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rica
l a
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m
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t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
4
4
7
7
~
4
4
8
6
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
5
.
pp
4
4
7
7
-
4
4
8
6
4477
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Po
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A
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Ma
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p
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g
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Dep
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lectr
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Sin
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I
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E
m
ail: m
n
p
r
ts
in
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9
5
@
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m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
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g
y
b
ec
o
m
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p
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b
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au
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f
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m
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d
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r
ad
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u
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to
th
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co
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u
m
p
tio
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o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
S
o
lar
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
ar
e
th
e
two
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
g
r
ee
n
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
B
u
t
th
e
m
ain
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
ese
two
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
th
eir
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
n
atu
r
e
as
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
co
m
p
letely
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
en
v
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o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
win
d
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
(
PQI
)
wh
en
th
e
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
[
2
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
PQI
d
u
e
to
th
eir
g
r
id
-
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
th
ese
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
d
em
an
d
at
a
p
r
esen
t
tim
e
as
th
ese
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
air
q
u
ality
,
g
o
o
d
p
u
b
lic
h
e
alth
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
less
er
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
an
d
ar
e
c
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
[
3
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
h
as
b
e
g
u
n
to
ex
p
an
d
to
alm
o
s
t
ev
er
y
co
u
n
tr
y
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
co
m
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
,
n
o
n
-
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
ag
ein
g
a
n
d
also
v
e
r
y
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
[
4
]
.
I
n
a
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
,
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
m
ay
s
o
m
etim
es
ex
ce
ed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
a
n
d
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
u
lf
il
l
o
ad
d
e
m
an
d
in
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
n
o
g
en
e
r
atin
g
p
o
wer
an
d
to
s
to
r
e
ex
tr
a
p
o
wer
ab
o
v
e
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
lo
a
d
d
e
m
an
d
is
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
wh
ile
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
[
5
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
w
in
d
an
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
n
a
tu
r
e,
th
eir
p
o
wer
in
p
u
ts
v
ar
y
g
r
ea
tly
as
well.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
7
7
-
4
4
8
6
4478
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
(
PQ)
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
ac
-
b
u
s
a
n
d
co
n
s
t
an
t
p
o
wer
at
t
h
e
DC
-
lin
k
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
6
]
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
f
le
x
ib
le
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
D
-
FAC
T
S
)
d
ev
ices
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
tr
o
lla
b
ilit
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
c
ap
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
D
-
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
also
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Dy
n
am
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
esto
r
er
(
D
VR
)
,
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
UPFC
)
an
d
u
n
if
ied
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
co
n
d
itio
n
er
(
UPQC
)
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
D
-
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
7
]
.
Po
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
in
clu
d
e
h
ig
h
e
r
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Po
wer
elec
t
r
o
n
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
in
m
o
s
t o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ics in
to
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
H
a
t
n
a
p
u
r
e
a
n
d
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
k
a
r
[
1
0
]
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
h
a
r
m
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c
s
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n
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l
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UP
FC
.
A
s
tu
d
y
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b
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i
n
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c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
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L
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
t
o
as
c
e
r
t
ai
n
w
h
e
t
h
er
t
h
e
U
PF
C
c
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l
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c
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p
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y
.
S
o
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g
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
d
o
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e
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
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g
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ct
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r
e
c
h
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c
te
r
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ti
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s
a
n
d
UP
FC
l
o
ca
t
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o
n
t
h
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d
e
d
c
a
p
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ci
t
y
p
e
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t
r
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f
e
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r
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d
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
.
J
i
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
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p
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w
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l
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wi
t
h
a
UP
FC
a
n
d
t
h
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s
t
e
a
d
y
-
s
t
a
te
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
U
PF
C
.
C
a
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
wo
U
PF
C
p
r
o
j
e
c
ts
i
n
t
h
e
el
e
c
t
r
ic
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t
y
s
y
s
t
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m
:
o
n
e
i
s
o
p
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a
t
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n
g
a
t
2
2
0
k
V
,
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
i
s
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
a
5
0
0
k
V
U
P
FC
p
r
o
j
e
ct
.
T
h
e
v
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
an
d
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
U
P
FC
w
e
r
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
.
B
h
as
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
U
PF
C
b
as
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
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r
f
o
r
a
s
i
n
g
l
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m
a
c
h
i
n
e
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
e
b
u
s
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
L
e
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
ed
a
n
o
v
e
l
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
b
y
i
m
p
l
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m
e
n
t
i
n
g
a
t
h
r
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e
-
p
h
a
s
e
U
P
FC
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y
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
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e
e
s
i
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
s
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
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d
t
o
t
h
e
t
w
o
t
h
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e
-
p
h
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t
r
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n
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f
o
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s
e
d
i
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t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
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o
n
a
l
U
PF
C
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
ls
o
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
s
e
r
i
es
a
n
d
p
a
r
a
lle
l
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
.
Si
d
d
u
l
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
f
u
z
z
y
b
a
s
e
d
U
PF
C
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
PQ
I
s
u
c
h
a
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
a
g
,
s
w
el
l
in
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
es
.
H
as
s
an
a
n
d
T
u
a
i
m
a
h
[
1
8
]
s
i
m
u
l
at
e
d
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
U
PF
C
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
3
0
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
I
E
E
E
a
n
d
u
t
il
i
z
e
d
t
h
e
N
e
wt
o
n
R
a
p
h
s
o
n
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
al
y
s
is
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
r
e
s
o
l
v
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
'
s
l
o
a
d
f
l
o
w
.
A
n
i
d
e
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
c
a
l
c
u
la
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
UP
FC
ca
p
a
c
i
ty
i
s
d
es
c
r
i
b
e
d
b
y
S
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
.
N
i
ls
s
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
U
PF
C
a
n
d
i
ts
v
a
r
i
a
n
ts
.
Sin
g
h
an
d
Sen
r
o
y
[
2
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
tatic
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
STAT
C
OM
)
an
d
UPFC
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
o
lo
m
o
r
p
h
ic
em
b
ed
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
i
ch
is
q
u
ick
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le.
B
y
u
s
in
g
d
ata
m
in
in
g
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es,
An
g
ad
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
escr
ib
ed
h
o
w
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
ev
er
ity
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
b
o
th
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
u
n
if
ie
d
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lin
e
o
u
tag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
a
s
u
itab
le
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
UPFC
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
Vasu
d
h
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
.
Har
m
o
n
ics
g
en
er
ated
with
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
an
in
d
u
ctio
n
f
u
r
n
ac
e
u
n
d
er
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
lo
ad
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
r
e
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
DSTA
T
C
O
M)
an
d
UPQC
b
y
Sag
g
u
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Gr
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
r
esen
ts
PQI
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
D
-
STAT
C
OM
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
a
g
r
i
d
co
n
n
ec
te
d
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
b
y
Hu
s
s
ain
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
.
Ma
lik
an
d
Sh
a
r
m
a
[
2
7
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
t
h
e
th
r
ee
lev
el
s
in
v
er
ter
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
PQI
in
h
y
b
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
win
d
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
PQI
in
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
UPQ
C
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
Po
o
n
g
o
th
ai
an
d
Srin
ath
[
2
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
Sre
e
an
d
An
k
a
r
ao
[
2
9
]
im
p
lem
en
te
d
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
itig
ate
PQI
in
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
w
in
d
an
d
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
.
Mish
r
a
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
g
r
id
-
i
n
teg
r
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
s
y
s
tem
alo
n
g
-
with
ly
m
p
h
o
b
last
o
id
ce
ll
lin
es
f
ilter
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
PQI
.
C
h
ap
ala
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
allev
iated
th
e
PQI
in
s
o
lar
-
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
b
atter
y
i
n
teg
r
ated
UPQC
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
with
g
r
id
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
PQI
i
n
g
r
id
-
in
teg
r
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
er
ies
f
ilter
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Ha
d
i
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
.
Srilak
s
h
m
i
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
esto
r
er
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
l
o
ad
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es d
u
e
to
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
n
atu
r
e
o
f
l
o
ad
s
.
Har
m
o
n
ics
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
is
s
u
es
with
its
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
m
ay
b
e
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
if
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
ca
p
ac
ity
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
D
-
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
lo
wer
th
ese
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics.
T
h
e
m
ain
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
in
d
is
t
r
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lo
a
d
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
u
n
d
er
ta
k
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic,
win
d
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
n
am
ed
as
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
DVR,
UPFC
an
d
UPQC
ar
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
DVR,
UPFC
,
an
d
UPQ
C
in
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
ic
a
rc
hite
ct
ures a
nd
wo
r
k
ing
s
o
f
DVR,
UP
F
C
,
a
nd
UP
Q
C
Dy
n
am
ic
v
o
lta
g
e
r
esto
r
er
is
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m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
s
tep
-
u
p
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
an
AC
f
ilter
,
a
p
u
l
s
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
,
an
d
DC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
th
e
D
-
FAC
T
S
s
e
r
ies.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
ten
em
p
lo
y
s
DV
R
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
in
th
e
ev
en
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o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
-
a
n
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le
an
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
af
f
ec
t
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
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p
o
wer
.
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h
e
lo
ad
v
o
lt
ag
e
ca
u
s
es
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
p
ik
e
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en
r
en
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b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
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h
e
DVR
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
er
ies
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
to
m
ak
e
u
p
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
s
th
at
h
a
p
p
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
with
h
ig
h
ac
ti
v
e
en
er
g
y
ar
e
tak
en
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f D
-
F
A
C
TS
d
ev
ices fo
r
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t in
…
(
Ma
n
p
r
ee
t S
in
g
h
)
4479
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
b
y
th
e
p
h
ase
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
[
3
4
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
D
VR
'
s
b
l
o
c
k
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
U
P
FC
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
e
s
a
s
e
r
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es
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o
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p
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n
s
a
t
o
r
-
s
t
a
t
ic
s
e
r
ie
s
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
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o
u
s
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
at
o
r
(
S
SS
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)
wi
t
h
a
s
h
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t
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
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S
T
A
T
C
O
M.
T
h
ese
two
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
a
DC
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
elem
en
t.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
UPQC
in
teg
r
ates
a
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
DVR
w
it
h
a
s
h
u
n
t
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
DST
AT
C
OM
v
ia
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
elem
e
n
t
[
3
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
g
en
e
r
alize
d
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
UPFC
an
d
UPQC
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
f
u
lly
r
eg
u
lated
in
v
er
ter
s
th
at
m
a
k
e
u
p
th
e
UPFC
.
A
s
er
ie
s
in
v
er
ter
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
b
y
a
s
er
ies
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
an
d
a
p
ar
allel
i
n
v
er
ter
is
c
o
u
p
led
to
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
b
y
a
p
ar
allel
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
.
B
y
alter
in
g
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
ad
d
e
d
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le,
wh
ich
a
r
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
s
er
ies
in
v
er
ter
,
t
h
e
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
ca
n
b
e
m
a
n
ag
ed
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel
in
v
er
t
er
is
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
b
y
th
e
s
er
ies
in
v
er
ter
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
DC
-
lin
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
ar
allel
in
v
er
ter
also
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
o
r
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
it
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
in
g
o
f
UPQC
is
also
s
im
ilar
to
UPFC
.
Sh
u
n
t
in
v
er
ter
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
,
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d
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
in
ject
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
ze
r
o
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
n
eu
tr
alize
s
u
p
p
ly
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
.
I
t h
as th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
also
[
3
8
]
.
Vo
lta
g
e
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
in
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
er
ies
in
v
er
ter
[
3
9
]
.
I
t
also
ad
d
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
is
o
lates
th
e
lo
ad
b
u
s
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics b
y
in
jectin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
v
o
ltag
e
[
4
0
]
.
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
A
r
r
a
y
L
i
n
e
a
r
/
N
o
n
–
L
i
n
e
a
r
L
o
a
d
V
s
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
t
r
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n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
F
i
l
t
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r
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
w
i
t
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h
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
a
l
V
s
c
D
C
l
i
n
k
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
D
VR
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gen
e
r
alize
d
b
lo
c
k
d
i
ag
r
am
o
f
UPFC
an
d
UPQC
2
.
2
.
Sim
uli
nk
m
o
dels
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
an
y
D
-
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ice
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
o
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
DVR,
UPFC
an
d
UPQC
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
f
o
u
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
:
i
)
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
an
y
D
-
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ice,
ii
)
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
DVR,
i
ii
)
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
UP
FC
,
an
d
iv
)
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
UPQC
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
Sim
u
lin
k
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
e
ar
lo
ad
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
te
m
with
o
u
t
an
y
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
ev
ice
an
d
with
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
ev
ices
-
DVR,
UPFC
an
d
UPQC
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
3
,
4
,
5
a
n
d
6
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
[
4
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
7
7
-
4
4
8
6
4480
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
V/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t a
n
y
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
e
v
ice
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
V/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
DVR
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
V/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
UPFC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
a
r
a
tive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f D
-
F
A
C
TS
d
ev
ices fo
r
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity imp
r
o
ve
men
t in
…
(
Ma
n
p
r
ee
t S
in
g
h
)
4481
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
P
V/win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
with
UPQC
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
S
r
.
N
o
.
S
y
st
e
m
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
1.
W
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
B
a
se
t
o
r
q
u
e
(
N
m)
8
0
0
0
N
o
mi
n
a
l
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
k
W
)
75
Th
e
b
a
se
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
h
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t
r
i
c
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g
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e
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a
t
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r
(
k
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p
f
)
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5
/
0
.
9
B
a
se
sp
e
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f
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d
(
m/
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10
2.
P
h
o
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v
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t
a
i
c
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r
r
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d
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a
n
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30
3.
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o
n
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t
e
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g
r
i
d
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st
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h
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se
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g
e
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)
4
4
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4.
N
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i
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g
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4
4
0
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
B
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
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f
an
y
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m
p
en
s
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n
d
e
v
i
ce
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th
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y
b
r
id
P
V/
w
in
d
/b
at
te
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y
s
y
s
t
em
,
th
e
in
t
im
a
l
v
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es
o
f
T
HD
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
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er
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
.
T
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
i
cs
we
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
-
l
in
ea
r
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
t
ic
s
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
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:
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lak
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c
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m
.
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