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20
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[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
w
i
th
am
b
ien
t
t
em
p
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a
tu
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,
s
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la
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4
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[
5
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[
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I
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I
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Vo
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15
,
No
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5
,
Octo
b
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r
20
25
:
4
3
8
7
-
4
3
9
4
4388
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Fo
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an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
b
ee
s
wax
PC
M
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Z
h
ao
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tallin
g
a
wa
ter
-
co
o
led
wall
in
th
e
air
ch
a
n
n
el
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
-
in
te
g
r
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
t
h
er
m
al
(
B
I
PVT)
to
co
o
l th
e
air
,
h
en
ce
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
.
Ab
d
u
llah
an
d
Ma
jel
[
1
2
]
c
r
ea
ted
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
u
s
i
n
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
lu
i
d
d
y
n
am
ics
(
C
FD
)
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
th
er
m
al
s
o
lar
p
an
el
with
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
ellip
tical
f
i
n
co
o
lin
g
m
o
d
u
les
.
T
h
e
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
s
q
u
ar
e
p
in
f
in
s
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
f
lu
id
v
elo
cities
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
in
s
t
h
an
o
th
er
v
ar
ieties,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
b
ett
er
wate
r
cir
cu
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
o
l
in
g
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Alay
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
th
er
m
al
s
y
s
tem
with
air
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
u
s
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
in
jectin
g
wate
r
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic/th
er
m
al
co
llecto
r
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
o
v
er
b
ig
g
er
ar
ea
s
,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
b
e
r
ath
er
am
az
in
g
.
Kh
air
u
n
n
is
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
co
n
d
u
cted
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
ea
t
ex
c
h
an
g
e
r
s
,
id
en
tify
in
g
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
a
n
d
s
p
ir
al
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
tu
b
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
co
o
lin
g
u
s
in
g
f
lu
id
wate
r
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
lar
p
an
els
.
T
h
ey
d
is
co
v
er
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
p
ir
al
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
tu
b
e
lay
o
u
t
g
en
er
ated
th
e
g
r
ea
test
p
o
wer
b
o
o
s
t
wh
e
n
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
tu
b
e
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Pra
v
ee
n
k
u
m
ar
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
u
s
ed
a
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
to
co
o
l
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
d
u
r
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
wea
th
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
eir
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
r
o
p
i
n
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
th
e
r
ed
esig
n
ed
PV
m
o
d
u
le
.
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
cr
ea
ted
two
ty
p
es
o
f
f
lat
p
la
n
ar
PC
f
ilm
s
with
ef
f
icien
t
r
ad
iativ
e
co
o
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
.
T
h
ese
f
ilm
s
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
ly
r
e
f
lectiv
e
co
atin
g
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
m
etal
an
d
m
etal
o
x
id
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
P
C
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
o
n
l
y
th
r
ee
lay
er
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
PC
o
r
R
-
PC
lay
er
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
ev
ic
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
So
r
n
e
k
et
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
n
d
test
ed
a
wate
r
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
.
T
h
is
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
in
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
esu
lted
in
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
u
n
co
o
le
d
p
a
n
els
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Yild
ir
im
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
n
o
v
el
th
er
m
al
co
llect
o
r
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
-
th
er
m
al
(
PV/T)
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
with
a
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
1
4
k
g
/s
an
d
an
i
n
let
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
5
°C
,
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
h
as
an
elec
tr
ical
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
1
7
.
7
9
%
an
d
a
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
7
6
.
13%
.
Ar
if
in
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
y
wax
to
co
o
l
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
s
m
allest
d
r
o
p
in
PV
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
an
els
with
o
u
t
a
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Salm
an
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
co
o
l
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
lo
y
in
g
p
o
r
o
u
s
m
ed
ia
o
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
.
T
h
e
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
th
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
p
o
r
o
s
ity
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
r
o
u
s
m
e
d
iu
m
a
n
d
d
is
co
v
e
r
ed
t
h
at
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
ate
in
cr
ea
s
ed
h
ea
t tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
r
ed
u
c
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV p
an
els
.
Al
Mia
ar
i
an
d
Ali
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
ix
s
m
all
co
n
tain
er
s
p
ac
k
ed
with
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
ater
ial
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
d
ily
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
an
d
d
is
ass
em
b
led
,
r
ath
er
th
an
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
tain
er
.
R
eh
m
an
[
2
2
]
ev
alu
ated
s
o
lar
p
an
el
co
o
lin
g
o
p
ti
o
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
u
lticr
iter
ia
v
is
u
al
P
R
OM
E
T
HE
E
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
d
n
in
e
p
o
te
n
tial
alter
n
ativ
e
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
W
h
en
o
p
er
ati
n
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
,
f
in
co
o
lin
g
was
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
co
o
l
s
o
lar
p
an
els
.
Alm
esh
aiei
et
a
l
.
[
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
ca
lled
r
a
p
id
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
co
o
lin
g
(
R
E
SC
)
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ef
f
icien
tly
co
m
p
a
r
es
v
ar
io
u
s
co
o
lin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
s
o
v
e
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e
f
r
am
e
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
Kr
s
tic
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
y
p
ass
iv
ely
c
o
o
lin
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els
u
s
in
g
alu
m
in
u
m
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
g
eo
m
etr
ies
.
Ma
s
alh
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
s
tu
d
ie
d
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
(
g
r
av
el
)
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
r
o
s
ities
(
0
.
3
5
,
0
.
4
0
,
a
n
d
0
.
4
5
)
,
as
well
as
f
lo
w
r
ates
o
f
1
L
/m
in
,
2
L
/m
i
n
,
an
d
3
L
/m
in
.
T
h
e
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
t
h
a
t
a
p
o
r
o
s
ity
o
f
0
.
3
5
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
f
all
ev
alu
ated
alter
n
ativ
es,
a
n
d
t
h
at
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
f
l
o
w
v
elo
city
r
esu
lted
in
lo
wer
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
els
.
I
n
a
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
,
R
ah
m
an
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
u
s
e
d
alu
m
in
u
m
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
a
n
d
p
u
ls
ed
air
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
o
h
elp
l
o
wer
th
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
t
h
ey
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
a
c
o
o
lin
g
cir
c
u
it
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
6
-
in
ch
p
len
u
m
with
f
iv
e
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
ip
es
b
en
ea
t
h
it
.
U
r
d
ir
o
z
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
lig
h
t
ca
p
tatio
n
an
d
r
ad
iativ
e
c
o
o
lin
g
o
n
b
iax
ial
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
s
ilica
tex
tu
r
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
lig
h
t
ca
p
tatio
n
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
en
ca
p
s
u
latin
g
g
lass
tex
tu
r
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
ad
iativ
e
co
o
lin
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
el
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
ilica
s
u
r
f
ac
e
.
Yan
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ew
co
o
lin
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
two
h
u
m
id
ch
an
n
els:
o
n
e
in
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ch
iller
(
DPEC)
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
r
e
-
c
o
o
led
air
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
b
eh
in
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
m
o
tes
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
co
o
lin
g
b
y
a
d
d
in
g
a
h
u
m
id
ch
an
n
el
to
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
co
o
lin
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ca
n
ass
is
t
m
ain
tai
n
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Pas
s
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
f
an
co
o
lin
g
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
b
asic,
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies av
ailab
le
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
test
in
g
o
f a
d
ed
ica
ted
c
o
o
lin
g
s
ystem
fo
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
a
n
els
(
Oma
r
E
lk
h
o
u
n
d
a
fi
)
4389
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
u
lar
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
cr
ea
ted
e
x
clu
s
iv
ely
f
o
r
th
ese
d
e
v
ices
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
m
ajo
r
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
ilit
y
,
s
im
p
licity
,
an
d
lo
w
co
s
t
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
u
n
iq
u
e
in
th
at
it
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
f
in
n
ed
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
estrictio
n
s
.
T
h
e
tech
n
i
ca
l
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
ix
ess
en
tial
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
:
th
e
co
n
tact
s
u
r
f
ac
e
with
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
el,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
b
ase,
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
f
in
s
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
f
in
n
ed
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
h
ea
t
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
o
o
b
tain
a
b
alan
ce
d
,
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t,
th
e
s
e
elem
en
ts
wer
e
g
eo
m
etr
ically
o
p
tim
ized
with
s
p
ec
ial
ca
r
e
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
ar
t
o
f
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
v
ali
d
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
el
ev
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Sectio
n
1
is
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
;
s
ec
tio
n
2
co
v
er
s
th
e
m
an
y
cr
iter
ia
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icien
cy
;
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
3
co
v
e
r
s
m
ater
ials
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Sectio
n
4
c
o
n
tain
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
5
clo
s
es
th
e
p
ap
er
with
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
h
o
wn
is
a
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
o
lar
p
an
els
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
alu
m
i
n
u
m
U
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
r
o
f
iles
with
f
in
s
.
T
h
ese
5
0
×
5
0
U
-
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
b
e
in
s
talled
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
.
T
h
e
f
in
s
en
h
an
ce
th
e
c
o
n
tact
ar
ea
with
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
air
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
s
h
elp
to
k
ee
p
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lo
wer
b
y
ab
s
o
r
b
i
n
g
th
e
h
ea
t
cr
ea
ted
b
y
th
e
s
o
l
ar
p
an
els,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
p
an
els'
life
s
p
an
.
As a
p
as
s
i
v
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
it d
o
es
not
r
ely
o
n
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
o
r
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
f
an
s
.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
lev
e
r
ag
es
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
to
d
is
s
ip
ate
h
ea
t,
m
ak
in
g
it
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
m
o
r
e
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
o
v
e
r
tim
e
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
wo
r
k
,
an
SX
5
5
U
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
was
u
s
ed
,
an
d
its
im
p
o
r
tan
t
tech
n
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
an
aly
ze
d
at
2
5
°C
am
b
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
a
n
d
4
7
±
2
°C
NOCT
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC),
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
h
av
e
an
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
1
8
%,
with
a
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
s
c)
o
f
3
.
6
9
A
an
d
an
o
p
en
-
c
ir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c
)
o
f
2
0
.
6
V
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
ea
t
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
,
alu
m
in
u
m
f
in
s
wer
e
ad
d
ed
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
b
ac
k
s
id
e
to
ac
t
as
h
ea
t
ab
s
o
r
b
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
e
p
icts
a
co
o
lin
g
cir
c
u
it c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
lectr
ical
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
B
P
S
X
5
5
B
P
S
X
6
0
B
P
S
X
6
5
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
m
a
x
)
5
5
W
6
0
W
6
5
W
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
P
ma
x
(
V
mp
)
16
.
5
V
16
.
8
V
17
.
2
V
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
P
ma
x
(
I
mp
)
3
.
3
3
A
3
.
5
6
A
3
.
7
7
A
G
u
a
r
a
n
t
e
e
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m Pm
a
x
5
0
W
5
5
W
6
0
W
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
sc)
3
.
6
9
A
3
.
8
7
A
4
.
0
6
A
O
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
c
)
20
.
6
V
21
.
0
V
21
.
5
V
Te
mp
.
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
I
sc
(0
.
0
6
5
±
0
.
0
1
5
)
%
/
°
C
(0
.
0
6
5
±
0
.
0
1
5
)
%
/
°
C
(0
.
0
6
5
±
0
.
0
1
5
)
%
/
°
C
Te
mp
.
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
V
o
c
-
(
8
0
±
1
0
)
mV
/
°
C
-
(
8
0
±
1
0
)
mV
/
°
C
-
(
8
0
±
1
0
)
mV
/
°
C
Te
mp
.
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
-
(0
.
5
±
0
.
0
5
)
%
/
°
C
-
(0
.
5
±
0
.
0
5
)
%
/
°
C
-
(0
.
5
±
0
.
0
5
)
%
/
°
C
N
O
C
T
4
7
±
2
°
C
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dep
icts
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
two
p
an
els (
co
o
led
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
)
with
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
3
8
7
-
4
3
9
4
4390
2
.
1
.
Descript
io
n
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
in
v
o
lv
ed
t
wo
id
en
tical
PV
p
an
els
in
s
talled
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e
in
s
im
ilar
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
an
els
was
f
itted
with
a
p
as
s
iv
e
th
er
m
al
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
(
h
er
ein
af
t
er
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
co
o
led
p
a
n
el)
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
o
th
er
was
lef
t
in
its
o
r
ig
in
al
s
tate
with
n
o
co
o
lin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
en
ab
les
a
d
ir
ec
t a
n
d
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
th
e
t
h
er
m
al
an
d
elec
tr
ic
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
et
up
T
h
e
co
o
lin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
o
led
p
an
el
is
an
al
u
m
in
u
m
f
in
n
e
d
h
ea
t
s
in
k
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ted
u
s
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
cr
iter
ia
s
p
ec
if
ied
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
h
ea
t
s
in
k
is
m
o
u
n
ted
to
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
to
m
in
im
ize
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e
.
I
t is p
r
ed
icted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
a
t
io
n
a
nd
mea
s
urem
ent
pro
t
o
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An
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ay
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RE
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Fig
u
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2
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P
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u
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ates
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u
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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