I
AE
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
Ar
t
if
icial
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
20
25
,
pp.
3444
~
3451
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jai
.
v
14
.i
4
.
pp
34
44
-
3451
3444
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
ai
.
iaes
c
or
e
.
c
om
Pe
r
son
al
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vi
r
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on S
c
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nc
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s
, R
a
ba
t,
M
or
oc
c
o
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
S
e
p
12,
2024
R
e
vis
e
d
Apr
9,
2025
Ac
c
e
pted
J
un
8,
2025
T
h
e
t
reat
me
n
t
o
f
au
t
i
s
m
s
p
ect
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
ers
(A
SD
)
h
a
s
o
ft
e
n
rel
i
ed
o
n
b
ro
a
d
t
h
era
p
eu
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
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ach
e
s
t
h
at
ma
y
n
o
t
mee
t
each
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
's
s
p
ec
i
fi
c
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
i
s
re
s
earch
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
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t
s
t
h
e
i
mp
o
rt
a
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o
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er
s
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t
h
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o
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u
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t
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o
f
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u
t
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s
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i
c
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n
.
W
e
ex
p
l
o
re
recen
t
ad
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an
ce
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n
t
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erap
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o
l
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es
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fo
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s
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s
eri
o
u
s
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ames
an
d
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
real
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t
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R)
as
p
ro
m
i
s
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n
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o
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s
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h
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s
fi
el
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r
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s
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V
R
ap
p
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d
e
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g
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d
t
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p
ro
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d
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a
p
ers
o
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al
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zed
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rel
a
x
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
fo
r
ch
i
l
d
ren
w
i
t
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au
t
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m.
T
h
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ap
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refere
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ces
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s
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K
e
y
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s
:
A
uti
s
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
dis
or
de
r
P
e
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
R
e
laxa
ti
on
T
he
r
a
py
Vir
tual
r
e
a
li
ty
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ahla
m
B
e
lm
a
qr
out
L
yR
I
C
A
L
a
b,
S
c
hool
of
I
nf
or
mation
S
c
ienc
e
s
Av.
Allal
Al
F
a
s
s
i,
R
a
ba
t,
M
or
oc
c
o
E
mail:
a
hlam
.
be
lm
a
qr
out@es
i.
a
c
.
ma
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
Augme
nted
r
e
a
li
ty
(
AR
)
,
vi
r
tual
r
e
a
li
ty
(
VR
)
,
a
n
d
s
e
r
ious
ga
mes
a
r
e
innovative
tec
hnologi
e
s
that
ha
ve
r
e
c
e
ntl
y
be
e
n
us
e
d
to
s
uppor
t
lea
r
ning,
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
s
oc
ial
s
kil
ls
,
a
nd
e
ve
r
yda
y
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
f
or
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
dis
or
de
r
(
ASD)
.
S
e
r
ious
ga
mes
a
r
e
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
de
s
igned
to
im
pr
ove
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
lea
r
ning
,
s
oc
ial
be
ha
vior
,
a
nd
mot
or
s
kil
ls
[
1]
,
a
nd
they
ha
ve
s
hown
s
uc
c
e
s
s
in
ASD
ther
a
pies
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
im
pr
oving
s
oc
ial
in
ter
a
c
ti
ons
.
As
AR
s
olut
ion
,
“
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
ga
me
f
or
mul
t
is
e
ns
or
y
s
ti
mul
a
ti
on
(
J
e
S
ti
M
ulE
)
”
[
2]
is
a
nove
l
platf
o
r
m
to
tea
c
h
s
oc
ial
c
ognit
ion
a
nd
e
mot
ion
r
e
c
ognit
ion
to
indi
viduals
with
de
ve
lopm
e
ntal
dis
or
de
r
s
.
Anothe
r
e
xa
mpl
e
of
AR
s
olut
ion
,
“
S
hopAut
2.
0
”
[
3]
whic
h
is
a
3D
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
s
e
r
ious
ga
me
a
da
pted
to
he
lp
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
to
im
pr
ove
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
li
f
e
s
kil
ls
,
pa
r
t
icula
r
ly
thr
ough
s
im
ulate
d
s
hopping
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
s
e
r
ious
ga
mes
,
AR
int
e
gr
a
tes
vir
tual
a
nd
phys
ica
l
e
leme
nts
by
a
dding
digi
tal
c
ontent
to
the
us
e
r
'
s
pe
r
c
e
pti
on
o
f
the
r
e
a
l
wor
ld
.
I
t
he
lps
a
uti
s
ti
c
pe
ople,
e
s
pe
c
ially
c
hil
dr
e
n,
in
im
pr
ov
ing
thei
r
a
tt
e
nti
on
,
s
pe
e
c
h,
a
nd
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
s
kil
l
s
.
As
a
n
in
ter
a
c
ti
ve
lea
r
ning
e
nvir
onment,
Khow
a
ja
e
t
a
l.
[
4]
pr
opos
e
d
a
mo
bil
e
a
ugmente
d
r
e
a
li
ty
A
pp
f
or
ASD
to
lea
r
n
vo
c
a
bular
y
(
M
AR
Voc
)
to
he
lp
tea
c
hing
s
taf
f
in
Doha
ASD
c
e
nter
s
im
pr
ove
voc
a
bular
y
a
c
quis
it
ion.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
F
us
ter
e
t
al
.
[
5
]
f
ound
that
pictogr
a
m
r
oom
,
a
s
AR
int
e
r
ve
nti
on
,
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
im
p
r
ove
d
the
r
e
s
ponding
to
joi
nt
a
tt
e
nti
on
s
kil
ls
.
T
hus
,
A
R
tec
hnology
c
a
n
a
s
s
is
t
a
uti
s
ti
c
indi
viduals
by
i
mpr
oving
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
s
oc
ial
r
e
lations
hips
,
a
nd
lea
r
nin
g.
I
t
c
ombi
ne
s
vis
ua
l
a
nd
a
udio
s
ignals
int
o
r
e
a
l
-
wor
ld
e
nvir
onments
,
pr
ovidi
ng
c
r
uc
ial
s
uppor
t
.
AR
c
oa
c
hing
s
ys
tems
[
6]
,
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
a
im
to
a
melior
a
te
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
kil
ls
li
ke
toot
hbr
us
hing
in
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
A
S
D,
pr
ovidi
ng
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
f
e
e
dba
c
k
a
nd
a
s
s
is
tanc
e
dur
ing
the
s
im
ulation.
W
e
dya
n
e
t
al
.
[
7]
ha
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
that
AR
c
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
e
nha
nc
e
s
oc
ial
in
ter
a
c
ti
ons
f
or
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
ASD
by
he
lpi
ng
them
r
e
c
ogniz
e
a
nd
a
s
s
oc
iate
f
a
c
ial
e
xpr
e
s
s
ions
with
e
mot
i
ons
.
T
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
e
r
s
onali
z
e
d
v
ir
tual
r
e
ali
ty
ther
apy
for
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
it
h
auti
s
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
dis
or
de
r
(
A
hlam
B
e
lmaqr
out
)
3445
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
AR
is
highl
igh
ted
in
[
8]
a
s
de
m
o
ns
tr
a
ted
by
Autis
tAR
,
in
im
p
r
oving
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
nd
s
oc
ial
s
kil
ls
in
indi
viduals
with
a
uti
s
m.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
VR
tec
hnology
c
r
e
a
tes
im
mer
s
ive
di
git
a
l
e
nvir
onments
whe
r
e
us
e
r
s
c
a
n
e
nga
ge
a
nd
na
vigate
a
s
if
they
we
r
e
e
xpe
r
ienc
ing
a
r
e
a
l
-
wor
ld
s
e
tt
ing.
T
his
tec
hnology
ha
s
ga
ined
popular
i
ty
in
the
f
ield
of
ther
a
py
f
o
r
pa
nic
[
9]
a
nd
a
uti
s
m
dis
or
de
r
s
due
to
i
ts
a
bil
it
y
to
pr
ovide
c
ontr
oll
e
d
a
nd
a
d
jus
table
e
nvir
onments
f
or
s
oc
ial
s
kil
ls
t
r
a
ini
ng,
s
e
ns
or
y
i
ntegr
a
ti
on,
a
nd
e
xpos
ur
e
ther
a
py.
Autis
m
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
a
r
e
e
xplor
ing
the
us
e
of
VR
f
o
r
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
s
oc
ial
s
kil
ls
s
uppor
t,
a
im
ing
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
s
oc
ial
c
ognit
ion
in
indi
viduals
with
ASD
[
10]
.
Nume
r
ou
s
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
e
xplor
e
d
the
ther
a
pe
uti
c
potential
o
f
VR
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
diver
s
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
f
a
c
e
d
by
indi
vidual
s
with
de
ve
lopm
e
ntal
dis
or
de
r
s
.
Note
wor
thy
a
mo
ng
thes
e
a
r
e
VR
s
im
ulations
li
ke
the
s
upe
r
mar
ke
t
e
nvir
onm
e
nt
[
11]
,
whic
h
a
im
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
the
a
c
quis
it
ion
of
s
hopping
s
kil
ls
in
indi
viduals
with
ASD
.
Als
o
us
e
d
by
Alm
a
z
a
yde
h
e
t
al.
[
12
]
a
s
a
VR
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ys
tem
de
s
igne
d
to
tea
c
h
s
tr
e
e
t
c
r
os
s
ing
a
nd
s
oc
ial
a
tt
e
nti
on
s
kil
ls
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
vi
r
tual
r
e
a
li
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
ve
a
c
ti
vit
ies
s
im
ulator
(
ViR
C
AS)
s
im
ulation
[
13]
f
os
ter
s
c
ol
labor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
a
uti
s
ti
c
a
nd
ne
ur
otypi
c
a
l
ind
ivi
dua
ls
in
a
s
ha
r
e
d
vir
tual
s
pa
c
e
,
pr
omot
ing
tea
mwor
k
a
nd
s
oc
ial
s
kil
ls
de
ve
lopm
e
nt.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
s
e
lf
-
guided
VR
ther
a
pi
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
“
Autica
r
e
”
[
14]
,
s
how
pr
omi
s
e
in
e
nha
nc
ing
s
oc
io
-
c
ognit
ive
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
c
a
r
e
s
kil
ls
in
indi
viduals
with
de
ve
lopm
e
ntal
dis
or
de
r
s
.
As
we
ll
,
a
s
tudy
a
im
e
d
a
t
m
e
e
ti
ng
the
gr
owing
de
mand
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
e
r
v
ice
s
f
or
a
uti
s
ti
c
a
doles
c
e
nt
s
a
nd
young
a
dult
s
uti
li
z
e
d
a
vi
r
tual
a
ir
por
t
e
nvir
on
ment
to
tea
c
h
a
ir
tr
a
ve
l
s
kil
ls
a
nd
tr
e
a
t
f
e
a
r
of
f
lyi
ng
[
15]
.
M
a
s
ke
y
e
t
al.
[
16]
e
xplor
e
d
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
c
ombi
ning
VR
with
c
ognit
ive
-
b
e
ha
vior
a
l
ther
a
py
(
C
B
T
)
to
he
lp
young
pe
ople
with
a
uti
s
m
r
e
duc
e
s
pe
c
if
ic
f
e
a
r
s
or
phobias
.
I
n
T
a
ble
1,
we
tr
ied
to
s
umm
a
r
ize
s
ome
e
xa
mpl
e
s
of
the
us
e
c
a
s
e
s
whe
r
e
the
AR
,
VR
,
a
nd
s
e
r
ious
ga
mes
we
r
e
u
s
e
d
f
or
he
lpi
ng
a
nd
s
uppor
t
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m.
T
a
ble
1.
Ove
r
view
of
tec
hnology
-
ba
s
e
d
s
olut
ions
in
a
uti
s
m
ther
a
py
a
nd
s
kil
l
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
T
r
e
a
tm
e
nt
/t
he
r
a
py t
ype
P
a
pe
r
O
bj
e
c
ti
ve
P
e
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
S
e
r
io
us
ga
me
s
[
2]
“
J
e
S
ti
M
ul
E
”
is
a
ga
me
a
im
e
d
a
t
te
a
c
hi
ng
s
oc
ia
l
c
ogni
ti
on
a
nd
e
mot
io
n
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
to
in
di
v
id
ua
ls
w
it
h de
ve
lo
pme
nt
a
l
di
s
or
de
r
s
.
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
3]
“
S
hopAut
2.0”
3D
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
s
e
r
io
us
ga
me
to
a
s
s
is
t
c
hi
ld
r
e
n’
s
pa
ti
e
nt
s
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
in
pr
a
c
ti
c
in
g
s
hopping a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
S
e
tt
in
g
ga
me
pa
r
a
me
te
r
s
by
e
xt
e
r
na
l
us
e
r
s
/t
he
r
a
pi
s
ts
(
c
ont
e
nt
,
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
,
di
f
f
ic
ul
ty
, us
e
r
i
nt
e
r
f
a
c
e
)
A
ugme
nt
e
d
r
e
a
li
ty
[
4]
I
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
ve
mobi
le
A
R
a
pp
(
M
A
R
V
o
c
)
to
a
id
voc
a
bul
a
r
y l
e
a
r
ni
ng f
or
c
hi
ld
r
e
n w
it
h A
S
D
.
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
5]
A
R
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n
a
s
a
pi
c
to
gr
a
m
r
oom
to
ta
r
ge
t
a
nd
im
pr
ove
r
e
s
ponding
to
jo
in
t
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
s
ki
ll
s
in
c
hi
ld
r
e
n w
it
h a
ut
is
m.
a
da
pt
e
d
ba
s
e
d
on
vi
s
ua
l
a
nd
mus
ic
a
l
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
[
6]
I
nt
e
r
a
c
ti
ve
A
R
c
o
a
c
hi
ng
s
y
s
te
m
a
im
e
d
a
t
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
to
o
th
br
us
hi
ng
s
ki
ll
s
of
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
A
S
D
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
7]
T
o
he
lp
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
A
S
D
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
a
nd
unde
r
s
ta
nd
f
a
c
ia
l
e
xpr
e
s
s
io
n
s
,
im
pr
ovi
ng
s
oc
ia
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
8]
D
e
ve
lo
p
a
nd
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
A
ut
is
tAR
:
AR
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
to
e
nha
nc
e
c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
oc
ia
l
s
ki
ll
s
in
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
th
r
ough
a
n
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
a
nd i
mm
e
r
s
iv
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
V
ir
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
[
9]
A
s
e
lf
-
gui
de
d
V
R
th
e
r
a
py
f
or
tr
e
a
ti
ng
pa
ni
c
di
s
or
de
r
s
ympt
oms
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
11]
V
R
s
upe
r
ma
r
ke
t
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
to
tr
a
in
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
w
it
h A
S
D
i
n s
hopping s
ki
ll
s
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
12]
A
f
ul
ly
im
me
r
s
iv
e
V
R
e
nvi
r
onme
nt
to
te
a
c
h
da
il
y
li
vi
ng s
ki
ll
s
i
n a
s
a
f
e
a
nd c
ont
r
ol
le
d s
e
tt
in
g
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
13
]
V
iR
C
A
S
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
e
na
bl
e
s
a
ut
is
ti
c
a
nd
ne
ur
ot
ypi
c
a
l
a
dul
ts
to
w
or
k
to
ge
th
e
r
in
a
s
ha
r
e
d
vi
r
tu
a
l
a
r
e
a
,
pr
omot
in
g
te
a
mwor
k
a
nd
p
r
ogr
e
s
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
.
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
14]
“
A
ut
ic
a
r
e
”
of
f
e
r
s
V
R
th
e
r
a
py
pl
a
tf
or
m
us
e
d
to
de
ve
lo
p s
oc
io
-
c
ogni
ti
ve
a
nd s
e
lf
-
c
a
r
e
s
ki
ll
s
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
17]
A
da
pt
iv
e
im
me
r
s
iv
e
V
R
tr
a
in
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
pe
r
s
ona
l
iz
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
nvi
r
o
nme
n
t
t
a
il
or
e
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
o
c
ia
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
omm
un
i
c
a
ti
on
s
ki
ll
s
in
c
h
il
dr
e
n w
it
h A
S
D
T
he
V
R
obj
e
c
t
a
dj
us
ts
hi
s
be
h
a
vi
or
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
e
mot
io
n
s
a
nd
a
c
ti
ons
of
th
e
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
.
[
15]
T
he
goa
l
is
to
e
nha
nc
e
a
ir
tr
a
ve
l
s
ki
ll
s
in
a
ut
is
ti
c
young
a
dul
ts
w
hi
le
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
ir
a
tt
e
nt
iv
e
ne
s
s
,
la
ngua
ge
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
, a
nd unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng of
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
.
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
[
16]
T
o
r
e
duc
e
s
pe
c
if
ic
f
e
a
r
s
a
nd
phobia
s
in
young
pe
opl
e
w
it
h
A
S
D
th
r
ough
V
R
-
gr
a
de
d
e
xpos
ur
e
a
nd
C
B
T
, a
im
in
g f
or
f
unc
ti
ona
l
im
pr
ove
me
nt
.
N
ot
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
344
4
-
3451
3446
S
o,
f
r
om
t
hi
s
t
a
b
le,
t
he
f
ir
s
t
thi
ng
t
o
no
te
is
th
a
t
m
o
s
t
of
th
e
s
e
s
tu
di
e
s
do
no
t
in
c
l
ud
e
p
e
r
s
on
a
l
iz
a
ti
o
n
a
s
p
e
c
t.
T
h
e
c
om
pl
e
x
it
y
of
A
S
D,
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
d
b
y
s
e
n
s
or
y
s
e
n
s
it
iv
it
ie
s
a
n
d
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
ti
on
d
if
f
ic
ul
ti
e
s
,
e
x
a
c
e
r
ba
te
s
a
nxi
e
ty
le
ve
l
s
,
n
e
c
e
s
s
it
a
ti
ng
a
da
pt
e
d
a
nd
in
di
vid
u
a
li
z
e
d
in
te
r
v
e
n
ti
on
s
t
r
a
te
gi
e
s
[
18
]
.
R
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
h
a
ve
hi
gh
li
ght
e
d
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
ne
s
s
of
pe
r
s
on
a
li
z
e
d
a
n
xi
e
t
y
i
nt
e
r
v
e
nti
on
s
,
wit
h
a
U
K
N
a
ti
on
a
l
He
a
l
th
S
e
r
vi
c
e
(
N
HS)
s
tu
dy
de
mo
n
s
tr
a
ti
ng
s
tr
o
ng
r
e
t
e
nti
on
r
a
te
s
a
n
d
p
o
s
it
iv
e
c
h
a
n
ge
s
in
a
n
xi
e
t
y
l
e
ve
l
s
a
mo
ng
p
a
r
t
ic
ip
a
n
t
s
,
i
nd
ic
a
t
in
g
t
h
e
p
ot
e
n
ti
a
l
of
ta
il
or
e
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
nt
s
to
im
pr
o
v
e
o
ut
c
om
e
s
f
or
i
nd
iv
id
ua
l
s
wi
th
a
uti
s
m
[
19
]
.
A
s
ys
t
e
m
a
ti
c
r
e
v
ie
w
[
20
]
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
m
in
df
u
ln
e
s
s
-
b
a
s
e
d
i
nt
e
r
v
e
nti
on
s
,
r
e
v
e
a
l
in
g
p
r
om
i
s
i
ng
e
vi
de
nc
e
of
th
e
ir
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
in
a
ll
e
v
ia
ti
ng
a
nx
ie
ty,
e
nh
a
nc
in
g
s
o
c
ia
l
s
ki
ll
s
,
a
nd
r
e
d
u
c
in
g
a
g
gr
e
s
s
i
v
e
be
h
a
vi
or
s
in
c
h
il
dr
e
n
wit
h
a
u
ti
s
m.
A
ddi
ti
on
a
l
ly
,
K
e
t
c
h
e
s
o
n
e
t
al.
[2
1]
d
e
mo
n
s
t
r
a
te
d
t
h
e
p
ot
e
n
ti
a
l
of
th
e
“
mi
ndf
ul
n
e
s
s
y
og
a
p
r
o
gr
a
m
(
M
Y
ti
me
)
”
,
w
hi
c
h
po
s
it
i
v
e
ly
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
d
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
d
s
tr
e
s
s
,
a
n
xi
e
t
y,
a
nd
d
e
pr
e
s
s
io
n
a
mo
ng
c
a
r
e
giv
e
r
s
of
a
u
ti
s
ti
c
c
hil
dr
e
n.
T
he
s
e
f
i
nd
in
g
s
e
m
ph
a
s
i
z
e
t
he
n
e
e
d
f
or
p
e
r
s
on
a
l
iz
e
d
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
t
o
a
dd
r
e
s
s
th
e
uni
qu
e
c
h
a
l
le
ng
e
s
f
a
c
e
d
b
y
i
nd
iv
id
ua
l
s
wit
h
ASD
in
m
a
na
gi
ng
a
n
xi
e
t
y
a
nd
r
e
la
te
d
e
mo
ti
on
a
l
dif
f
i
c
u
lt
i
e
s
.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
ga
r
d,
our
s
ugge
s
ted
VR
ther
a
py
s
olut
i
on
take
s
int
o
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on
the
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
y
ne
e
ds
of
a
uti
s
ti
c
c
hil
dr
e
n
.
R
e
ga
r
dles
s
th
e
potential
ther
a
pe
uti
c
be
ne
f
it
s
of
AR
,
VR
,
a
nd
s
e
r
ious
ga
mes
,
thes
e
tec
hnologi
e
s
f
r
e
que
ntl
y
ignor
e
c
us
tom
iza
ti
on,
lea
ding
int
o
a
“
one
-
s
ize
-
f
it
s
-
a
ll
”
s
tr
a
tegy.
B
uil
ding
on
our
p
r
e
vious
wor
k
[
22
]
that
int
r
oduc
e
d
pr
o
f
il
ing
a
s
a
wa
y
to
tailor
VR
s
c
e
na
r
ios
f
or
de
ve
lopi
ng
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
vir
tual
r
e
a
li
ty
ther
a
py
(
P
V
R
T
)
.
T
his
s
tudy
f
il
ls
a
major
ga
p
in
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
tr
e
a
tm
e
nts
f
or
a
uti
s
ti
c
c
hil
d
r
e
n,
whic
h
mak
e
s
it
va
luable
.
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
P
VR
T
s
olut
ion
a
im
s
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
n
e
nga
ging
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
tailor
e
d
to
e
a
c
h
c
hil
d's
unique
ne
e
ds
,
s
uc
h
a
s
le
a
r
ning
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
y
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ty.
T
his
a
ppr
oa
c
h
goe
s
be
yond
tr
a
dit
ional
VR
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
a
c
omf
or
table
,
mot
ivating
a
nd
s
a
f
e
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
.
T
he
objec
ti
ve
is
to
e
nha
nc
e
c
r
it
ica
l
a
bil
it
ies
li
ke
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
s
oc
ial
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
,
da
il
y
li
ving
s
kil
ls
,
a
nd
pr
ovid
ing
a
s
uppor
t
to
c
hil
d
r
e
n
with
ASD
.
T
his
innovative
a
ppr
oa
c
h
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
nove
l
c
ontr
ibu
ti
on
to
a
uti
s
m
ther
a
py
,
he
lpi
ng
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
ASD
de
ve
lop
mor
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
te
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
int
o
e
ve
r
yda
y
li
f
e
.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
the
VR
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
wa
s
in
t
e
nde
d
f
or
c
hil
d
r
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
a
nd
invol
ve
d
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
a
nd
thought
f
ul
methodology
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
their
unique
s
e
ns
or
y
ne
e
ds
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
2.
1.
L
it
e
r
at
u
r
e
r
e
view
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
in
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
pr
oc
e
s
s
wa
s
to
e
labor
a
te
a
li
ter
a
tu
r
e
r
e
view
to
ga
the
r
a
nd
a
na
lyze
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
e
ns
or
y
ne
e
ds
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
.
T
h
is
invol
ve
d
a
n
e
xtens
ive
r
e
view
of
e
xis
ti
ng
li
ter
a
tur
e
on
a
uti
s
m
the
r
a
py,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
f
oc
us
ing
on
a
nxiety
a
nd
s
tr
e
s
s
mana
ge
ment
tec
hniques
.
Ke
y
ins
ight
s
we
r
e
identif
ied
f
r
om
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
s
e
ns
or
y
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ti
e
s
,
e
mphas
izing
the
im
por
tanc
e
o
f
indi
vi
dua
li
z
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
ther
a
py.
I
n
thi
s
pha
s
e
,
de
f
in
ing
the
goa
ls
a
nd
tar
ge
t
de
mog
r
a
phic
f
o
r
the
de
s
igned
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
wa
s
a
n
im
por
tant
s
tep
[
23]
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
we
r
e
view
e
d
s
tudi
e
s
r
e
late
d
to
a
ppli
e
d
be
ha
vior
a
na
ly
s
is
(
AB
A)
,
a
wide
ly
a
c
c
e
pted
int
e
r
ve
nti
on
f
or
a
uti
s
m
that
uti
li
z
e
s
s
c
ientif
ica
ll
y
ba
s
e
d
pr
inciples
a
nd
s
tr
a
tegie
s
,
of
ten
invol
ving
pa
r
e
ntal
pa
r
ti
c
ipation
[
24
]
.
2.
2.
S
ys
t
e
m
d
e
s
ign
T
he
whole
s
ys
tem
f
oc
us
e
d
on
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
ing
a
3
D
e
nvir
onment
tailor
e
d
to
indi
vidual
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
I
t
wa
s
de
ve
loped
us
ing
a
modul
a
r
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
3
main
modul
e
s
:
e
nvir
onment
,
a
u
dio,
a
nd
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on.
Know
ing
that
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
o
f
ten
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
e
ns
or
y
ove
r
load,
the
us
e
r
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
wa
s
de
s
igned
to
be
mi
nim
a
li
s
ti
c
a
nd
int
uit
ive
.
L
a
r
ge
,
e
a
s
il
y
r
e
c
ogniza
ble
icons
a
nd
a
li
mi
ted
c
olor
pa
le
tt
e
we
r
e
uti
li
z
e
d
to
a
void
ove
r
s
ti
mul
a
ti
on.
Addit
ionally,
t
he
us
e
r
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
wa
s
de
s
igned
to
be
opti
ona
l
a
nd
low
-
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
,
a
ll
owing
c
hil
d
r
e
n
to
e
xplor
e
a
t
their
o
wn
pa
c
e
.
S
e
ns
or
y
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ti
e
s
we
r
e
a
major
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
r
e
ga
r
ding
vis
ua
l
ove
r
load,
s
ound
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ty,
a
nd
mot
ion
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ty.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
s
i
mul
a
tes
a
c
a
lm
ing
vir
tual
e
nvi
r
onment
whe
r
e
c
hil
dr
e
n
c
a
n
int
e
r
a
c
t
with
c
a
lm
a
nd
tr
a
nquil
i
ty,
vis
ua
ll
y
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
s
ur
r
oundings
.
2.
3.
P
e
r
s
on
ali
z
at
ion
f
e
at
u
r
e
s
T
he
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
pha
s
e
of
the
VR
ther
a
py
s
olu
ti
on
im
pli
e
s
tailor
ing
the
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
a
c
c
or
ding
to
e
a
c
h
c
hil
d's
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
a
nim
a
ls
a
nd
ba
c
kgr
ound
s
ounds
to
e
ns
ur
e
a
r
e
laxe
d
na
tur
e
e
nvir
onment
.
I
n
t
his
s
tep,
f
ive
f
ictit
ious
us
e
r
pr
of
il
e
s
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted,
e
a
c
h
s
pe
c
if
ying
the
c
or
r
e
s
pondi
ng
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
a
ni
mals
a
nd
ba
c
kgr
ound
s
ounds
to
in
f
or
m
the
im
pleme
ntation
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
M
or
e
de
tails
a
nd
de
s
c
r
ipt
ions
of
thes
e
p
r
o
f
il
e
s
will
be
pr
ovided
in
the
ne
xt
s
e
c
ti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
e
r
s
onali
z
e
d
v
ir
tual
r
e
ali
ty
ther
apy
for
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
it
h
auti
s
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
dis
or
de
r
(
A
hlam
B
e
lmaqr
out
)
3447
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
I
n
e
xplo
r
ing
the
int
e
r
s
e
c
ti
on
of
VR
a
nd
a
uti
s
m
the
r
a
py,
our
f
indi
ngs
de
mons
tr
a
te
the
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mative
potential
of
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
in
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
mea
ningf
ul
ther
a
pe
uti
c
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
.
T
his
s
e
c
ti
on
outl
ines
how
our
P
VR
T
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
the
unique
n
e
e
ds
of
a
uti
s
ti
c
c
hi
ldr
e
n,
f
oc
us
ing
on
the
de
s
ign,
im
pleme
ntation,
a
nd
e
a
r
ly
obs
e
r
va
ti
o
ns
of
our
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
.
3.
1.
De
s
ign
of
p
e
r
s
on
ali
z
e
d
virt
u
a
l
r
e
ali
t
y
t
h
e
r
a
p
y
ap
p
li
c
at
ion
I
n
r
e
s
pons
e
to
the
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ne
e
ds
of
a
uti
s
ti
c
c
hil
dr
e
n,
we
pr
opos
e
a
P
VR
T
that
would
r
e
duc
e
a
nxiety
a
nd
pr
omot
e
e
mot
ional
we
ll
-
be
ing.
R
odge
r
s
e
t
al.
[
19]
p
r
ovides
the
f
ounda
ti
ona
l
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
f
or
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
Our
p
r
opos
e
d
s
olut
ion
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
pe
r
s
on
a
li
z
e
d
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
that
c
ons
ider
e
a
c
h
c
hil
d's
unique
s
e
ns
or
y
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ti
e
s
,
pr
ovidi
ng
a
mor
e
e
nga
ging
a
nd
indi
vidualize
d
ther
a
pe
uti
c
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
guidi
ng
them
t
o
a
c
a
lm
f
or
e
s
t
s
e
tt
ing
whe
r
e
they
c
a
n
e
xplo
r
e
a
nd
int
e
r
a
c
t
with
na
tur
e
.
L
of
tus
e
t
al
.
[
20
]
s
ugge
s
ts
that
e
xpos
ur
e
to
na
tur
a
l
e
nvir
onments
c
a
n
be
ne
f
it
c
hil
d
r
e
n
wit
h
a
uti
s
m,
though
pa
r
e
nts
o
f
ten
f
a
c
e
ba
r
r
ier
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
inappr
opr
iate
be
ha
vior
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
c
onc
e
r
ns
.
Our
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
thes
e
is
s
u
e
s
by
pr
ovidi
ng
a
s
a
f
e
method
f
or
c
hil
d
r
e
n
to
e
xplo
r
e
be
a
uti
f
ul
e
nvir
onments
in
v
ir
tual
mode
[
25]
.
T
o
il
lus
tr
a
te
the
ke
y
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
o
ur
vir
tual
e
nvir
onment,
T
a
ble
2
s
umm
a
r
ize
s
the
de
s
ign
e
leme
nts
a
nd
ther
a
pe
uti
c
be
ne
f
it
s
int
e
gr
a
ted
int
o
the
P
V
R
T
.
T
a
ble
2.
Ke
y
de
s
ign
e
leme
nts
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
P
V
R
T
s
olut
ion
A
s
pe
c
t
D
e
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
V
is
ua
ls
N
a
tu
r
e
s
pa
c
e
w
it
h
s
unl
ig
ht
f
il
te
r
in
g t
hr
ough tr
e
e
s
A
udi
to
r
y
B
ir
ds
c
hi
r
pi
ng, wa
te
r
tr
ic
kl
in
g i
n a
ne
a
r
by s
tr
e
a
m
S
e
ns
or
y e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
L
ig
ht
a
nd a
ir
y, s
of
t
w
in
d
T
he
r
a
pe
ut
ic
be
ne
f
it
s
P
r
omot
e
s
r
e
la
xa
ti
on a
nd s
tr
e
s
s
r
e
li
e
f
P
e
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
D
is
pl
a
y t
he
a
ni
ma
te
d f
a
vor
it
e
a
ni
ma
l
e
na
bl
e
,
s
ound pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
, e
na
bl
e
/d
is
a
bl
e
ba
c
kgr
ound s
ounds
R
e
laxa
ti
on
is
e
nc
our
a
ge
d
thr
ough
the
s
e
r
e
ne
ba
c
kdr
op
of
the
vi
r
tual
wo
r
ld,
f
e
a
tur
ing
a
pictu
r
e
s
que
woodla
nd
lands
c
a
pe
with
lus
h
tr
e
e
s
.
Guide
d
by
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
s
e
ns
or
y
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
ut
is
m,
f
ive
s
im
ulate
d
us
e
r
pr
of
il
e
s
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
to
c
us
tom
i
z
e
e
leme
nts
li
ke
ba
c
kgr
ound
a
udio
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
a
nim
a
l
a
li
gning
with
e
a
c
h
pr
of
il
e
's
s
e
ns
or
y
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ti
e
s
.
T
a
ble
3
pr
ovides
a
de
tailed
ove
r
view
of
the
us
e
r
s
’
f
a
vor
it
e
a
nim
a
ls
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
s
ounds
.
T
a
ble
3.
Us
e
r
pr
of
il
e
s
U
s
e
r
s
F
a
vor
it
e
a
ni
ma
l
P
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d s
ounds
1
D
ogs
W
a
te
r
s
ounds
2
B
ir
ds
S
of
t
mus
ic
(
bi
r
ds
s
ound)
3
C
a
ts
C
a
ts
s
ound
4
F
is
h
N
a
tu
r
e
s
ounds
5
H
or
s
e
s
hor
s
e
s
ounds
3.
2.
De
ve
lop
m
e
n
t
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
t
a
t
ion
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
wa
s
de
ve
loped
us
ing
unit
y
2021.
3.
40f
1,
a
powe
r
f
ul
ga
me
e
ngine
that
e
na
bles
the
c
r
e
a
ti
on
of
im
mer
s
ive
VR
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
.
Ga
me
a
s
s
e
ts
we
r
e
s
our
c
e
d
f
r
om
the
un
it
y
a
s
s
e
t
s
tor
e
,
a
nd
the
“
S
ke
tchf
a
b”
platf
or
m
wa
s
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
c
r
e
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
nim
a
ti
on.
I
n
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
we
wil
l
il
lus
t
r
a
te
how
us
e
r
pr
of
il
e
s
int
e
gr
a
te
with
the
ther
a
pe
uti
c
de
s
ign.
T
he
f
ive
us
e
r
pr
o
f
il
e
s
,
mentioned
pr
e
vious
ly,
e
ns
ur
e
a
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
ther
a
pe
uti
c
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
ba
s
e
d
on
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
e
a
c
h
p
r
of
il
e
.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
a
ls
o
include
s
a
n
a
dmi
n
pr
o
f
il
e
a
s
the
pr
im
a
r
y
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
f
o
r
mana
ging
us
e
r
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
a
dmi
n
is
r
e
s
pons
ibl
e
f
or
s
e
lec
ti
ng
a
c
hil
d's
us
e
r
na
me
f
r
om
a
pr
e
de
f
ined
li
s
t
p
r
ovided
in
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
menu
a
s
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
1.
Onc
e
a
c
hil
d's
us
e
r
na
me
is
s
e
lec
t
e
d,
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
a
utom
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
c
on
f
igur
e
s
the
a
ppr
opr
iate
VR
e
nvir
onment
ba
s
e
d
on
the
c
hil
d’
s
indi
vidual
ne
e
ds
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
.
F
igur
e
2
il
lus
tr
a
te
the
e
nvir
onments
c
r
e
a
ted
f
or
e
a
c
h
of
the
f
ive
us
e
r
s
,
F
igur
e
s
2
(
a
)
to
2(
e
)
s
howc
a
s
e
the
unique
s
e
tt
ings
that
r
e
f
lec
t
their
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
B
y
s
howc
a
s
ing
thes
e
vis
ua
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
ntations
,
we
e
mphas
ize
the
f
lexibil
it
y
a
nd
c
us
tom
iza
ti
on
opti
ons
of
the
VR
ther
a
py
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on,
whic
h
e
nha
nc
e
s
us
e
r
e
nga
ge
ment
a
nd
im
pr
ove
s
ther
a
pe
uti
c
outcome
s
.
T
his
a
utom
a
ted
a
ppr
oa
c
h
gua
r
a
ntee
s
a
tailor
e
d
a
nd
c
ons
is
tent
vir
tual
e
nvi
r
onment
that
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
r
e
laxa
ti
on
a
nd
a
ll
e
via
tes
a
nxiety.
3.
3
.
I
n
it
ial
f
i
n
d
in
gs
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ire
c
t
io
n
s
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
VR
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
is
de
s
igned
to
incor
por
a
te
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
f
e
a
tur
e
s
,
a
im
ing
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
f
lexible
a
nd
a
da
ptable
v
ir
tual
e
nvir
onment
that
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
us
e
r
e
nga
ge
ment
a
nd
a
c
c
omm
oda
tes
i
ndivi
dua
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
344
4
-
3451
3448
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
W
hil
e
no
f
o
r
mal
e
va
luation
ha
s
be
e
n
c
onduc
ted
ye
t,
the
a
ppr
oa
c
h
s
hows
pr
omi
s
e
in
tail
or
ing
the
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
to
the
unique
ne
e
ds
of
c
hi
ldr
e
n
wit
h
a
uti
s
m.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
li
mi
tation
of
the
pr
opo
s
e
d
VR
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
is
the
potential
f
or
tec
hnica
l
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
c
hil
dr
e
n,
pa
r
e
nts
a
nd
ps
yc
hother
a
pis
ts
may
f
a
c
e
whe
n
us
ing
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
in
r
e
a
l
-
wor
ld
s
e
tt
ings
.
T
o
a
d
dr
e
s
s
thi
s
,
f
utur
e
dir
e
c
ti
ons
will
f
oc
us
on
ga
ther
in
g
e
xpe
r
t
e
va
luations
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on's
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
s
uit
a
bil
it
y
f
o
r
the
r
a
pe
uti
c
us
e
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
a
d
dit
ional
im
pr
ove
ments
will
be
a
ppli
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
the
us
a
bi
li
ty
to
e
ns
ur
e
int
uit
ive
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
that
a
ll
ows
us
e
r
s
to
f
ull
y
f
oc
us
on
the
pa
ti
e
nt’
s
ne
e
ds
without
f
a
c
ing
tec
hnica
l
dif
f
iculti
e
s
[
26]
.
F
igur
e
1.
Applica
ti
on
menu
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
(
d)
(
e
)
F
igur
e
2.
P
e
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
VR
ther
a
py
e
nvir
onments
f
or
f
ive
us
e
r
s
:
(
a
)
us
e
r
1,
(
b)
us
e
r
2
,
(
c
)
us
e
r
3
,
(
d)
u
s
e
r
4,
a
nd
(
e
)
us
e
r
5
W
e
look
f
or
wa
r
d
to
int
e
gr
a
te
mo
r
e
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
a
s
pe
c
ts
int
o
thi
s
s
olut
ion,
ga
ther
ing
e
xpe
r
t
e
va
luations
to
e
ns
ur
e
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
s
uit
a
bil
i
ty
f
or
c
hil
d
r
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m.
T
his
f
e
e
dba
c
k
will
gui
de
us
in
r
e
f
ini
ng
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
be
f
o
r
e
a
pplyi
ng
it
in
ther
a
pe
uti
c
c
ontext,
e
nha
nc
ing
it
s
ove
r
a
ll
im
pa
c
t
on
c
hil
dr
e
n's
we
ll
-
be
ing.
VR
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
in
a
uti
s
m
ther
a
py
is
i
mpor
tant,
a
s
it
p
r
ovides
a
s
a
f
e
,
c
ontr
ol
led
s
pa
c
e
f
or
r
ole
-
playing,
r
ule
lea
r
ning,
a
nd
r
e
pe
ti
t
ion
tr
a
ini
ng
t
a
il
or
e
d
to
e
a
c
h
c
hil
d's
unique
ne
e
ds
[
27
]
.
Add
it
ionally,
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
VR
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
c
a
n
include
s
e
ns
or
y
e
leme
nts
li
ke
s
ound,
whic
h
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
c
hil
dr
e
n's
be
ha
vior
dur
ing
ther
a
py
[
28
]
.
T
his
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
de
mons
tr
a
tes
p
r
omi
s
e
in
im
p
r
oving
ther
a
py
outcome
s
a
nd
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
the
gr
owing
body
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
VR
's
potential
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
we
ll
-
be
ing
a
nd
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
[
29]
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
we
ha
ve
p
r
opos
e
d
a
nove
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
a
dd
r
e
s
s
ing
the
ther
a
pe
uti
c
ne
e
ds
of
c
hil
d
r
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m
thr
ough
P
VR
T
.
W
e
i
d
e
nti
f
ied
c
r
it
ica
l
ne
e
d
f
or
int
e
r
ve
nti
ons
that
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
tar
ge
t
the
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
a
nxiety
a
nd
s
tr
e
s
s
,
whic
h
a
r
e
im
por
tant
obs
tac
les
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
lea
r
ning
a
nd
ther
a
py
f
o
r
c
hil
d
r
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m.
T
he
n,
we
r
e
view
e
d
s
ome
e
xis
ti
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
e
mer
ging
tec
hnologi
e
s
i
n
a
uti
s
m
ther
a
py,
highl
ight
ing
the
be
ne
f
it
s
a
nd
li
mi
tations
of
thes
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
.
Our
f
indi
ngs
s
ugge
s
t
that
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
ther
a
py
or
lea
r
ning
int
e
r
ve
nti
on
f
or
c
hil
d
r
e
n
with
ASD
mus
t
c
ons
ider
,
a
s
a
high
p
r
ior
it
y
,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
c
a
lm
ing
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
e
r
s
onali
z
e
d
v
ir
tual
r
e
ali
ty
ther
apy
for
c
hil
dr
e
n
w
it
h
auti
s
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
dis
or
de
r
(
A
hlam
B
e
lmaqr
out
)
3449
e
nvir
onment
whe
r
e
the
c
hil
d
c
a
n
f
e
e
l
r
e
laxe
d
a
nd
ope
n
to
pa
r
ti
c
ipating
in
f
ur
ther
a
c
ti
vit
ies
.
T
his
hi
ghli
ghts
the
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
of
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
r
e
laxa
ti
on
ther
a
pies
a
s
a
n
im
por
tant
e
leme
nt
in
a
ny
the
r
a
pe
uti
c
or
e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
pr
ogr
a
m.
W
e
c
a
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
the
i
ndivi
du
a
l
obs
tac
les
that
e
v
e
r
y
c
hil
d
ha
s
in
ther
a
py
a
nd
lea
r
ning
by
pr
ovidi
ng
indi
vidualize
d
VR
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
.
T
his
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
s
igni
f
ica
nt
ther
a
pe
uti
c
e
x
c
ha
nge
s
,
whic
h
may
lea
d
to
be
tt
e
r
outcome
s
.
L
ooking
a
he
a
d,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
s
e
lf
-
s
uf
f
icie
nt
a
nd
f
lexible
VR
s
ys
tems
is
a
n
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
a
r
e
a
f
or
f
ur
ther
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
ng
how
thes
e
s
ys
tems
c
a
n
a
s
s
is
t
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
ASD
de
a
l
with
da
y
-
to
-
d
a
y
dif
f
iculti
e
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
their
pr
oblem
-
s
olvi
ng
a
bil
it
ies
may
lea
d
to
a
ne
w
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
in
a
uti
s
m
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt.
I
n
c
onc
lus
ion,
ou
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
the
gr
owing
unde
r
s
tanding
of
how
VR
mi
ght
b
e
us
e
d
in
ther
a
py
a
nd
highl
ight
s
it
s
potential
to
im
pr
ove
the
li
ve
s
of
c
hil
dr
e
n
with
a
uti
s
m.
B
y
of
f
e
r
ing
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
a
nd
tool
s
a
da
pted
to
their
ne
e
ds
,
we
c
a
n
he
lp
them
de
v
e
l
op
in
their
s
oc
ial
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
l
li
ve
s
.
F
UN
DI
NG
I
NF
ORM
AT
I
ON
Author
s
s
tate
no
f
unding
invol
ve
d.
AU
T
HO
R
CONT
RI
B
U
T
I
ONS
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
T
his
jour
na
l
us
e
s
the
C
ontr
ibut
o
r
R
oles
T
a
xo
nomy
(
C
R
e
diT
)
to
r
e
c
ognize
indi
vidual
a
uthor
c
ontr
ibut
ions
,
r
e
duc
e
a
utho
r
s
hip
dis
putes
,
a
nd
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on.
Nam
e
of
Au
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ahla
m
B
e
lm
a
qr
out
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
ti
ha
l
E
l
Gha
li
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Na
ji
ma
Da
oudi
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Abde
lhay
Ha
qiq
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
M
:
M
e
th
odol
ogy
So
:
So
f
twa
r
e
Va
:
Va
li
da
ti
on
Fo
:
Fo
r
ma
l
a
na
ly
s
is
I
:
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
R
:
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta
C
ur
a
ti
on
O
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
O
r
ig
in
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
R
e
vi
e
w
&
E
di
ti
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
Su
:
Su
pe
r
vi
s
io
n
P
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dmi
ni
s
tr
a
ti
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
it
io
n
CONF
L
I
CT
OF
I
NT
E
RE
S
T
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
Author
s
s
tate
no
c
onf
li
c
t
of
int
e
r
e
s
t.
DA
T
A
AV
AI
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
Da
ta
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
is
not
a
ppli
c
a
ble
to
thi
s
pa
pe
r
a
s
no
ne
w
da
ta
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
o
r
a
na
lyze
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
M
.
J
ur
e
vi
č
ie
n
ė
,
I
.
K
a
f
f
e
ma
ni
e
n
ė
,
I
.
B
il
boka
it
ė
-
S
ki
a
ut
e
r
ie
nė
, R
. B
il
boka
it
ė
,
K
.
G
in
dul
yt
ė
,
a
nd
V
.
L
in
kuvi
e
nė
,
“
S
e
n
s
or
y
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
u
ti
s
m
s
p
e
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
:
pa
r
e
nt
s
’
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
s
,”
in
15t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
E
duc
at
io
n
and
N
e
w
L
e
ar
ni
ng T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
, 2023, pp. 7364
–
7372
, doi
:
10.21125/ed
ul
e
a
r
n.2023.1918.
[
2]
M
.
E
lh
a
dda
di
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
e
r
io
us
ga
me
s
to
te
a
c
h
e
mot
io
n
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
to
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
s
(
A
S
D
)
,”
A
c
ta
N
e
ur
ops
y
c
hol
ogi
c
a
, vol
. 19, no. 1, pp. 81
–
92, 2021, doi:
10.56
04/
01.3001.0014.7569.
[
3]
E
. V
a
ll
e
f
uoc
o, C
. B
r
a
va
c
c
io
, G
.
G
is
on,
L
. P
e
c
c
hi
a
, a
nd A
. P
e
pi
no, “
P
e
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d t
r
a
in
in
g vi
a
s
e
r
io
us
ga
me
t
o i
mpr
ove
da
i
ly
l
i
vi
ng
s
ki
ll
s
in
pe
di
a
tr
ic
pa
ti
e
nt
s
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
B
io
m
e
di
c
al
and
H
e
al
th
I
nf
or
m
at
ic
s
,
vol
.
26,
n
o.
7,
pp. 3312
–
3322, 2022, doi:
10.1109/J
B
H
I
.2022.3155367.
[
4]
K
.
K
how
a
ja
,
D
.
A
l
-
T
ha
ni
,
A
.
O
.
H
a
s
s
a
n,
A
.
S
ha
h,
a
nd
S
.
S
.
S
a
li
m,
“
M
obi
le
a
ugme
nt
e
d
r
e
a
li
ty
a
pp
f
or
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
(
A
S
D
)
to
le
a
r
n
voc
a
bul
a
r
y
(
M
A
R
V
oc
)
:
f
r
om
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
me
nt
ga
th
e
r
in
g
to
it
s
in
it
ia
l
e
va
lu
a
ti
on,”
in
H
C
I
in
G
am
e
s
:
Se
c
ond I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
, 2020, pp. 424
–
437
,
doi
:
10.1007/9
78
-
3
-
030
-
50164
-
8_31.
[
5]
P
.
P
.
-
F
us
te
r
,
G
.
H
e
r
r
e
r
a
,
L
.
K
os
s
yva
ki
,
a
nd
A
.
F
e
r
r
e
r
,
“
E
n
ha
nc
in
g
jo
in
t
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
s
ki
ll
s
in
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
on
th
e
a
ut
is
m
s
p
e
c
t
r
um
th
r
ough a
n a
ugme
nt
e
d r
e
a
li
ty
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
-
me
di
a
te
d i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
n,”
C
hi
ld
r
e
n
, vol
. 9, no. 2, 2022, doi:
10.339
0/
c
hi
ld
r
e
n9020258.
[
6]
Z
.
K
.
Z
he
ng,
N
.
S
a
r
ka
r
,
A
.
S
w
a
ns
on,
A
.
W
e
it
la
uf
,
Z
.
W
a
r
r
e
n,
a
nd
N
.
S
a
r
ka
r
,
“
C
he
e
r
B
r
us
h:
a
nove
l
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ve
a
ugm
e
nt
e
d
r
e
a
li
ty
c
oa
c
hi
ng
s
y
s
te
m
f
or
to
ot
hbr
us
hi
ng
s
ki
ll
s
in
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
,”
A
C
M
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
A
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
C
om
put
in
g
, vol
. 14, no. 4, pp. 1
–
20, 2021, doi:
10.1145/3481642.
[
7]
M
.
W
e
dya
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
ugme
nt
e
d
r
e
a
li
ty
f
o
r
a
ut
is
ti
c
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
ir
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
f
a
c
ia
l
e
xpr
e
s
s
io
ns
,”
M
ul
ti
m
odal
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
and I
nt
e
r
ac
ti
on
, vol
. 5, no. 8, 2021, do
i:
10.3390/
mt
i5
080048.
[
8]
N
.
A
.
H
us
ha
ir
i,
Z
.
M
.
A
s
ha
r
i,
K
.
J
.
Y
e
o,
a
nd
L
.
H
a
nda
ya
ni
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
A
ut
is
tAR
to
e
nha
nc
e
c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
oc
ia
l
s
ki
ll
s
a
mong
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
v
al
uat
io
n
and
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
in
E
duc
at
io
n
(
I
J
E
R
E
)
,
vol
.
13,
no.
5
,
pp.
3122
–
3129, 2024, doi:
10.11591/i
je
r
e
.v13i5.28960.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
344
4
-
3451
3450
[
9]
B
.
S
hi
n
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
s
e
lf
-
gui
de
d
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ogni
ti
ve
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
th
e
r
a
py
f
or
pa
ni
c
di
s
or
de
r
:
R
a
ndomi
z
e
d
c
ont
r
ol
le
d t
r
ia
l,
”
J
M
I
R
M
e
nt
al
H
e
al
th
, vol
. 8
, no. 11, 2021, do
i:
10.2196/30590.
[
10]
A
. F
r
ol
li
e
t
a
l.
, “
C
hi
ld
r
e
n on the
a
ut
is
m s
pe
c
tr
um a
nd t
he
us
e
o
f
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
f
or
s
uppor
ti
ng s
oc
ia
l
s
ki
ll
s
,”
C
hi
ld
r
e
n
, vol
. 9, no. 2,
2022, doi:
10.3390/childr
e
n9020181.
[
11]
A
.
A
dj
or
lu
,
E
.
R
.
H
oe
g,
L
.
M
a
nga
no,
a
nd
S
.
S
e
r
a
f
in
,
“
D
a
il
y
l
iv
in
g
s
ki
ll
s
tr
a
in
in
g
in
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
to
he
lp
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
in
a
r
e
a
l
s
hopping
s
c
e
na
r
io
,”
in
2017
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
Sy
m
pos
iu
m
on
M
ix
e
d
and
A
ugm
e
nt
e
d
R
e
a
li
ty
(
I
SM
A
R
-
A
dj
unc
t)
, 2017, pp. 294
–
302
, doi
:
10.11
09/
I
S
M
A
R
-
A
dj
unc
t.
2017.93.
[
12]
L
.
A
lm
a
z
a
yde
h,
R
.
A
l
-
M
oht
a
di
, M
.
A
buhe
l
a
le
h,
a
nd
A
. A
l
T
a
w
il
,
“
V
ir
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
te
c
hnol
ogy
to
s
uppor
t
th
e
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
li
vi
ng
of
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
ou
r
nal
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
al
and
C
om
put
e
r
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
vol
.
12,
no.
4,
pp.
4111
–
4117,
2022,
doi
:
10.11591/i
je
c
e
.v12i4.pp4111
-
4117.
[
13]
A
.
Z
.
A
ma
t
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
e
s
ig
n
of
a
de
s
kt
op
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
ve
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
s
im
ul
a
to
r
(
V
iR
C
A
S
)
to
s
uppor
t
te
a
mwor
k
in
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
s
e
tt
in
gs
f
or
a
ut
is
ti
c
a
dul
t
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
N
e
ur
al
Sy
s
te
m
s
and
R
e
habi
li
ta
ti
on
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
,
vol
.
31,
pp. 2184
–
2194, 2023, doi:
10.1109/T
N
S
R
E
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[
14]
A
.
R
.
S
a
th
ya
na
r
a
ya
na
n,
B
.
C
ha
ndr
a
,
J
.
B
o
s
e
,
a
nd
M
.
M
.
L
e
ghu,
“
V
ir
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
th
e
r
a
py
f
or
hi
gh
f
unc
ti
ona
l
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
t
r
um
di
s
or
de
r
in
im
pr
ovi
ng
s
oc
ia
l,
c
ogni
ti
ve
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
c
a
r
e
s
ki
ll
s
us
i
ng
a
ut
ic
a
r
e
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
J
our
nal
of
M
ode
r
ni
z
at
io
n
in
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g T
e
c
hnol
ogy
and Sc
ie
nc
e
, vol
. 2, no. 8, pp. 1489
–
1503, 2020.
[
15]
I
.
T
.
M
il
le
r
,
C
.
S
.
M
il
le
r
,
M
.
D
.
W
ie
d
e
r
hol
d,
a
nd
B
.
K
.
W
ie
de
r
hol
d,
“
V
ir
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
a
ir
tr
a
ve
l
tr
a
in
in
g
u
s
in
g
A
ppl
e
iP
hone
X
a
nd
G
oogl
e
C
a
r
dboa
r
d:
a
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
r
e
por
t
w
it
h
a
ut
is
ti
c
a
dol
e
s
c
e
n
ts
a
nd
a
dul
ts
,”
A
ut
is
m
in
A
du
lt
hood
,
vol
.
2,
no.
4,
pp.
325
–
3
33,
2020, doi:
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[
16]
M
.
M
a
s
ke
y
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
n
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n
f
or
f
e
a
r
s
a
nd
phobia
s
in
young
pe
opl
e
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
s
u
s
in
g
f
la
t
s
c
r
e
e
n
c
omput
e
r
-
de
li
ve
r
e
d
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
a
nd
c
ogni
ti
ve
be
ha
vi
our
th
e
r
a
py,”
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
A
ut
is
m
Spe
c
tr
um
D
is
or
d
e
r
s
,
vol
.
59,
pp.
58
–
67,
2019, doi:
10.1016/j
.r
a
s
d.2018.11.005.
[
17]
A
.
S
ol
ti
ye
va
,
W
.
O
li
ve
ir
a
,
A
.
M
a
di
na
,
S
.
A
di
lk
ha
n,
M
.
U
r
ma
nov,
a
nd
J
.
H
a
ma
r
i,
“
M
y
L
ove
ly
G
r
a
nny’
s
F
a
r
m:
A
n
im
me
r
s
iv
e
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
tr
a
in
in
g
s
ys
te
m
f
or
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
,”
E
duc
at
io
n
and
I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
vol
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W
.
V
e
li
ng,
B
.
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e
s
te
s
tu
iv
e
r
,
M
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J
ongma
,
H
.
J
.
R
.
H
oe
nd
e
r
s
,
a
nd
C
.
V
a
n
D
r
ie
l,
“
V
ir
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
r
e
la
x
a
ti
on
f
or
pa
ti
e
nt
s
w
it
h
a
ps
yc
hi
a
tr
ic
di
s
or
de
r
:
c
r
os
s
ove
r
r
a
ndomi
z
e
d
c
ont
r
ol
le
d
tr
ia
l,
”
J
our
nal
of
M
e
di
c
al
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
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:
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J
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R
odge
r
s
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
pi
lo
t
r
a
ndomi
s
e
d
c
ont
r
ol
tr
ia
l
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
a
nd
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bi
li
ty
of
de
li
ve
r
in
g
a
pe
r
s
ona
li
s
e
d
mod
ul
a
r
ps
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n
f
or
a
nxi
e
ty
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
d
by
a
ut
is
ti
c
a
dul
ts
:
pe
r
s
ona
li
s
e
d
a
nxi
e
ty
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
-
a
ut
is
m
(
P
A
T
-
A
)
,”
J
ou
r
na
l
of
A
ut
is
m
and De
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
al
D
is
o
r
de
r
s
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T
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L
of
tu
s
,
D
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C
.
M
a
th
e
r
s
ul
,
M
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O
oi
,
a
nd
S
.
H
.
Y
a
u,
“
T
he
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
of
mi
ndf
ul
ne
s
s
-
ba
s
e
d
th
e
r
a
py
f
or
a
nxi
e
ty
,
s
oc
i
a
l
s
ki
ll
s
,
a
nd
a
ggr
e
s
s
iv
e
be
h
a
vi
or
s
in
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
a
nd
young
pe
opl
e
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
:
A
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
F
r
ont
ie
r
s
in
P
s
y
c
hi
a
tr
y
,
vol
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ps
yt
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L
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R
.
K
e
tc
he
s
on,
C
.
M
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W
e
ngr
ovi
us
,
K
.
L
.
S
ta
pl
e
s
,
a
nd
N
.
M
io
dr
a
g,
“
M
Y
T
im
e
:
A
mi
ndf
ul
n
e
s
s
a
nd
yoga
pr
ogr
a
m
to
pr
o
mot
e
he
a
lt
h
out
c
ome
s
in
pa
r
e
nt
s
of
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
,”
G
lo
bal
A
dv
anc
e
s
I
n
H
e
al
th
and
M
e
di
c
in
e
,
vol
.
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2
022,
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[
22]
A
.
B
e
lm
a
qr
out
,
B
.
E
l
G
ha
li
,
A
.
H
a
qi
q,
a
nd
N
.
D
a
oudi
,
“
P
e
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
V
R
th
e
r
a
py
f
or
a
ut
is
m:
th
e
pr
of
il
in
g
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on,”
in
C
om
m
uni
c
at
io
n
and
I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
th
r
ough
th
e
L
e
ns
of
I
nnov
at
io
n
,
2025,
pp.
199
–
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:
10.1007/978
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3
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031
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74470
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9_23.
[
23]
J
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P
ol
c
a
r
,
M
.
G
r
e
gor
,
P
.
H
or
e
js
i,
a
nd
P
.
K
op
e
c
e
k,
“
M
e
th
odol
o
gy
f
or
de
s
ig
ni
ng
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
,”
in
A
nnal
s
of
D
A
A
A
M
and P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
t
he
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
D
A
A
A
M
Sy
m
pos
iu
m
, 2016, pp. 768
–
774
, doi
:
10.2507/26t
h.da
a
a
m.pr
oc
e
e
di
ngs
.107.
[
24]
M
.
C
hi
s
to
l
,
M
.
D
a
nubi
a
nu,
a
nd
A
.
-
L
.
B
a
r
îl
a
,
“
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
-
m
e
di
a
te
d
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
f
or
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
and A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
, vol
. 14, no. 12, pp. 54
–
66, 2023, doi:
10.14569/I
J
A
C
S
A
.2023.0141205.
[
25]
D
. L
i,
L
.
L
a
r
s
e
n, Y
. Y
a
ng, L
. W
a
ng, Y.
Z
ha
i,
a
nd W
. C
. S
ul
li
v
a
n, “
E
xpos
ur
e
t
o na
tu
r
e
f
or
c
hi
ld
r
e
n w
it
h a
ut
is
m s
pe
c
tr
um di
s
or
de
r
:
B
e
ne
f
it
s
, c
a
ve
a
ts
, a
nd ba
r
r
ie
r
s
,”
H
e
al
th
& P
la
c
e
, vol
. 55, pp. 71
–
79, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j
.he
a
lt
hpl
a
c
e
.2018.11.005.
[
26]
G
.
M
.
M
uns
hi
,
“
A
s
s
i
s
ti
ng
a
ut
is
ti
c
c
hi
ld
r
e
n
th
r
ough
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
s
ys
te
ms
,”
C
ont
e
m
por
a
r
y
I
s
s
ue
s
in
E
duc
at
io
n
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
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no. 1, pp. 1
–
6, 2022.
[
27]
J
.
H
e
ys
e
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
n
a
da
pt
a
ti
on
a
lg
or
it
hm
f
or
pe
r
s
ona
li
s
e
d
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
e
xpos
ur
e
th
e
r
a
py,”
C
om
put
e
r
M
e
th
od
s
and
P
r
og
r
am
s
in
B
io
m
e
di
c
in
e
, vol
. 225, 2022, doi:
10.1016/j
.c
mpb.2022.107077.
[
28]
A
.
K
oi
r
a
la
,
Z
.
Y
u,
H
.
S
c
hi
lt
z
,
A
.
V
.
H
e
c
ke
,
B
.
A
r
ms
tr
ong,
a
nd
Z
.
Z
he
ng,
“
A
p
r
e
li
mi
na
r
y
e
xpl
o
r
a
ti
on
of
vi
r
tu
a
l
r
e
a
li
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
vi
s
ua
l
a
nd
to
uc
h
s
e
ns
or
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
f
or
a
dol
e
s
c
e
nt
s
w
it
h
a
ut
is
m
s
pe
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on
N
e
ur
al
Sy
s
te
m
s
and R
e
habi
li
ta
ti
on E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
, vol
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–
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2021, doi:
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N
S
R
E
.2021.3064148.
[
29]
A
.
M
.
G
onç
a
lv
e
s
a
nd
P
.
M
ont
e
ir
o,
“
A
ut
i
s
m
s
p
e
c
tr
um
di
s
or
de
r
a
nd
a
udi
to
r
y
s
e
ns
or
y
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
on
s
:
a
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
on
th
e
in
te
gr
it
y
of
c
ogni
ti
ve
a
nd
ne
ur
ona
l
f
unc
ti
ons
r
e
la
te
d
to
a
udi
to
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,”
J
our
nal
of
N
e
ur
al
T
r
ans
m
is
s
io
n
,
vol
.
130,
no
.
3,
pp. 325
–
408, 2023, doi:
10.1007/s
00702
-
023
-
02595
-
9.
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d
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earch
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g
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.
H
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can
b
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co
n
t
ac
t
e
d
at
emai
l
:
ah
aq
i
q
@
es
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.
ac.
ma
.
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