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SS
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C
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No
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Aziz
ah
Mo
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d
Yu
s
o
f
f
Sch
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E
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a
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d
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n
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in
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,
Un
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s
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s
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
USM)
Nib
o
n
g
T
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b
al,
1
4
3
0
0
,
Pen
an
g
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Ma
lay
s
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m
ail: n
o
r
az
izah
.
y
u
s
o
f
f
@
u
s
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
a
r
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
g
lo
b
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
clea
n
en
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y
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
v
e
r
t
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
in
to
elec
tr
icity
,
th
er
e
b
y
m
itig
ati
n
g
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
eli
an
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
T
h
e
r
ap
i
d
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
PV
in
d
u
s
tr
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
its
cr
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r
o
le
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
war
d
s
a
g
r
ee
n
er
en
e
r
g
y
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
a
co
r
e
ch
allen
g
e
lies
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
co
n
v
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s
io
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o
f
s
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lar
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g
y
[
2
]
.
PV
p
an
els
in
h
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en
tly
g
en
er
ate
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
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t
(
DC
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p
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.
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r
s
ea
m
less
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teg
r
ati
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n
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t
o
ex
is
tin
g
en
er
g
y
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
3
]
,
th
is
DC
p
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we
r
n
ec
ess
itate
s
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
v
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s
io
n
,
t
y
p
ically
f
ac
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b
y
a
DC
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DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
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ter
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
is
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v
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f
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d
am
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lar
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n
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an
d
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s
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in
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th
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co
m
m
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cial
v
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o
f
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,
as
it
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v
o
ltag
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to
lev
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s
u
itab
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f
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g
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id
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ter
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n
ec
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o
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r
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y
s
to
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,
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DC
b
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s
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v
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s
p
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all
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p
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ce
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y
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r
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m
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m
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in
t
t
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(
MPPT)
alg
o
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ith
m
s
,
wh
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in
p
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I
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p
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g
I
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N:
2088
-
8
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P
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ev
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lu
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f
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h
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flyb
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…
(
Mu
h
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mma
d
Ha
feez Mo
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med
Ha
r
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4521
v
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m
ax
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p
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ac
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e
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y
h
ar
v
est
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d
s
y
s
tem
ef
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icien
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[
4
]
.
W
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ter
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ly
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(
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)
[
5
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u
k
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s
[
6
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,
v
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[
7
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[
8
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,
s
w
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s
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4
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s
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p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
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tt
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t
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o
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ly
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ter
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atica
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s
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le
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m
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t r
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le
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s
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1
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2
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[
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2
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[
1
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]
2
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2
M
o
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u
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k
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[
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l
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[
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Th
r
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[
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M
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[
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2
0
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0
F
l
y
b
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mi
c
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n
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c
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v
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e
r
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
Desig
n
in
g
a
h
ig
h
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ain
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
s
y
s
tem
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
PV
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
es
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
itially
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
clea
r
s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
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t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
ef
f
icien
cy
tar
g
ets,
an
d
an
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
is
v
it
al.
Var
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
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f
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cy
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co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
tr
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.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
b
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I
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ical
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
v
o
ltag
e
in
v
o
lts
(
V)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
u
p
o
n
s
tar
tu
p
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
ab
o
u
t
6
0
V
with
in
4
.
5
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
en
s
tab
ilizes
at
6
0
V,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
cir
cu
it
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
h
iev
ed
its
tar
g
et
o
u
tp
u
t.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Her
e,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
clim
b
s
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
0
0
V
w
ith
in
th
e
in
itial
1
2
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
tab
ilizin
g
at
3
0
0
V,
in
d
icatin
g
it
also
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ea
ch
ed
its
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
5
2
0
-
4
5
3
0
4524
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
in
L
T
s
p
ice
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
a)
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
an
d
(
b
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Nex
t,
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vd
s
)
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
'
s
p
er
io
d
ic
n
atu
r
e
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
'
s
r
eg
u
lar
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
MO
SF
E
T
ex
h
ib
its
a
Vd
s
o
f
n
ea
r
ly
0
V
w
h
en
o
n
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
f
lat
s
ec
tio
n
s
at
th
e
b
o
tt
o
m
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
M
OSFET
is
o
f
f
,
Vd
s
r
is
es
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
3
V.
Similar
ly
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
d
is
p
l
ay
s
th
e
Vd
s
wav
ef
o
r
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Her
e,
Vd
s
also
d
r
o
p
s
clo
s
e
to
0
V
wh
en
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
o
n
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es to
ar
o
u
n
d
5
4
V
wh
en
it'
s
o
f
f
.
B
o
th
MO
SF
E
T
s
o
p
er
ate
at
a
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
6
k
Hz
with
a
4
0
%
d
u
ty
cy
cle
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
d
esig
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lo
ad
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
i
s
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
u
s
e
a
MO
SF
E
T
with
a
Vd
s
r
atin
g
ex
ce
ed
in
g
7
0
V
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
MO
SF
E
T
Vd
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
in
L
T
s
p
ice
(
a)
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
an
d
(
b
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
,
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
in
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
els.
T
h
is
test
m
ain
tai
n
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
6
0
V
wh
ile
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
0
A
to
0
.
9
0
A.
As
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es,
b
o
th
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
al
s
o
r
is
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ated
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
p
o
wer
d
is
p
ar
ity
,
an
d
th
u
s
th
e
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ated
,
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
at
h
ig
h
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
is
waste
d
as
h
ea
t
wh
en
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates u
n
d
er
h
ea
v
ier
cu
r
r
en
t l
o
ad
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es,
n
am
ely
1
2
,
2
4
,
an
d
3
6
V.
Fo
r
a
1
2
V
in
p
u
t,
e
f
f
icien
cy
s
tar
ts
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
0
% a
t a
0
.
0
2
5
-
am
p
lo
a
d
,
clim
b
s
to
ab
o
u
t 7
5
% a
t 0
.
0
5
am
p
s
,
an
d
th
en
eith
er
s
tab
ilizes o
r
s
lig
h
tly
d
r
o
p
s
as th
e
lo
ad
r
ea
c
h
es
0
.
0
7
5
am
p
s
.
W
ith
a
2
4
V
in
p
u
t,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
b
eg
in
s
with
a
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
7
5
%
at
0
.
0
2
5
a
m
p
s
an
d
s
tead
ily
in
c
r
ea
s
es
to
r
o
u
g
h
ly
8
5
%
at
0
.
0
7
5
am
p
s
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
V
o
lta
g
e
V
o
lta
g
e
V
o
lta
g
e
V
o
lta
g
e
T
im
e
T
im
e
T
im
e
T
im
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
g
a
in
5
0
W DC
-
DC
flyb
a
ck
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
Ha
feez Mo
h
a
med
Ha
r
ir
i
)
4525
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
1
2
V
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
3
6
V
in
p
u
t
s
h
o
ws
a
s
im
ilar
s
tar
tin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ab
o
u
t
7
5
%
at
0
.
0
2
5
am
p
s
,
s
tead
ily
r
is
in
g
to
ar
o
u
n
d
8
2
%
at
0
.
0
7
5
am
p
s
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
d
ata
clea
r
ly
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
o
p
er
ates
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
with
h
ig
h
er
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
(
2
4
V
a
n
d
3
6
V)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
1
2
V
in
p
u
t.
Gen
er
ally
,
as
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es,
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
2
4
V
in
p
u
t
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ef
f
icien
c
y
at
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
a
d
,
cl
o
s
ely
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
3
6
V
in
p
u
t,
with
th
e
1
2
V
in
p
u
t
tr
ailin
g
b
eh
in
d
.
T
h
is
c
h
ar
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
s
th
at
u
tili
zin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
lead
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
esp
ec
ially
u
n
d
er
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
v
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
t d
if
f
er
e
n
t in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
v
s
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
T
ab
le
3
d
etails
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
r
esu
lts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
o
th
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
in
g
lo
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
At
m
in
im
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
ws
a
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
le,
m
ain
ly
b
e
ca
u
s
e
its
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
m
o
r
e
s
lo
wly
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
m
a
n
ag
es
to
k
ee
p
th
e
r
ip
p
le
lo
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
ized
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
Un
d
er
th
e
th
er
m
al
d
esig
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
ad
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ip
p
le
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
s
witch
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fin
ally
,
at
m
a
x
im
u
m
lo
ad
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ip
p
le
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
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.
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B
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B
I
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RAP
H
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AUTH
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RS
Mu
h
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h
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tri
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g
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e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
).
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is
a
re
g
istere
d
P
ro
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ss
io
n
a
l
E
n
g
in
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e
r
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d
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r
t
h
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a
rd
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f
En
g
in
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e
rs M
a
lay
sia
(BE
M
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in
t
h
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tri
c
a
l
trac
k
.
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h
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s
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th
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re
d
a
n
d
c
o
-
a
u
t
h
o
re
d
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
we
ll
-
re
c
o
g
n
ize
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
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rs.
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
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re
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
p
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we
r
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tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
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ste
m
s (P
h
o
t
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v
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lt
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ic).
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
h
a
fe
e
z
@u
sm
.
m
y
.
Lim
K
e
a
n
Bo
o
n
re
c
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iv
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d
h
is
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
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g
re
e
in
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c
tro
n
i
c
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y
ste
m
De
sig
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
)
in
2
0
2
4
.
Cu
rr
e
n
tl
y
,
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
th
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
S
e
n
io
r
M
o
th
e
rb
o
a
rd
Ha
rd
wa
re
En
g
in
e
e
r,
s
p
e
c
ializin
g
in
th
e
d
e
v
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l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
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lec
tro
n
i
c
h
a
rd
wa
re
.
His
e
x
p
e
rti
se
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e
s
in
c
ircu
it
sc
h
e
m
a
ti
c
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
P
CB
lay
o
u
t,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
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r
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n
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8
6
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n
d
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b
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se
d
p
r
o
d
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c
ts t
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il
o
re
d
fo
r
in
d
u
strial
a
p
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li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
e
a
n
b
o
o
n
.
li
m
@s
tu
d
e
n
t.
u
sm
.
m
y
.
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