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I
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15
,
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,
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b
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20
25
,
p
p
.
4
4
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4487
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[
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[
4
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.
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I
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,
Vo
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15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
8
7
-
4
4
9
9
4488
th
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2
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2
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k
s
,
h
ea
t
s
in
k
ad
d
e
d
to
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
PV
p
an
els
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
p
e
r
at
in
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
y
7
°C
-
8
°
C
(
alu
m
in
u
m
h
ea
t sin
k
)
an
d
ab
o
u
t 1
5
°
C
(
co
p
p
er
h
ea
t sin
k
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ad
v
an
ta
g
es a
n
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es o
f
c
o
o
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
A
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
P
a
ssi
v
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
,
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
h
i
g
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
G
o
o
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss,
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
sav
i
n
g
,
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
l
i
f
e
sp
a
n
,
q
u
i
e
t
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
,
e
a
sy
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
sy
s
t
e
m
.
D
i
sad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
U
si
n
g
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
c
o
mp
l
e
x
sy
st
e
m,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
n
o
i
se
,
l
a
r
g
e
i
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
sp
a
c
e
,
ma
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
,
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
s
S
l
o
w
h
e
a
t
d
i
ssi
p
a
t
i
o
n
,
l
i
mi
t
e
d
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
,
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
I
mp
a
c
t
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
h
e
a
t
l
o
a
d
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
i
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
f
i
e
l
d
.
En
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
c
o
s
t
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
,
l
o
w
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
st
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
,
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
si
g
n
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
ar
e
o
f
ten
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
alu
m
i
n
u
m
an
d
co
p
p
er
.
Alu
m
in
u
m
h
ea
t
s
in
k
is
lig
h
tweig
h
t,
ch
ea
p
,
b
u
t
av
er
a
g
e
th
er
m
al
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
;
c
o
p
p
e
r
h
ea
t
s
in
k
h
as
h
ig
h
er
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
ity
,
b
u
t
h
ea
v
y
an
d
ex
p
en
s
iv
e.
Hy
b
r
id
m
ater
ial
h
e
at
s
in
k
is
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
c
o
p
p
e
r
a
n
d
alu
m
in
u
m
;
it
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
two
m
ater
ials
to
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
No
wad
ay
s
,
h
y
b
r
id
m
ater
ial
h
ea
t
s
in
k
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
to
co
o
l
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ices.
Fo
r
p
ass
iv
e
c
o
o
lin
g
o
f
PV
p
an
e
ls
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
in
g
le
m
ater
ial
h
ea
t
s
in
k
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
ca
lcu
late
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
o
l
PV
p
an
el
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
m
ater
ial
h
ea
t
s
in
k
,
with
alu
m
in
u
m
f
in
s
an
d
h
ea
t
s
in
k
b
ase
is
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
alu
m
in
u
m
an
d
co
p
p
e
r
b
ased
o
n
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
i
s
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Par
t
2
p
r
esen
ts
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
;
Par
t
3
p
r
esen
ts
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
d
ata
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latio
n
;
R
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
Par
t
4
.
T
h
e
last
p
ar
t
is
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
CALCU
L
A
T
I
O
N
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
PV
p
an
el
ad
d
s
h
y
b
r
id
m
a
ter
ial
h
ea
t
s
in
k
f
o
r
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
an
d
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
:
i)
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
s
tab
le
an
d
s
im
ilar
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
PV
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
,
ii
)
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
th
e
s
am
e
in
all
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
ii
i)
th
e
h
ea
t
f
l
o
w
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
tead
y
,
o
n
ly
allo
wed
i
n
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PV
p
an
el
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
m
ater
ial
h
ea
t sin
k
f
o
r
co
o
lin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l stu
d
y
o
f
p
a
s
s
ive
co
o
lin
g
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
p
a
n
els u
s
in
g
…
(
Da
n
g
V
a
n
B
in
h
)
4489
2
.
1
.
Ca
lcula
t
ing
t
he
o
pera
t
i
ng
t
empera
t
ur
e
A
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
e
d
b
y
th
e
PV
p
an
el
will
b
e
co
n
v
e
r
ted
in
t
o
h
ea
t.
T
h
is
h
ea
t
will
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
to
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
r
f
ac
es.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
Kir
c
h
h
o
f
f
's
law
to
th
e
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
d
iag
r
am
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
t
h
e
to
tal
h
ea
t
f
lo
w
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
(
Q
1
)
a
n
d
b
ac
k
(
Q
2
)
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
is
eq
u
al
th
e
h
e
at
f
lo
w
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
PV
p
an
el
(
)
,
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
1
)
:
1
+
2
=
=
.
.
(
1
−
)
.
(
1
)
wh
er
e
A
:
Ar
ea
o
f
PV
p
an
el,
m
2
;
:
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
W
/m
2
;
:
Ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
P
V
p
an
el;
η
:
PV
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
2
)
.
=
.
[
1
−
.
(
−
)
]
(
2
)
wh
er
e
.
:
PV
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
at
STC;
β
:
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
PV
p
an
el
at
STC,
%/K;
:
Op
er
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el,
K;
:
STC tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
=
298
K.
1
=
−
∑
;
2
=
−
∑
(
3
)
wh
er
e
∑
:
T
o
tal
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
id
e,
K/W
;
∑
:
T
o
tal
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
n
th
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
,
K/W
;
:
Am
b
ien
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
K.
Fro
m
(
1
)
,
(
2
)
,
an
d
(
3
)
,
we
o
b
tain
:
.
.
[
1
−
.
(
1
−
.
(
−
)
)
]
.
−
(
−
)
.
∑
+
∑
∑
.
∑
=
0
(
4
)
wh
er
e
T
PV
is
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
(
4
)
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
T
PV
we
n
ee
d
to
ca
lcu
late
∑
an
d
∑
.
∑
an
d
∑
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
T
PV
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
2
.
2
.
Det
er
min
e
t
he
t
o
t
a
l t
he
rma
l r
esi
s
t
a
nce
o
n t
he
f
r
o
nt
s
ide
∑
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
5
)
:
∑
=
,
.
,
,
+
,
(
5
)
wh
er
e
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e
,
K/W
;
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t su
r
f
ac
e,
K/W
.
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
6
)
[
3
6
]
:
,
=
1
ℎ
,
.
=
.
.
(
2
+
)
.
(
+
)
(
6
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
,
:
R
ad
iatio
n
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
e
r
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
a
ce
,
W
/m
2
.K
;
:
E
m
is
s
iv
ity
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
f
r
o
n
t su
r
f
ac
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el;
σ
:
Stef
an
-
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
σ
=
5
.
6
7
×
1
0
−
8
W
/m
2
.
K
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
8
7
-
4
4
9
9
4490
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
7
)
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
:
,
=
1
ℎ
,
.
=
1
√
ℎ
,
,
3
+
ℎ
,
,
3
3
.
(
7
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
,
:
C
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
h
ea
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
W
/m
2
.
K;
ℎ
,
,
,
ℎ
,
,
:
Hea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
f
o
r
ce
d
a
n
d
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t su
r
f
ac
e
,
K/W
.
ℎ
,
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
8
)
[
3
8
]
:
ℎ
,
,
=
{
5
.
74
0
.
8
−
0
.
2
(
)
5
.
74
0
.
8
−
0
.
2
−
16
.
46
−
1
(
)
3
.
83
0
.
5
−
0
.
5
(
)
(
8
)
wh
er
e
V:
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
,
m
/s
; L
:
PV
p
an
el
len
g
th
,
m
.
ℎ
,
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
9
)
[
3
6
]
:
ℎ
,
,
=
,
.
(
9
)
w
h
e
r
e
:
Ai
r
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
it
y
(
W
/
m
.
K
)
;
,
:
N
u
s
s
e
l
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
,
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
(
1
0
)
[
3
9
]
:
,
=
{
0
.
13
[
(
Pr
)
1
3
−
(
Pr
)
1
3
]
+
0
.
56
(
Pr
.
s
in
)
1
4
if
>
3
0
0
.
13
1
3
if
≤
3
0
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
: G
r
ash
o
f
n
u
m
b
e
r
;
Pr
: Pr
an
d
tl n
u
m
b
er
;
: Critica
l G
r
ash
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
(
1
1
)
:
=
1
.
327
×
1
0
10
ex
p
[
−
3
.
708
(
2
−
)
]
(
1
1
)
wh
er
e
Ra
: Ray
leig
h
n
u
m
b
er
,
it
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
1
2
)
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
f
r
o
n
t a
n
d
b
ac
k
s
u
r
f
ac
es o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el.
=
(
−
)
3
(
0
.
25
+
0
.
75
)
(
1
2
)
wh
er
e
:
A
v
er
ag
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
K;
g
:
Gr
av
ity
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
g
=
9
.
8
1
m
2
/s
;
ν
:
Air
k
in
em
atic
v
is
co
s
ity
,
m
2
/
s
;
α
:
Air
th
er
m
al
d
if
f
u
s
iv
ity
,
m
2
/
s.
2
.
3
.
Det
er
min
e
t
he
t
o
t
a
l t
he
rma
l r
esi
s
t
a
nce
o
n t
he
ba
ck
s
ide
∑
=
+
+
ℎ
+
.
+
(
1
3
)
wh
er
e
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
er
m
al
in
ter
f
ac
e
m
ater
ial
(
T
I
M)
,
K/W
;
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
co
p
p
er
lay
er
,
K/W
;
ℎ
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
t
an
ce
o
f
h
ea
t
s
in
k
b
ase,
K/W
;
:
C
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
an
d
r
ad
iati
o
n
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
b
ase
o
f
f
in
,
K
/W
;
: Co
n
v
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
f
in
s
,
K
/W
;
=
.
;
=
.
;
ℎ
=
ℎ
ℎ
.
ℎ
(
1
4
)
w
h
e
r
e
,
,
ℎ
:
T
h
i
c
k
n
es
s
o
f
T
I
M
,
c
o
p
p
e
r
l
a
y
e
r
,
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
b
a
s
e
,
m
;
,
,
ℎ
:
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
T
I
M
,
c
o
p
p
e
r
,
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
b
a
s
e
,
W
/
m
.
K
;
,
,
ℎ
:
A
r
e
a
o
f
T
I
M
,
c
o
p
p
e
r
l
a
y
e
r
,
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
b
a
s
e
,
m
2
.
=
,
.
,
,
+
,
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l stu
d
y
o
f
p
a
s
s
ive
co
o
lin
g
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
p
a
n
els u
s
in
g
…
(
Da
n
g
V
a
n
B
in
h
)
4491
wh
er
e
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
b
ase
o
f
f
in
,
K/W
;
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
(
f
o
r
ce
d
an
d
n
atu
r
al
)
o
f
th
e
b
ase
o
f
f
in
,
K/W
.
,
=
1
ℎ
,
.
(
1
6
)
w
h
e
r
e
h
r
a
d
,
b
a
se
:
R
a
d
i
at
i
o
n
h
e
a
t
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
as
e
o
f
f
i
n
,
W
/
m
2
.
K
;
A
base
:
A
r
e
a
o
f
th
e
b
a
s
e
o
f
f
i
n
,
m
2
.
=
(
ℎ
)
−
(
)
(
1
7
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
:
W
id
th
o
f
h
ea
t sin
k
,
m
;
N
: N
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
in
s
;
: Fin
th
ick
n
ess
,
m
.
ℎ
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
1
8
)
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
7
]
:
ℎ
,
=
(
2
+
2
)
(
+
)
(
1
−
2
−
)
≈
4
3
(
1
−
2
−
)
(
1
8
)
wh
er
e
:
E
m
is
s
iv
ity
o
f
th
e
b
as
e
m
ater
ial;
−
:
V
iew
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
b
ase
an
d
f
in
o
f
h
ea
t
s
in
k
,
an
d
it
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
9
)
:
−
=
1
{
−
1
1
+
−
1
1
−
(
2
+
2
)
1
2
−
1
1
(
2
+
2
)
1
2
+
1
4
[
(
1
+
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
1
+
2
+
2
.
(
2
(
1
+
2
+
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
(
2
+
2
)
)
2
.
(
2
(
1
+
2
+
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
(
2
+
2
)
)
2
]
}
(
1
9
)
wh
er
e
=
;
=
with
:
Fin
s
p
ac
in
g
,
m
;
:
Fin
h
eig
h
t,
m
.
,
=
1
ℎ
,
.
(
2
0
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
,
:
C
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
h
ea
t sin
k
,
W
/m
2
.
K.
C
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
e
f
f
icien
t
is
co
m
b
in
ed
n
atu
r
al
an
d
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
2
1
)
[
3
7
]
:
ℎ
,
=
√
ℎ
,
,
3
+
ℎ
,
,
3
3
(
2
1
)
w
h
e
r
e
,
ℎ
,
,
:
F
o
r
c
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
h
ea
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
s
in
k
,
i
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
(
1
0
)
.
ℎ
,
,
:
N
at
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
t
o
f
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
,
is
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
ed
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
(
2
2
)
[
1
7
]
:
ℎ
,
,
=
0
.
0
2
7
7
2
×
,
(
2
2
)
,
o
f
th
e
b
ac
k
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as (
2
3
)
[
3
9
]
:
,
=
{
0
.
58
(
.
s
in
)
1
4
if
>
2
0
.
58
1
5
if
≤
2
(
2
3
)
=
,
.
,
,
+
,
(
2
4
)
wh
er
e
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
f
in
,
K/W
;
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
(
f
o
r
ce
d
an
d
n
atu
r
al)
o
f
f
in
,
K/W
.
,
=
1
ℎ
,
.
.
(
2
5
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
,
:
R
ad
iatio
n
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
f
in
,
W
/m
2
.
K;
:
Ar
ea
o
f
a
f
i
n
,
m
2
.
=
2
×
(
+
2
)
(
2
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
8
7
-
4
4
9
9
4492
ℎ
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
(
2
7
)
[
1
7
]
,
[
3
7
]
:
ℎ
,
=
(
2
+
2
)
(
+
)
(
1
−
−
−
−
)
≈
4
3
(
1
−
−
−
−
)
(
2
7
)
wh
er
e
:
E
m
is
s
iv
ity
o
f
th
e
f
in
m
ater
ial;
−
:
V
ie
w
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
f
in
an
d
b
ase
o
f
h
ea
t
s
in
k
,
is
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
(
2
8
)
:
−
=
1
W'
{
W'
−
1
1
W'
+
H'
−
1
1
H'
−
(
′
2
+
W
'
2
)
1
2
−
1
1
(
′
2
+
W
'
2
)
1
2
+
1
4
[
(
1
+
′
2
)
(
1
+
′
2
)
1
+
W
'
2
+
′
2
.
(
W
'
2
(
1
+
W
'
2
+
′
2
)
(
1
+
′
2
)
(
W
'
2
+
′
2
)
)
W
'
2
.
(
′
2
(
1
+
′
2
+
′
2
)
(
1
+
′
2
)
(
W
'
2
+
′
2
)
)
′
2
]
}
(
2
8
)
wh
er
e
W
'
=
;
'=
−
:
V
iew
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
an
d
f
in
o
f
h
ea
t sin
k
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
2
9
)
:
−
=
2
{
[
(
1
+
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
1
+
2
+
2
]
1
2
+X
(
1
+
2
)
1
2
−
1
(
1
+
2
)
1
2
+
(
1
+
2
)
1
2
−
1
(
1
+
2
)
1
2
−
−
1
−
−
1
}
(
2
9
)
wh
er
e
=
;
′
=
,
=
1
ℎ
,
.
.
(
3
0
)
wh
er
e
: Fin
ef
f
eicie
n
cy
,
an
d
it is
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
3
1
)
[
3
7
]
:
=
ℎ
(
+
2
)
(
+
2
)
(
3
1
)
with
m
is
co
n
s
tan
t,
=
√
2
ℎ
,
P
V
p
a
n
el
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
a
d
d
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
,
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
t
h
e
r
m
al
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
c
k
s
i
d
e
is
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
as
(
3
2
)
:
∑
=
,
.
,
,
+
,
(
3
2
)
wh
er
e
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
o
f
b
ac
k
s
id
e,
K/W
;
,
:
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
b
ac
k
s
id
e,
K/W
.
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
b
ac
k
s
id
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
a
s
(
6
)
.
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
o
f
b
ac
k
s
id
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
3
3
)
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
:
,
=
1
√
ℎ
,
,
3
+
ℎ
,
,
3
3
.
(
3
3
)
wh
er
e
ℎ
,
,
,
ℎ
,
,
:
Fo
r
ce
d
an
d
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
b
ac
k
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el
an
d
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
K/W
.
ℎ
,
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as (
8
)
,
ℎ
,
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as (
2
2
)
.
3.
P
ARAM
E
T
E
RS A
ND
CA
L
CULA
T
I
O
N
DA
T
A
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
b
asic
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
PV
p
an
el
an
d
h
ea
t
s
in
k
.
T
I
M
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
h
ea
t
s
in
k
to
PV
p
an
el,
an
d
it
h
as
th
ick
n
ess
=
1
m
m
,
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
ity
=
1
.
5
W
/m
.
K.
T
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
lc
u
latio
n
ar
e
t
h
e
am
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
at
ce
r
tain
tim
es
o
n
2
7
Ap
r
il
2
0
2
4
in
Ha
n
o
i
(
th
e
h
o
ttes
t
d
ay
o
f
2
0
2
4
in
Han
o
i)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
u
s
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
V
ietn
am
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
Hy
d
r
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
an
d
R
u
r
al
Dev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
V
ietn
am
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l stu
d
y
o
f
p
a
s
s
ive
co
o
lin
g
o
f p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
p
a
n
els u
s
in
g
…
(
Da
n
g
V
a
n
B
in
h
)
4493
T
ab
le
2
.
Par
am
eter
s
o
f
PV
p
an
el
an
d
h
ea
t sin
k
N
o
.
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
N
o
.
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
I
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
II
H
e
a
t
si
n
k
I
.
1
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
,
P
max
5
0
W
I
I
.
1
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
(
f
i
n
a
n
d
b
a
se)
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m,
C
o
p
p
e
r
I
.
2
C
e
l
l
t
y
p
e
M
o
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
I
I
.
2
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
(
L
W)
7
1
0
5
4
0
mm
I
.
3
N
o
.
o
f
c
e
l
l
18
I
I
.
3
F
i
n
h
e
i
g
h
t
,
H
f
i
n
1
5
mm
I
.
4
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
(
L
W
H)
7
1
0
5
4
0
3
0
mm
I
I
.
4
F
i
n
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss
,
δ
fi
n
1
.
5
mm
I
.
5
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
η
1
6
.
8
%
I
I
.
5
F
i
n
s
p
a
c
i
n
g
,
a
fi
n
4
.
5
mm
I
.
6
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
P
m
a
x
,
β
-
0
.
3
8
%/
K
I
I
.
6
B
a
se
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss (c
o
p
p
e
r
a
n
d
a
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
l
a
y
e
r
s)
3
mm
I
.
7
Emi
ssi
v
i
t
y
,
ε
PV
0
.
9
1
I
I
.
7
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
f
i
n
s
90
I
.
8
A
d
so
r
p
t
i
o
n
,
α
PV
0
.
9
6
I
I
.
8
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
t
h
e
r
ma
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
2
0
5
W
/
m
.
K
I
I
.
9
C
o
p
p
e
r
t
h
e
r
mal
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
3
8
0
W
/
m
.
K
I
I
.
1
0
Emi
ssi
v
i
t
y
o
f
a
l
u
mi
n
u
m
0
.
0
5
T
ab
le
3
.
Am
b
ien
t te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
n
2
7
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
4
in
Han
o
i (
U
n
it:
°
C)
N
o
.
T
i
m
e
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
1
0
7
h
0
0
28
2
0
9
h
0
0
31
3
1
1
h
0
0
35
4
1
3
h
0
0
38
5
1
5
h
0
0
40
6
1
7
h
0
0
37
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
e
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el
with
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ca
s
es:
C
ase
1
: PV
p
an
el
with
o
u
t c
o
o
l
in
g
C
ase
2
: PV
p
an
el
is
co
o
led
b
y
alu
m
in
u
m
h
ea
t sin
k
(
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
alu
m
in
u
m
b
ase: 3
m
m
)
C
ase
3
:
PV
p
a
n
el
is
c
o
o
le
d
b
y
h
e
at
s
in
k
,
wit
h
b
ase
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
2
l
ay
er
s
(
c
o
p
p
er
:
1
m
m
a
n
d
al
u
m
i
n
u
m
:
2
m
m
)
.
C
ase
4
:
PV
p
a
n
el
is
c
o
o
le
d
b
y
h
e
at
s
in
k
,
wit
h
b
ase
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
2
l
ay
er
s
(
c
o
p
p
er
:
2
m
m
a
n
d
al
u
m
i
n
u
m
:
1
m
m
)
.
4
.
1
.
O
pera
t
ing
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
a
t
s
o
la
r
ra
dia
t
i
o
n lev
els
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
with
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
v
=
2
m
/s
,
tilt
a
n
g
le
θ
=
15
°
,
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
6
0
0
,
8
0
0
,
an
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
PV
p
an
el
co
o
le
d
b
y
h
ea
t
s
in
k
is
lo
wer
th
an
PV
p
a
n
el
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
.
At
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
6
0
0
W
/m
2
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
o
r
C
ase
1
is
3
2
9
.
2
K;
f
o
r
C
ase
2
is
3
2
4
.
2
K,
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
5
K;
f
o
r
C
ase
3
is
3
2
3
.
6
K,
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
5
.
6
K;
an
d
f
o
r
C
ase
4
is
3
2
3
.
0
K,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
y
6
.
2
K
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
At
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
8
0
0
W
/m
2
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
p
er
a
tin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
C
ases
2
,
3
,
an
d
4
a
r
e
3
3
6
.
5
,
3
2
9
.
7
,
3
2
9
.
1
,
an
d
3
2
8
.
5
K,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
6
.
8
,
7
.
4
,
an
d
8
K
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
wit
h
o
u
t
co
o
li
n
g
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
At
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
C
ases
2
,
3
,
a
n
d
4
a
r
e
3
3
5
.
2
,
3
3
4
.
6
,
an
d
3
3
4
.
0
K,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
y
8
.
7
,
9
.
3
,
a
n
d
9
.
9
K
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
C
ase
1
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
q
u
ite
s
im
ilar
t
o
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
r
esear
ch
[
4
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
PV
p
a
n
el
at
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
lev
els
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
.
PV
p
an
el
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
(
C
ase
1
)
,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
is
1
4
.
8
%
(
at
6
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
1
4
.
3
%
(
at
8
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
an
d
1
3
.
9
%
(
at
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
I
n
C
ase
2
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
is
1
5
.
1
%
(
at
6
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
1
4
.
8
%
(
at
8
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
an
d
1
4
.
4
%
(
at
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
I
n
C
ase
3
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
is
1
5
.
2
%
(
at
6
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
1
4
.
9
%
(
at
8
0
0
W
/m
2
)
,
an
d
1
4
.
5
%
(
at
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
)
.
All le
v
els o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
C
ase
4
is
0
.
1
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
C
ase
3
.
4
.
2
.
O
pera
t
ing
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
a
t
diff
er
ent
wind
s
peed
s
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
s
o
lar
r
ad
iat
io
n
o
f
8
0
0
W
/m
2
,
tilt
an
g
le
θ
=
15
°
,
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
o
f
0
,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
a
n
d
5
m
/s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
h
en
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t
b
etw
ee
n
PV
p
an
el,
h
ea
t
s
in
k
,
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
also
in
cr
ea
s
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
b
etter
co
o
lin
g
f
o
r
PV
p
an
el.
At
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
0
m
/s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
2
2
K
(
C
ase
2
)
,
2
2
.
6
K
(
C
ase
3
)
,
an
d
2
3
.
2
K
(
C
ase
4
)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
C
ase
1
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
.
At
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
m
/s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
3
.
6
K
(
C
ase
2
)
,
1
4
.
2
K
(
C
ase
3
)
,
an
d
1
4
.
8
K
(
C
ase
4
)
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
ase
1
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
At
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
2
m
/s
,
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
6
.
8
K
(
C
ase
2
)
,
7
.
4
K
(
C
ase
3
)
,
an
d
8
K
(
C
ase
4
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
ase
1
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
.
At
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
3
m
/s
,
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
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ed
u
ce
d
b
y
4
.
3
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(
C
ase
2
)
,
4
.
9
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(
C
ase
3
)
a
n
d
5
.
5
K
(
C
ase
4
)
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
C
ase
1
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
d
)
.
At
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
4
m
/s
,
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
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atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
K
(
C
ase
2
)
,
3
.
6
K
(
C
ase
3
)
a
n
d
4
.
2
K
(
C
ase
4
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
ase
1
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
e)
.
At
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
5
m
/s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
2
.
3
K
(
C
ase
2
)
,
2
.
9
K
(
C
ase
3
)
an
d
3
.
5
K
(
C
ase
4
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
ase
1
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
f
)
.
C
alcu
la
tio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
8
7
-
4
4
9
9
4494
th
at
as
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
o
p
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atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
h
ig
h
win
d
s
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ee
d
,
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
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f
ici
en
cy
o
f
th
e
h
ea
t sin
k
is
n
o
t m
u
ch
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
with
o
u
t c
o
o
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g
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
ic
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e
n
cy
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
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l
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
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n
t
wi
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
s
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
li
n
g
b
y
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
.
At
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
s
o
f
0
,
1
,
2
m
/s
,
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
o
f
PV
p
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
(
C
as
es
2
,
3
,
4
)
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
wi
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
(
C
as
e
1
)
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
a
t
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
s
o
f
3
,
4
,
5
m
/s
,
th
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
PV
p
a
n
e
l
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
wi
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
i
s
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
d
i
f
f
e
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e
n
t
,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
s
n
o
t
t
o
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
.
4
.
3
.
O
pera
t
ing
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
a
t
diff
er
ent
t
ilt
a
ng
les
W
e
ca
lcu
late
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
8
0
0
W
/m
2
,
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
2
m
/s
,
tilt
an
g
les
o
f
PV
p
a
n
el
o
f
0
°
,
1
5
°
,
3
0
°
an
d
4
5
°
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
7
(
a
)
,
7
(
b
)
,
7
(
c)
,
an
d
7
(
d
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
P
V
tilt
an
g
le
h
as
litt
le
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
its
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
b
o
th
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
.
At
d
if
f
er
en
t
tilt
an
g
le
s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
6
.
8
K
(
C
ase
2
)
,
7
.
4
K
(
C
ase
3
)
,
8
.
2
K
(
C
ase
4
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
with
o
u
t
co
o
lin
g
(
C
ase
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
PV
ef
f
icie
n
cy
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tilt
an
g
les
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
co
o
li
n
g
b
y
h
ea
t
s
in
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
PV
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tilt
an
g
les h
as v
er
y
s
m
all
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
,
wh
ich
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els:
(
a)
6
0
0
W
/m
2
,
(
b
)
8
0
0
W
/m
2
,
an
d
(
c)
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PV e
f
f
icien
c
y
at
s
o
la
r
r
ad
iatio
n
le
v
els
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
co
mp
u
ta
tio
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a
l stu
d
y
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f
p
a
s
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lin
g
o
f p
h
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to
v
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p
a
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s
in
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…
(
Da
n
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a
n
B
in
h
)
4495
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(f)
(
g
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
s
:
(
a
)
0
m
/s
,
(
b
)
1
m
/s
,
(
c)
2
m
/s
,
(
d
)
3
m
/s
,
(
e)
4
m
/s
,
an
d
(
f
)
5
m
/s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
PV e
f
f
icien
c
y
at
d
if
f
er
en
t w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
8
7
-
4
4
9
9
4496
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t tilt a
n
g
les:
(
a)
θ
=
0
°
; (
b
)
θ
=
1
5
°
;
(
c)
θ
=
30
°
;
an
d
(
d
)
θ
=
45
°
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
PV e
f
f
icien
c
y
at
d
if
f
er
en
t tilt a
n
g
les
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
h
ea
t
s
i
n
k
is
a
d
e
v
i
ce
t
h
at
h
el
p
s
co
o
l
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
e
h
ea
t
f
o
r
PV
p
an
els
.
He
at
s
i
n
k
is
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
b
a
ck
o
f
t
h
e
PV
p
a
n
e
l;
it
i
n
c
r
e
ases
th
e
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
co
n
v
e
cti
v
e
h
e
at
tr
a
n
s
f
er
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
d
u
e
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
asi
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
a
r
e
a
i
n
c
o
n
ta
ct
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
Hea
t
s
i
n
k
w
it
h
a
b
as
e
co
n
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
co
p
p
e
r
a
n
d
alu
m
i
n
u
m
la
y
e
r
s
co
o
l b
ett
er
th
an
al
u
m
in
u
m
h
ea
t
s
i
n
k
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
t
h
er
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
c
o
p
p
er
is
b
et
te
r
t
h
a
n
alu
m
i
n
u
m
.
C
alc
u
l
ati
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t,
t
h
e
PV p
an
el
is
i
n
s
t
all
ed
wit
h
h
e
at
s
in
k
,
i
ts
b
as
e
h
as
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
c
o
p
p
er
la
y
e
r
wit
h
th
ic
k
n
ess
o
f
1
,
2
m
m
,
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
p
a
n
e
l
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
0
.
6
K
an
d
1
.
2
K
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
t
h
e
al
u
m
in
u
m
b
ase
.
Ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
e
f
fic
ie
n
c
y
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
l
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
b
y
0
.
1
%
a
n
d
0
.
2
%
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
w
ill
c
o
n
d
u
ct
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
ts
t
o
e
v
a
lu
ate
th
e
c
o
o
li
n
g
an
d
e
co
n
o
m
i
c
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
in
r
ea
l
co
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
,
an
d
t
o
i
n
v
es
ti
g
at
e
o
p
ti
m
i
za
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ea
t
s
i
n
k
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.