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PV
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m
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d
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s
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s
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ly
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,
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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2088
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4509
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r
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f
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f
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[
1
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–
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
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m
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e
f
le
c
t
o
r
s
,
p
l
a
y
s
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
r
o
le
i
n
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
T
o
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
b
P
V
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
r
i
e
n
t
at
i
o
n
is
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
.
T
h
e
o
r
i
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
e
i
t
h
e
r
v
e
r
ti
c
a
l
o
r
t
i
l
t
e
d
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
an
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
wh
i
c
h
h
a
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
r
es
u
l
ts
i
n
m
a
n
y
p
a
r
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
s
u
b
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
co
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
n
E
u
r
o
p
e
,
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
,
N
o
r
t
h
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
a
n
d
N
o
r
t
h
A
s
i
a
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
%
-
1
2
%
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
O
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
l
a
t
it
u
d
e
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
)
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
i
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
ll
a
ti
o
n
a
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
u
m
m
e
r
t
o
w
i
n
t
e
r
a
l
s
o
a
f
f
e
c
ts
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
at
i
o
n
a
n
g
l
e
[
8
]
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
f
o
r
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
,
s
e
v
e
r
al
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
t
h
at
f
o
r
b
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
i
n
s
t
al
l
e
d
o
n
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
s
i
n
Si
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
c
a
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
n
e
a
r
l
y
1
0
%
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
ei
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
w
h
e
n
i
n
s
t
a
l
le
d
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
ll
y
f
a
c
i
n
g
E
a
s
t
/W
e
s
t
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
a
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
t
i
l
t
a
n
g
l
e
f
a
c
i
n
g
S
o
u
t
h
[
9
]
.
S
i
m
i
la
r
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
w
e
r
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
b
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
i
n
Ni
g
e
r
i
a
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
g
a
i
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
v
a
r
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
li
m
a
t
e
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
a
l
b
e
d
o
)
,
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
i
l
t
a
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
[
1
0
]
.
A
r
e
l
a
te
d
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
B
r
az
i
l
e
m
p
h
a
s
iz
e
d
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
ic
a
l
r
o
l
e
o
f
al
b
e
d
o
i
n
b
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
B
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
g
a
i
n
s
a
r
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
.
I
n
s
t
a
l
li
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
o
v
e
r
s
o
i
l/
v
e
g
e
t
a
ti
o
n
(
a
l
b
e
d
o
o
f
0
.
2
0
)
y
i
e
l
d
e
d
a
n
a
v
er
a
g
e
b
i
f
a
c
i
al
g
a
i
n
o
f
7
%
,
a
n
d
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
o
f
3
.
5
%
w
h
e
n
m
o
u
n
t
e
d
o
v
e
r
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
l
b
e
d
o
o
f
0
.
5
0
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
b
VC
m
o
d
u
le
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
ew
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ated
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
wea
k
n
ess
es
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
m
P
V
m
o
d
u
le,
esp
ec
ially
in
tr
o
p
ical
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia
wh
ich
h
av
e
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
co
n
t
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
%
o
f
to
tal
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
en
e
r
g
y
g
ain
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
ased
o
n
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
r
ef
lectiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
lig
h
t
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
in
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
les
b
o
th
v
er
tical
an
d
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
clim
ate
zo
n
es
,
an
aly
zin
g
en
er
g
y
y
ield
s
,
alb
e
d
o
ef
f
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
h
ad
in
g
o
n
m
o
d
u
l
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
y
f
illi
n
g
th
ese
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t o
f
b
if
ac
ial
PV te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
its
b
r
o
a
d
er
ap
p
licatio
n
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
AND
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE P
ARA
M
E
T
E
RS
2
.
1
.
M
o
du
le
o
rient
a
t
io
ns
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
v
ar
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
les
wer
e
te
s
ted
an
d
s
o
m
e
t
y
p
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
as
a
m
eth
o
d
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
b
est
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
m
o
d
u
le
f
ac
es.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
u
ci
al
f
ac
to
r
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
p
l
an
e
o
f
ar
r
a
y
(
POA)
o
f
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
b
o
th
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
r
ea
r
s
u
r
f
a
ce
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le.
Fo
r
tr
o
p
i
ca
l
r
eg
io
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
alo
n
g
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
an
d
its
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
,
its
g
en
er
ally
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
u
n
lig
h
t
wh
er
e
its
p
o
s
itio
n
is
ex
ac
tly
p
er
p
e
n
d
icu
l
ar
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
test
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
P
V
m
o
d
u
les,
th
r
ee
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
s
tallatio
n
c
an
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
v
er
tically
with
No
r
th
-
So
u
th
o
r
ien
tatio
n
(
N/S),
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
was
in
s
talled
v
er
tica
lly
with
E
ast
-
W
es
t
o
r
ien
tatio
n
(
E
/W
)
,
an
d
th
e
la
s
t
o
n
e
was
a
m
o
d
u
le
with
ti
lted
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
T
o
v
is
u
alize
it,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
s
tallatio
n
s
to
te
s
t
t
h
e
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
le
with
v
ar
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
in
cl
u
d
in
g
latitu
d
e
a
n
d
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
p
tim
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
wh
eth
e
r
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
m
o
u
n
ted
v
er
tica
lly
o
r
tilt
ed
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ea
s
o
n
al
p
er
io
d
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ver
tically
o
r
ie
n
ted
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
f
er
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
ilin
g
,
ea
s
ier
clea
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
lo
wer
win
d
r
esis
tan
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
p
ac
e
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
ar
ea
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
d
u
le
with
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
ted
g
en
er
ally
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ef
lectiv
ity
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
also
v
ar
ies
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
f
ield
a
r
ea
wh
er
e
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ap
p
licatio
n
will b
e
u
s
ed
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
du
le
t
em
pera
t
ure
T
h
e
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
T
c
)
is
esti
m
ated
with
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
o
d
u
l
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
m
i
n
al
o
p
er
atin
g
ce
ll tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
N
OC
T
)
with
th
e
(
1
)
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
:
=
[
800
.
9
,
5
(
5
,
7
+
3
,
8
.
)
.
(
1
−
0
,
9
)
.
(
)
−
20
]
+
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
5
0
8
-
4
5
1
9
4510
wh
er
e,
T
a
is
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
is
th
e
in
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
(
I
f
)
an
d
r
ea
r
(
I
r
)
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
with
a
b
i
f
ac
iality
f
ac
to
r
(
BF
)
,
v
is
th
e
win
d
v
elo
city
,
c
is
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
m
o
d
u
le,
a
n
d
is
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
if
ac
ial
g
lass
-
g
lass
m
o
d
u
les
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
n
o
tab
ly
h
i
g
h
er
h
ea
t in
p
u
t a
s
r
e
ar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
es c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
n
o
f
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
les with
wh
ite
r
ea
r
s
h
ee
ts
.
W
h
ile
th
is
ad
d
itio
n
al
h
ea
t
in
p
u
t
g
en
er
ally
lea
d
s
to
h
ig
h
e
r
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t is
m
itig
ated
b
y
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
ly
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
th
an
t
h
eir
m
PV
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
wh
en
r
ea
r
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
ex
ce
ed
s
1
5
%
o
f
to
tal
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
Desp
ite
th
is
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e,
d
u
e
to
th
e
lar
g
e
b
if
ac
ial
g
ain
r
esu
lts
in
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
en
er
g
y
y
ield
[
2
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Po
s
s
ib
ilit
ies o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
(
a)
v
e
r
tical
(
N/S),
(
b
)
v
er
tical
(
E
/W
)
,
an
d
(
c)
tilt
ed
(
N)
2
.
3
.
Albeldo
Alb
ed
o
is
r
ep
r
es
e
n
te
d
as
th
e
r
at
io
o
f
li
g
h
t
r
ef
lec
te
d
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
in
c
id
e
n
t r
ad
iat
io
n
.
I
t
i
s
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
v
al
u
e
b
et
we
en
0
% e
q
u
ates
t
o
n
o
r
ef
l
ec
te
d
li
g
h
t a
n
d
1
0
0
%
t
h
at
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
p
e
r
f
ec
t r
e
f
le
cti
o
n
o
r
i
t r
e
f
le
cts all
li
g
h
t
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
s
o
la
r
e
n
er
g
y
,
al
b
ed
o
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
ar
r
a
d
ia
ti
o
n
r
e
f
l
ec
t
e
d
b
y
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Al
b
e
d
o
(
)
is
ty
p
i
c
all
y
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
as
a
p
er
ce
n
t
a
g
e
t
h
at
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
th
e
r
at
io
o
f
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
r
e
f
l
ec
t
io
n
(
R
L
)
t
o
d
i
r
e
ct
(
i
n
ci
d
e
n
t
)
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
(
I
L
)
o
n
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
as
c
alc
u
l
at
ed
b
y
(
2
)
[
2
3
]
:
=
(
2
)
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
g
e
n
er
ated
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
eir
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
r
ea
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es.
T
h
ey
ca
p
tu
r
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t
b
u
t
also
lig
h
t
r
ef
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
ed
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
b
jects
s
u
ch
as
clo
u
d
s
an
d
o
th
er
ai
r
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
s
id
ed
d
esig
n
,
u
tili
z
in
g
`
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ilico
n
ce
lls
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
en
er
g
y
y
ield
b
y
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
lig
h
t.
Per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ef
lectiv
ity
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
with
en
g
in
ee
r
ed
r
ef
lectiv
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
v
er
s
[
2
4
]
.
Alb
ed
o
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
le
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
ev
er
al
way
s
.
Hig
h
er
alb
ed
o
s
u
r
f
ac
es
r
ef
lect
m
o
r
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
o
n
to
th
e
r
ea
r
o
f
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
les,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
y
ield
.
Ar
ea
s
with
h
ig
h
al
b
ed
o
,
s
u
ch
as
s
n
o
w
-
co
v
e
r
ed
f
i
eld
s
o
r
d
eser
ts
,
ar
e
p
r
im
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izi
n
g
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
ater
ials
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
al
b
ed
o
v
alu
es
[
2
5
]
.
B
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
le
an
g
le
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
s
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
o
f
r
e
f
lecte
d
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
y
ield
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Alb
ed
o
v
alu
es
b
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ty
p
e
[
2
5
]
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
T
y
p
e
A
l
b
e
d
o
(
%)
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
T
y
p
e
A
l
b
e
d
o
(
%)
C
o
r
r
u
g
a
t
e
d
r
o
o
f
1
0
–
15
R
e
d
/
b
r
o
w
n
r
o
o
f
t
i
l
e
s
1
0
–
35
C
o
l
o
r
e
d
p
a
i
n
t
1
5
–
35
B
r
i
c
k
/
s
t
o
n
e
2
0
–
40
Tr
e
e
s
1
5
–
18
O
c
e
a
n
s
5
–
10
A
sp
h
a
l
t
5
–
20
O
l
d
s
n
o
w
6
5
–
81
C
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
2
5
–
70
F
r
e
sh
s
n
o
w
8
1
–
88
G
r
a
ss
2
5
–
30
W
h
i
t
e
p
a
i
n
t
5
0
–
90
I
c
e
3
0
–
50
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
elev
atio
n
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ab
o
v
e
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
s
ee
m
in
g
ly
s
im
p
le
p
a
r
am
eter
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
b
i
f
ac
ial
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
.
A
h
ig
h
er
elev
atio
n
allo
ws
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
o
r
e
r
ef
le
cted
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
en
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
yield
s
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f v
erti
ca
l a
n
d
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
ted
…
(
R
u
d
i D
a
r
u
s
s
a
la
m
)
4511
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
y
ield
.
Mo
d
u
le
h
eig
h
t
(
H
)
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
v
e
r
tical
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
a
m
o
u
n
te
d
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
wh
ic
h
is
d
eter
m
in
ates
by
(
3
)
[
2
6
]
:
=
(
3
)
wh
er
e
H
ag
is
th
e
h
ei
g
h
t
a
b
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
L
m
is
th
e
le
n
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le.
W
h
ile
th
er
e’
s
n
o
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
an
s
wer
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
elev
ati
o
n
,
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
to
1
.
3
m
eter
s
as
a
g
o
o
d
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
i
n
t
[
2
7
]
.
B
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
elev
atio
n
f
o
r
a
b
if
ac
ial
s
o
lar
p
r
o
ject
to
m
a
x
im
ize
e
n
er
g
y
y
ield
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
r
is
k
s
2
.
4
.
T
he
bifa
cia
lity
f
a
ct
o
r
a
nd
g
a
in
T
h
e
b
if
ac
iality
f
ac
to
r
(
)
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
(
P
max
)
b
y
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
to
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
e
r
id
e
n
tical
lig
h
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
i
s
a
cr
u
cial
m
etr
ic
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
p
er
tain
in
g
to
b
if
ac
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o
lar
m
o
d
u
les.
I
n
ad
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tr
ical
p
o
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th
e
b
if
ac
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f
ac
to
r
ca
n
also
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
)
ap
p
r
o
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h
es
th
at
g
en
er
ate
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
its
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
r
ea
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es
as
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
4
)
a
n
d
(
5
)
[
2
]
:
=
,
×
100%
(
4
)
=
×
100%
(
5
)
T
h
e
b
if
ac
iality
f
ac
to
r
h
elp
s
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
g
y
y
ie
ld
o
f
a
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
le.
B
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
ea
r
-
s
id
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
s
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
g
ain
.
Me
an
w
h
ile
th
e
b
i
f
ac
iality
g
ain
(
BG
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is
a
m
etr
ic
t
h
at
q
u
an
tifi
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
a
b
if
ac
ial
(
b
PV)
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
a
m
o
n
o
f
ac
ial
(
m
PV)
m
o
d
u
l
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
if
ac
ial
m
o
d
u
le
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
its
f
r
o
n
t a
n
d
r
ea
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es a
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
6
)
[
2
8
]
:
(
%
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=
−
×
100
(
6
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wh
er
e
Y
bPV
an
d
Y
mPV
ar
e
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
y
ield
o
f
b
PV
an
d
m
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
r
esp
ec
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ely
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T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
b
if
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iality
g
ai
n
lead
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
lo
wer
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
LC
OE
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B
y
ca
r
ef
u
lly
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n
s
id
er
in
g
th
is
m
etr
ic,
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
s
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
s
p
ac
in
g
t
o
m
ax
im
ize
e
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er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ile
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
o
wn
er
s
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
r
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
eir
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
b
if
ac
iality
g
ain
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t m
o
d
u
le
m
o
d
els
also
aid
s
in
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t o
p
tio
n
.
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
SE
T
UP
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
tim
e
o
f
test
in
g
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
e
city
o
f
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
o
n
Octo
b
er
2
th
,
2
0
2
4
,
wh
ich
is
lo
ca
ted
p
r
ec
is
ely
at
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8
9
9
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u
th
latitu
d
e
an
d
1
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6
4
6
5
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est
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
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ce
with
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
r
esu
lts
at
t
h
e
test
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
m
o
tio
n
at
th
at
tim
e
was
ex
ac
tly
p
er
p
en
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icu
lar
ab
o
v
e
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eg
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
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ite
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ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
n
in
g
to
ev
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in
g
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
u
le
was
in
s
talled
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tically
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N/S
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n
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
was
in
s
talled
v
er
tically
with
E
/
W
o
r
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d
th
e
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a
m
o
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le
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No
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th
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m
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l
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n
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r
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o
(
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m
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f
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d
with
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t
u
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
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s
th
at
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
ty
p
e
with
elec
tr
ic
al
an
d
m
ec
h
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ical
s
p
ec
if
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n
s
ac
co
r
d
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g
to
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C
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ar
d
(
1
0
0
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,
2
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C
,
an
d
AM
1
.
5
)
was a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
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n
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ea
ch
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
tie
in
v
er
te
r
(
GT
I
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.
GT
I
u
s
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
g
en
er
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n
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
in
g
(
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m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
with
in
its
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
,
th
en
it c
o
n
v
e
r
ts
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
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f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
d
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le
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izes
it
with
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e
AC
v
o
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e
o
f
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
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I
n
ess
en
ce
,
th
e
GT
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tak
es
th
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s
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e
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g
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ca
p
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b
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s
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m
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it
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e
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r
i
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s
tallatio
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h
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o
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Fig
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r
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8
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n
t
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
(
A
)
Ef
f
i
c
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e
n
c
y
1
1
.
1
3
2
0
.
2
4
-
0
.
4
2
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
K
g
)
F
r
a
me
2
2
.
7
A
n
o
d
i
z
e
d
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
A
l
l
o
y
Te
mp
.
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
f
P
m
a
x
(
%
/
C
)
-
0
.
4
2
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
ch
em
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
r
ee
b
PV
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t sy
s
tem
s
etu
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
yield
s
a
n
d
p
erfo
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ma
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a
n
a
lysi
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o
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erti
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(
R
u
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s
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a
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4513
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
So
la
r
irra
dia
nce
a
nd
a
lbedo
un
der
d
if
f
er
ent
m
o
du
le
o
rient
a
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
ese
in
-
p
la
n
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Dir
ec
t
r
ad
iatio
n
was
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
b
y
a
p
y
r
an
o
m
eter
f
ac
in
g
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
ea
c
h
m
o
d
u
le
.
W
h
ile
d
i
f
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
a
p
y
r
an
o
m
eter
o
n
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e,
ca
p
tu
r
i
n
g
lig
h
t
r
ef
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
jects a
n
d
th
e
s
k
y
.
Ver
tically
b
PV
with
N/
S
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
lo
west
in
-
p
lan
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
b
o
th
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
(
G1
_
F)
an
d
r
ea
r
s
id
e
(
G1
_
R
)
as sh
o
wn
b
y
b
lu
e
p
ath
.
T
h
e
to
tal
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
with
th
is
o
r
ien
tatio
n
in
s
in
g
le
d
ay
is
1
7
4
0
W
h
/m
2
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ax
im
u
m
r
a
d
iatio
n
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
5
7
W
/m
2
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
3
:0
8
-
3
:1
0
p
m
.
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
y
ield
co
m
es
m
o
s
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
s
u
n
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
ed
b
y
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
c
lo
u
d
s
,
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
jects.
Ver
tically
b
PV
with
E
/W
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
two
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
r
ad
iat
io
n
p
er
i
o
d
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
o
u
b
le
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
is
o
r
i
en
tatio
n
was
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
p
er
p
e
n
d
icu
lar
to
t
h
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
ath
at
s
u
n
r
is
e
(
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e)
an
d
s
u
n
s
et
(
r
ea
r
s
id
e)
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
ey
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
at
th
ese
tim
es,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
ea
k
(
G2
_
F)
o
f
8
1
0
W
/m
2
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
at
0
8
.
1
4
am
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
id
-
m
o
r
n
in
g
an
d
late
af
ter
n
o
o
n
,
w
h
en
th
e
s
u
n
was
lo
wer
in
th
e
s
k
y
,
v
er
tica
lly
b
PV
with
E
/W
o
r
ien
tatio
n
ca
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
th
an
d
ir
ec
t
r
ad
iatio
n
(
1
1
:3
0
a
m
–
1
2
:3
0
p
m
)
.
T
h
is
s
ca
tter
ed
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
a
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ea
k
(
G2
_
R
)
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
0
2
:
5
9
p
m
in
t
h
e
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
e
to
tal
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
g
ai
n
o
f
t
h
is
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
4
4
2
6
W
/m
2
,
g
r
e
ater
th
an
th
e
to
tal
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
b
PV w
ith
N/S o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
tilt
ed
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
to
No
r
th
(T
-
N)
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
-
p
lan
e
r
ad
iatio
n
in
a
s
in
g
le
d
a
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
v
e
r
tically
o
r
ien
te
d
m
o
d
u
les,
as
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
g
r
ee
n
cu
r
v
es.
T
h
e
to
tal
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
o
b
ta
in
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
with
th
is
o
r
ien
tatio
n
is
6
3
0
6
W
h
/m
2
an
d
ex
ce
ed
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
1
0
:1
0
am
-
1
:1
3
p
m
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
i
n
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
till
v
er
y
lo
w
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
cid
en
t
s
till
lo
w,
it
th
en
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
tim
e
g
o
es
b
y
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
es
its
p
ea
k
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
d
ay
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
i
r
ec
t
r
ad
i
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
(
G3
_
F)
to
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
(
G3
_
R
)
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
o
ws
a
v
er
y
lar
g
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
(
G3
_
F)
is
7
1
5
W
/m
2
wh
ile
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
(
G3
_
R
)
is
5
0
W
/m
2
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
alb
e
d
o
v
alu
e
o
f
6
.
9
%.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
al
b
ed
o
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
alu
es
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
th
at
th
e
asp
h
alt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
as
an
alb
ed
o
v
alu
e
o
f
5
-
2
0
%.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
with
t
h
is
o
r
ien
tatio
n
ty
p
ically
ex
h
ib
its
a
s
in
g
le
-
p
ea
k
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
cu
r
v
e,
with
th
e
p
ea
k
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
m
id
d
ay
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
b
PV o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
(
a)
No
r
th
/So
u
th
,
(
b
)
E
ast/
W
est
,
an
d
(
c)
tilt
ed
4
.
2
.
T
em
pera
t
ure
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
bPV
m
o
du
les
T
h
e
h
ig
h
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
tr
o
p
ical
ar
ea
s
c
au
s
es
th
e
av
er
ag
e
d
aily
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
b
e
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
u
b
tr
o
p
i
ca
l
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
its
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
r
ea
r
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
.
Am
o
n
g
all
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
,
v
er
ti
ca
lly
-
N/S
b
PV
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
lo
west
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
n
b
o
t
h
its
f
r
o
n
t
(
T
1
_
F)
an
d
r
e
ar
(
T
1
_
R
)
s
id
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
b
lu
e
p
ath
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
n
in
g
to
m
id
d
ay
was
g
r
a
d
u
al,
an
d
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
m
id
d
ay
to
af
ter
n
o
o
n
was
s
im
ilar
ly
s
lo
w.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
T
1
_
F
a
n
d
T
1
_
R
s
id
es
r
e
m
ain
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
2
°C
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
an
d
af
ter
n
o
o
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
at
m
id
d
a
y
,
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
was m
in
im
al,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
4
2
°C
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
1
2
:3
0
PM.
W
h
ile
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ca
n
ex
ce
e
d
t
h
e
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
T
A)
b
y
5
°C
at
p
ea
k
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
al
u
es,
wh
ile
th
e
av
er
ag
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
e
x
c
ee
d
ed
th
e
T
A
b
y
8
.
3
7
% o
n
N/
S o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
rr
di
n
e
W
m
i
m
e
hh
mm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
5
0
8
-
4
5
1
9
4514
T
h
e
v
er
tically
-
E
/W
b
PV
r
ea
ch
ed
its
m
ax
im
u
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
4
9
°C
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ea
k
(
T
2
_
F)
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
at
8
:5
0
AM
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
r
ed
p
ath
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ea
k
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
o
n
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
(
T
2
_
R
)
at
3
:1
5
PM,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
4
8
°C
,
with
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
T
2
_
F
a
n
d
th
e
T
2
_
R
o
f
1
-
2
C
.
Du
r
in
g
th
ese
two
p
ea
k
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
p
er
io
d
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
T
A
ca
n
r
ea
ch
1
0
–
1
5
°C
,
with
an
av
er
ag
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
2
1
.
6
5
% d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ay
.
T
h
e
t
i
l
t
e
d
b
P
V
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
e
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
r
e
ac
h
i
n
g
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
5
9
°
C
a
t
1
2
:
3
3
P
M
.
A
t
m
i
d
d
a
y
,
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
e
x
c
e
e
d
e
d
5
0
°
C
w
it
h
a
n
ir
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
²
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
ti
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
ci
d
e
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
(
T
3
_
F
)
a
n
d
r
e
a
r
(
T
3
_
R
)
s
i
d
es
r
e
m
a
i
n
e
d
w
it
h
i
n
1
°C
–
4
°C
as s
h
o
w
n
b
y
g
r
e
e
n
p
a
t
h
.
W
h
il
e
th
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
t
p
ea
k
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
c
a
n
r
e
a
c
h
1
5
°C
–
1
9
°
C
a
n
d
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
3
9
.
5
7
%
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
a
y
.
T
h
i
s
d
is
p
a
r
i
t
y
c
o
n
t
r
as
ts
wi
t
h
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
ce
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
te
n
s
o
f
t
i
m
es
)
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
(
G
3
_
F
)
a
n
d
r
e
a
r
(
G
3
_
R
)
s
i
d
es
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
p
a
r
t
ic
u
l
a
r
l
y
t
r
u
e
d
u
e
t
o
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
r
e
a
r
s
h
ee
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
b
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
te
s
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
at
io
n
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
c
a
n
b
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
y
r
e
f
l
ec
t
e
d
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
tt
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
b
PV
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
,
(
T
1
_
F; T
1
_
R
)
No
r
th
/So
u
th
,
(
T
2
_
F; T
2
_
R
)
E
ast/
W
e
s
t
,
(
T
3
_
F; T
3
_
R
)
ti
lted
,
a
n
d
(
T
A
)
am
b
ien
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
4
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
y
ield a
nd
ef
f
iciency
E
n
er
g
y
y
ield
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les,
b
o
th
b
if
ac
ial
(
b
PV)
an
d
m
o
n
o
f
ac
ial
(
m
PV)
.
E
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
test
was
ca
lcu
l
ated
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
at
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ter
m
i
n
als.
A
g
r
id
tie
i
n
v
er
ter
(
GT
I
)
was
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
lo
ad
in
g
test
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ic
h
en
s
u
r
es
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
le
v
els.
Usi
n
g
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
,
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
its
r
esis
tan
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
it d
if
f
icu
lt to
ac
h
ie
v
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t w
ith
o
u
t
a
co
m
p
lex
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
b
PV
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
in
s
in
g
le
d
ay
test
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
ea
ch
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
m
ir
r
o
r
s
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
its
co
m
b
in
ed
f
r
o
n
t
a
n
d
r
ea
r
s
id
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
ile,
as
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
.
I
n
a
o
n
e
-
d
ay
s
u
n
n
y
wea
th
er
test
,
th
e
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
ted
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
en
er
g
y
g
ai
n
o
f
1
9
5
1
.
4
1
W
h
,
as
illu
s
tr
ate
d
b
y
g
r
ee
n
p
ath
.
I
ts
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
e
x
ce
ed
ed
3
0
0
W
at
m
id
d
a
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
ted
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
P3
(
T
ilted
,
N)
d
ep
icts
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
:
s
tar
tin
g
at
o
v
e
r
6
0
W
in
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
,
it
s
tead
ily
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
n
til
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
m
id
d
a
y
,
th
e
n
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
lin
ed
to
1
1
5
W
b
y
late
af
ter
n
o
o
n
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
n
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
Desp
ite
r
elativ
ely
s
t
ab
le
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
at
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
af
ter
1
2
:
3
0
p
m
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
o
s
e,
ca
u
s
in
g
a
s
lig
h
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
is
p
er
io
d
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
(
-
0
.
4
2
%/°
C
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
en
er
g
y
g
ain
was
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
v
er
tical
-
E
/W
b
PV
o
f
1
5
0
4
.
4
4
W
h
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
was
ac
h
iev
ed
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
in
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
g
n
o
o
n
(
f
ir
s
t
p
e
ak
)
wh
er
e
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
wh
ile
in
th
e
m
i
d
-
af
ter
n
o
o
n
(
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ea
k
)
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
r
ec
ei
v
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
o
n
e
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
m
id
d
ay
,
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
er
tically
-
E
/W
b
PV
was
d
ir
ec
tly
f
ac
in
g
th
e
s
u
n
with
th
e
s
m
allest
an
g
le
to
ze
r
o
d
eg
r
ee
s
b
etwe
en
d
i
r
ec
t
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
it st
ill p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
we
r
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
0
W
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
at
th
at
tim
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
r
ef
lecte
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
jects.
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
8
:
5
3
1
0
:0
3
1
0
:5
6
1
1
:4
9
1
2
:4
9
1
3
:4
2
1
4
:3
5
1
5
:2
8
M
o
d
u
le
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
,
(
°
C)
T
im
e
(h
h
:m
m
)
T
1
_
F
T1
_
R
T2
_
F
T2
_
R
T3
_
F
T3
_
R
TA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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&
C
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p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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s
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n
d
p
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n
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lysi
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o
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ien
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…
(
R
u
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u
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s
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la
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)
4515
I
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
,
th
e
v
er
tically
-
N/
S
b
PV
h
as
th
e
s
m
allest
to
tal
en
er
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y
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f
ap
p
r
o
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ately
6
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1
3
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h
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v
en
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
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n
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h
t
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r
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o
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th
e
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u
n
r
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e
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e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ca
n
n
o
t
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
,
lead
in
g
to
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
r
esu
lt
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
n
ev
er
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
8
0
W
.
T
h
e
v
er
tically
-
N/S
b
PV
r
esu
lts
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
u
n
lig
h
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
E
as
t
-
W
est
(
E
/W
)
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
in
t
r
o
p
ical
r
e
g
io
n
s
with
h
ig
h
lev
els o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
t
p
u
t p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
b
PV m
o
d
u
les u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
4
.
4
.
O
v
er
v
iew
o
f
bifa
cia
lity
f
a
ct
o
r
a
nd
g
a
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
if
ac
iality
f
ac
to
r
v
alu
es
an
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
b
if
ac
iality
g
ain
f
r
o
m
test
in
g
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
ted
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
(
T
,
N)
h
av
e
th
e
lo
west
B
F
at
ar
o
u
n
d
5
-
1
0
%.
W
h
ile
th
is
m
o
d
u
le
h
a
s
a
lar
g
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e
th
a
n
o
th
er
s
,
esp
ec
ially
at
m
id
d
ay
,
i
t
also
cr
ea
tes
lar
g
e
s
h
ad
o
ws
o
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
o
n
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
m
all
B
G
ar
o
u
n
d
3
-
1
4
%,
as
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
n
t
-
s
id
e
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
is
o
f
f
s
et
b
y
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ea
r
-
s
id
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
PV m
o
d
u
les with
th
is
o
r
ien
tatio
n
ca
n
o
b
tain
r
ad
i
atio
n
p
o
wer
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
wh
er
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
r
ea
ch
es
its
o
p
tim
u
m
ar
o
u
n
d
1
5
.
7
%,
esp
ec
ially
at
m
id
d
ay
.
Ver
tically
o
r
ien
ted
b
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
B
F
an
d
B
G
d
u
e
to
th
eir
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
ad
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
k
y
,
clo
u
d
s
,
an
d
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
jects.
W
h
ile
v
er
tically
-
E
/W
b
PV
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
o
f
B
F,
with
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
8
3
%,
th
e
y
ca
n
s
till
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
B
G,
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
u
p
to
6
7
%
at
m
id
d
ay
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
m
ay
b
e
lo
wer
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
tilt
ed
m
o
d
u
les
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
r
ed
u
ce
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
co
n
d
itio
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
th
e
v
er
tically
-
N/S
b
PV,
wh
ile
th
is
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
ten
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
B
F
an
d
B
G,
ex
c
ee
d
in
g
8
0
%
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
t
h
eir
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
ten
d
s
to
b
e
l
o
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
.
I
t
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
r
ed
u
ce
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
.
W
h
ile
th
ey
m
a
y
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
alb
ed
o
an
d
d
i
f
f
u
s
e
lig
h
t
ca
p
tu
r
e,
th
e
lack
o
f
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ca
n
lim
it
th
eir
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
p
ec
ial
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
tr
ea
tm
e
n
ts
,
th
e
v
er
tically
-
N/S
b
PV
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
ap
p
ly
i
n
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
i
o
n
s
with
l
o
w
lat
itu
d
e
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
ath
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
k
y
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
b
PV m
o
d
u
les in
s
tallatio
n
test
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
y
ield
,
t
h
e
tilt
ed
b
if
ac
ial
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
o
th
v
er
tically
-
E
/
W
b
PV
an
d
v
er
tically
-
N/S
m
o
d
u
les.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
m
ay
b
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
izin
g
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
wh
ile
v
er
tical
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
b
if
ac
iality
f
ac
to
r
an
d
g
ai
n
s
.
C
ar
ef
u
l
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ite
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
g
o
als
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
in
tr
o
p
ica
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Oth
er
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wea
th
e
r
p
atter
n
s
,
s
ite
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
a
n
d
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
p
er
io
d
s
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
o
p
t
im
ize
b
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
lar
g
e
r
s
p
ac
es,
a
tilt
ed
o
r
ien
tatio
n
with
a
l
o
wer
an
g
le
is
g
en
er
ally
m
o
r
e
o
p
tim
al
in
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
ax
im
izes
e
n
er
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
u
n
'
s
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
s
itio
n
.
I
n
lim
ited
s
p
ac
es,
a
v
er
tical,
E
ast
-
W
est
(
E
/W
)
o
r
ien
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
av
ailab
le
alter
n
ativ
e,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
s
u
n
lig
h
t
b
o
th
m
o
r
n
in
g
an
d
ev
en
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
A
No
r
th
-
So
u
th
(
N/S)
o
r
ien
tatio
n
is
less
p
r
ac
tical
in
lo
w
-
latit
u
d
e
tr
o
p
ical
ar
ea
s
.
W
h
ile
it m
ay
b
en
ef
it f
r
o
m
in
cr
ea
s
ed
alb
ed
o
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
e
lig
h
t,
th
e
lack
o
f
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
ca
n
lim
it o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
p
ec
ialized
tech
n
iq
u
es,
No
r
t
h
-
So
u
th
(
N/S)
o
r
ie
n
ted
b
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
c
h
allen
g
in
g
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
ath
.
Oth
e
r
ef
f
o
r
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
y
ield
o
f
b
o
th
v
er
tical
an
d
tilt
ed
m
o
d
u
les.
On
e
o
f
th
em
is
b
y
m
ak
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
b
jects
b
r
ig
h
ter
i
n
co
lo
r
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
alb
ed
o
a
n
d
b
if
ac
iality
g
ain
.
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
7
:
0
0
8
:
0
0
8
:
5
3
1
0
:
0
3
1
0
:
5
6
1
1
:
4
9
1
2
:
4
9
1
3
:
4
2
1
4
:
3
5
1
5
:
2
8
Ou
tp
u
t
P
o
w
e
r
(W
)
T
i
m
e
(
hh:m
m
)
P
1
(
V
e
r
,
N
/
S
)
P
2
(
V
e
r
,
E/
W
)
P
3
(
T
i
l
t
,
N
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
5
0
8
-
4
5
1
9
4516
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
if
ac
iality
Facto
r
v
s
Gain
o
f
b
PV m
o
d
u
les u
n
d
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t o
r
ien
tatio
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
U
n
i
t
M
o
d
u
l
e
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
e
mar
k
V
e
r
i
c
a
l
y
V
e
r
i
c
a
l
y
1
5
°
T
i
l
t
e
d
N
o
r
t
h
-
S
o
u
t
h
(
N
/
S
)
Ea
st
-
W
e
st
(
E
/
W
)
N
o
r
t
h
(
N
)
G
t
ot
,
f
+
r
[
W
h
/
m
2
]
1
7
4
0
4
4
2
6
6
3
0
6
G
m
ax
,
f
+
r
[
W
/
m
2
]
2
5
3
8
1
0
1
1
1
7
T
av
e
,
f
/
r
[
°
C
]
3
6
.
5
/
3
6
.
4
4
3
.
1
/
4
2
.
7
4
8
.
3
/
4
5
.
5
TA
av
e
.
3
3
.
6
T
m
ax
,
f
/
r
[
°
C
]
4
1
.
7
/
4
1
.
9
4
9
.
4
/
4
6
.
8
5
8
.
7
/
5
8
.
7
TA
m
ax
.
3
8
.
1
E
t
ot
,
f
+
r
[
W
h
]
6
0
9
1
5
0
4
1
9
5
1
P
m
ax
,
f
+
r
[W]
74
3
0
8
3
3
7
,
[
%]
70
34
8
BF,
[
%]
7
5
-
98
1
0
-
83
3
-
12
BG
,
[
%]
90
-
1
0
0
1
1
-
67
3
-
14
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Pro
p
er
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
is
c
r
u
cial
to
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
e
r
g
y
y
ield
f
r
o
m
b
i
f
ac
ial
p
h
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y
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s
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h
e
o
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m
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g
le
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d
d
ir
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v
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r
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ig
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if
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ased
o
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,
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ially
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tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
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s
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r
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iatio
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ical
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tical
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d
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g
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th
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eter
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elate
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m
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F
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t
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[
1
]
D
.
F
o
n
t
a
n
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
i
e
l
d
o
p
t
i
mi
z
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
b
i
f
i
l
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
,
”
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
Ma
t
e
r
i
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l
s
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v
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l
.
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,
p
.
1
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2
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2
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:
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6
/
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.
o
p
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mat
.
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0
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3
.
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1
5
.
[
2
]
A
.
r
r
o
d
n
d
A
.
h
o
s
h
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
b
i
f
i
l
so
l
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
i
p
p
l
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
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l
.
1
7
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o
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p
p
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7
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4
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[
3
]
.
K
o
p
e
e
k
n
d
J
.
Li
b
l
,
“
B
i
f
i
l
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
i
s
s
t
t
u
s
,
o
p
p
o
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t
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n
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t
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e
s
n
d
h
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,
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e
rg
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e
s
,
v
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l
.
1
4
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n
o
.
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p
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6
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1
,
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0
.
3
3
9
0
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n
1
4
0
8
2
0
7
6
.
[
4
]
C
.
N
ú
ñ
e
z
n
d
A
.
M
.
e
y
e
s
D
u
k
e
,
“
e
h
n
o
-
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
sy
s
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
b
i
f
a
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
m
o
n
o
f
a
c
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a
l
t
e
h
n
o
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o
g
y
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n
t
h
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f
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d
M
r
o
v
i
,
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o
n
d
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s
,
”
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O
P
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f
e
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S
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s:
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t
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[
5
]
.
i
n
n
d
S
.
S
i
n
h
,
“
A
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
ssess
me
n
t
o
f
e
l
e
t
r
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l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
n
e
n
d
mi
s
m t
h
l
o
sses
i
n
b
i
f
i
l
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
n
t
n
d
r
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r
si
d
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sh
d
i
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g
s e
n
r
i
o
s
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
1
,
p
.
1
1
5
6
6
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
ma
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
5
6
6
8
.
[
6
]
B
.
D
.
D
i
md
,
A
.
S
.
r
i
,
n
d
M
.
B
e
l
l
m
n
n
,
“
E
mp
i
r
i
l
n
l
y
si
s
o
f
b
i
f
i
l
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
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t
i
m
o
d
u
l
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s
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
l
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
:
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
n
e
i
n
si
g
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
f
i
e
l
d
l
b
o
r
t
o
r
y
i
n
N
o
r
w
y
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
5
,
p
.
1
1
9
3
9
6
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
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0
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6
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c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
1
9
3
9
6
.
[
7
]
N
.
M
o
h
me
d
,
S
.
S
u
l
i
m
n
,
n
d
S
.
h
i
m
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
mo
u
n
t
e
d
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
b
i
f
a
c
i
a
l
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
u
si
n
g
P
V
sy
s
t
so
f
t
w
r
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
5
8
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
2
3
1
2
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
5
8
.
[
8
]
A
.
A
sg
h
r
z
d
e
h
,
B
.
M
r
i
o
n
,
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