
r
a
ka
t,
Dir
ek
to
r
a
t
Je
n
d
era
l
R
is
et
d
a
n
P
e
n
g
em
b
a
n
g
a
n
,
K
eme
n
teri
a
n
P
en
d
i
d
ika
n
Tin
g
g
i,
S
a
in
s
,
d
a
n
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
R
ep
u
b
lik
I
n
d
o
n
esia
,
u
n
d
er
th
e
m
aster
co
n
tr
ac
t
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
B
a
n
tu
a
n
Op
e
r
a
s
io
n
a
l
P
erg
u
r
u
a
n
Tin
g
g
i
N
eg
eri,
P
en
elitia
n
Dis
erta
s
i
Do
kto
r
(
Ma
s
ter
C
o
n
tr
ac
t
No
.
0
1
7
/C
3
/DT
.
0
5
.
0
0
/PL/2
0
2
5
,
d
ate
d
Ma
y
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
; Res
ea
r
ch
er
C
o
n
t
r
ac
t N
o
.
1
2
1
2
/PKS
/I
T
S/2
0
2
5
,
d
ated
J
u
n
e
3
,
2
0
2
5
)
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
eo
n
ar
d
i Par
is
Hasu
g
ian
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sy
if
au
l Fu
ad
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
r
ian
a
Mu
g
ia
R
ah
ay
u
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ap
r
id
io
E
d
war
d
Katili
✓
✓
✓
✓
Feb
y
Ar
two
d
in
i M
u
q
tad
ir
o
h
✓
✓
✓
Nu
r
Ain
i Rak
h
m
awa
ti
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
p
ap
er
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
E.
C
.
M
o
sel
e
y
,
A
t
l
a
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
i
n
d
a
n
g
e
r
,
3
r
d
e
d
.
P
a
r
i
s:
U
N
E
S
C
O
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
2
]
S
.
C
h
i
b
l
o
w
a
n
d
P
.
J.
M
e
i
g
h
a
n
,
“
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
s
l
a
n
d
,
l
a
n
d
i
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
:
Th
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s,
”
H
u
m
a
n
G
e
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
6
–
2
1
0
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
9
4
2
7
7
8
6
2
1
1
0
2
2
8
9
9
.
[
3
]
R
.
C
á
m
a
r
a
-
Le
r
e
t
a
n
d
J
.
B
a
sc
o
m
p
t
e
,
“
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
x
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
s
t
h
e
l
o
ss
o
f
u
n
i
q
u
e
me
d
i
c
i
n
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
7
3
/
p
n
a
s.2
1
0
3
6
8
3
1
1
8
.
[
4
]
K
.
D
.
H
a
r
r
i
s
o
n
,
W
h
e
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
d
i
e
:
T
h
e
e
x
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d
’
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
r
o
s
i
o
n
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
O
x
f
o
r
d
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
5
]
M
.
L
i
,
S
.
M
.
C
r
o
u
c
h
e
r
,
a
n
d
L.
S
h
e
n
,
“
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
v
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
M
i
a
o
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
:
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
h
i
f
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
t
a
l
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Mu
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
a
n
d
M
u
l
t
i
c
u
l
t
u
ra
l
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
6
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
1
4
3
4
6
3
2
.
2
0
2
4
.
2
4
1
1
0
0
6
.
[
6
]
“
S
I
L
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
2
0
2
3
.
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
.
si
l
.
o
r
g
/
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
-
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s/
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
F
e
b
.
1
5
,
2
0
2
4
)
.
[
7
]
L.
R
.
S
l
a
v
i
n
a
,
J
.
N
.
M
u
st
a
f
i
n
a
,
E.
M
.
M
a
k
l
a
k
o
v
a
,
K
.
N
.
G
a
t
a
u
l
l
i
n
a
,
G
.
R
.
G
a
n
i
e
v
a
,
a
n
d
E
.
V
.
M
a
k
si
m
o
v
a
,
“
A
s
sessi
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
v
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
:
O
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
e
x
i
si
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
s
,
”
O
p
c
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
I
ssu
e
1
7
,
p
p
.
7
7
3
–
7
9
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
8
]
C
.
B
o
w
e
r
n
,
“
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
v
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
:
T
h
e
o
r
i
z
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
o
ss,
s
h
i
f
t
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
l
a
mat
i
o
n
(
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
M
u
f
w
e
n
e
)
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
e
2
4
3
–
e
2
5
3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
5
3
/
l
a
n
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
0
6
8
.
[
9
]
J.
E.
R
.
La
b
r
a
d
a
,
“
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
v
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
k
o
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
n
t
u
a
r
i
r
i
v
e
r
,
”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
D
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
–
4
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
0
]
L.
B
r
o
m
h
a
m
et
a
l
.
,
“
G
l
o
b
a
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
l
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
d
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
”
N
a
t
u
re
E
c
o
l
o
g
y
&
Ev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
–
1
7
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s
4
1
5
5
9
-
0
2
1
-
0
1
6
0
4
-
y.
[
1
1
]
O
.
K
a
z
a
k
e
v
i
c
h
,
“
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
v
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
s
c
a
l
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
Vo
p
r
o
sy
J
a
z
y
k
o
z
n
a
n
i
j
a
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
8
5
7
/
0
3
7
3
-
6
5
8
X
.
2
0
2
2
.
4
.
7
-
4
7
.
[
1
2
]
T.
Ts
u
n
o
d
a
,
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
rm
e
n
t
a
n
d
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
re
v
i
t
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
B
e
r
l
i
n
:
D
e
G
r
u
y
t
e
r
M
o
u
t
o
n
,
2
0
0
6
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
C
.
Ew
i
n
g
,
“
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
r
m
e
n
t
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
–
2
2
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
7
5
/
c
i
l
t
.
2
4
0
.
0
5
e
n
g
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
R
o
k
h
ma
n
,
R
.
E
.
P
r
i
y
o
n
o
,
I
.
S
a
n
t
o
s
a
,
S
.
P
a
n
g
e
s
t
u
t
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
T.
K
a
r
i
a
d
i
,
“
Ex
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
f
B
a
n
y
u
mas
a
n
Ja
v
a
n
e
se
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
r
a
,
”
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
p
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
0
5
6
0
/
h
ssr
.
v
5
n
2
p
1
.
[
1
5
]
S
.
H
a
i
d
a
r
,
T.
W
a
l
i
,
T.
Ta
h
i
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
P
a
r
v
e
e
n
,
“
‘
I
A
m
N
o
t
P
u
n
j
a
b
i
,
M
y
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
A
r
e
’
:
D
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
maj
o
r
i
t
y
,
”
A
c
t
a
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
a
Asi
a
t
i
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
–
1
2
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
1
2
/
a
l
a
.
1
1
.
2
.
1
0
1
-
1
2
7
.
[
1
6
]
T.
R
e
a
g
a
n
,
“
W
h
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
n
d
a
n
g
e
r
men
t
a
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
e
a
t
h
m
a
t
t
e
r
:
‘
T
o
o
k
a
w
a
y
o
u
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
n
g
u
e
…
A
n
d
t
a
u
g
h
t
t
h
e
i
r
E
n
g
l
i
sh
t
o
o
u
r
y
o
u
n
g
,
’
”
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
L
e
g
i
t
i
m
a
c
y
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
J
u
s
t
i
c
e
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
–
3
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
0
-
1
0
9
6
7
-
7
_
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.